atlasi qimia

Sedgenilia sabazo safexuris saxelmZRvaneloebis

axali standartis mixedviT
10
Sorena samakaSvili

www.triasi.ge
qimiuri elementebis periodulobis cxrili da atomis
eleqtronuli aRnagoba
1 1 18
IA IA VIIIA
1 1 2
H 2
H 2 13 14 13
15 16
14 17
15
He
16 17
1s1 IIA 1s1 IIA IIIA IVA VA
IIIA VIA
IVA VIIA
VA VIA
1s
2
VI
3 4 3 4 5 6 75 86 97 10
8 9

Li Be Li Be B C N
B O
C N
F O
Ne F
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 22 31 22 42 22 53 22 64 2
2s 2s 2s 2s 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2
11 12 11 12 13 14 13
15 14
16 17
15 18
16 17

Na Mg Na
3
Mg
4 53 64 75 86 97 10
8 9
11 10
12
Al
11
Si
12
Al
P Si
S Cl
P Ar
S C
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 22 3 1 22
4 2 22 53 22 64 2
3s 3s IIIB
3s IVB
3s VB
IIIB VIB
IVB VIIB
VB VIB VIIB
VIIIB IB
VIIIB IIB 3sIB3p 3sIIB
3p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3
19 20 21
19 20
22 23
21 24
22 25
23 24
26 25
27 2628 29
27 3028 31
29 32
30 31
33 32
34 35
33 36
34 35

K Ca Sc
K Ca
Ti V
Sc Ti
Cr V
Mn Fe
Cr Co
Mn Ni
Fe Cu
Co Zn
Ni Ga
Cu Ge
Zn Ga
As Ge
Se Br
As Se
Kr B
1
4s2
2 11 2 2 2 22 31 12 52 22 53 21 65 22 75 22 6
8 21 710 2 2
10 8 2 1 1010 1 2 2
1010 2
4s23d 4p3
2 10
10 1 22
10 10 42 22 3 10
10 5 22 10
10 64 2 1
4s 4s4s3d 4s4s3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s 3d 4s4s3d
3d 4s4s3d
3d 4s 3d 4s4s3d3d 4s4s3d3d4p 4s4s3d3d4p 4s 3d 4p 4s 3d 4p 4s 3d 4p 4s 3d
37 38 37
39 40
38 41
39 42
40 43
41 42
44 45
43 4446 47
45 4846 49
47 50
48 49
51 50
52 53
51 54
52 53

Rb Sr Rb
Y Zr
Sr Nb
Y Zr
Mo Nb
Tc Ru Rh
Mo Tc Pd Rh
Ru Ag Pd
Cd In
Ag Sn
Cd In
Sb Sn
Te I
Sb Xe
Te I
1 2 2 1 1 2 22
5s14d 1
2 4 12 52
5s214d5
4 11 75 1
2 5 8 1 10
7 11 810
5s 5s 5s5s4d 5s5s4d 5s 4d 5s 4d 5s5s4d
4d 5s4d
4d 5s 4d 5s24d10 2 1 1010 1
5s5s
4d4d5p 2 2 1010 2
5s5s
4d4d5p 5s224d10
10 31
5p 5s224d10
10 42
5p 5s224d10
10 53
5p 5s224d10
10 64
5p 5s24d1
55 56 55
71 72
56 73
71 74
72 75
73 76
74 77
75 7678 79
77 8078 81
79 82
80 81
83 82
84 85
83 86
84 85

Cs Ba Cs
Lu Hf
Ba Ta
Lu Hf
W Re
Ta Os
W Ir
Re Pt
Os Au
Ir Hg
Pt Au
Tl Pb
Hg Bi
Tl Pb
Po At
Bi Rn
Po A
1 1
6s
1
6s2 6s24f14
1
6s 5d 6s24f6s1425d2 6s224f
6s
14 3
4f14 5d
5d 6s24f145d24 6s24f145d35 6s224f
6s 4f14
14 64
5d 6s6s24f
5d 2 1414 7 5
4f 5d5d 6s6s24f
1 1414 6 9
4f 5d5d 6s214f145d710 2 114 14 10 9 2 1 1414 10 101 2 2 14 14 10 102 22 14 10
6s6s
4f 4f5d5d 6s6s4f4f5d5d6p 6s6s4f4f5d5d6p 6s 6s 4f
4f 5d
14
5d106p
14
6p31 6s24f145d106p42 6s24f145d106p53 6s24f145d106p 4 6s24f145
6

87 88 87
103 88
104 105
103 106
104 105
107 108
106 109
107 110
108 109
111 112
110 111
113 112
114 115
113 114
116 115
117 118
116 117

Fr Ra Fr
Lr 1
Ra
Rf Db
Lr 1
Rf
Sg Db
Bh Hs
Sg Mt
Bh Hs Rg
Ds Mt
1 14 9 1 14 10
Cn
Ds
2 11414 109
Nh
Rg
1 14 10 2 14 10
Fl
Cn Nh
Mc Fl
Lv Mc Og
Ts Lv T
7s
1
7s
2
7s25f14
1
7s 6d 7s25f
142 2
7s 6d
14 3
2 14
6d
7s 5f 6d
2 1414 2
7s 25f 6d4 7s225f14
14 53
6d 7s225f14
14 64
6d
2 2 1414 7 5
7s7s5f5f 6d6d 7s7s25f5f
14 6
7s25f
6d6d 7s 5f146d
6d7 7s7s5f5f6d6d 7s25f146d107p1
7s 5f 6d 7s25f146d107p2
7s 5f 6d 7s25f146d107p3
7s25f146d107p1 7s25f146d107p4
7s25f146d107p2 7s25f146d107p5
7s25f146d107p3 7s25f146d107p6
7s25f146d107p4 7s25f146

57 58 57
59 60
58 61
59 62
60 63
61 62 64 65
63 6664 65
67 68
66 69
67 70
68 69 70

La Ce La
Pr Nd
Ce Pm
Pr Sm
Nd Pm
Eu Sm
Gd Tb
Eu Gd Tb
Dy Ho Er
Dy Tm
Ho Er
Yb Tm Yb
2 1 1
6s25d1 6s 4f 5d 4f31
6s25d 2 21 4 1
6s6s4f4f5d 6s24f53 2 64
6s 4f 6s24f75 2 76
6s 4f 5d
1 22 97
6s6s4f4f
2 710 1
6s 4f 5d 6s 4f
22 911
6s6s24f
2 1210
4f 2 13
6s 4f
11 2 14
6s 4f
12 2 13
6s 4f 6s 4f
2 14

89 90 89
91 90
92 91
93 94
92 95
93 94 96 97
95 9896 97
99 100
98 101
99 100
102 101 102

Ac Th Ac
Pa Th
U Np
Pa Pu
U Am
Np Pu
Cm Am
Bk Cf Bk
Cm Es Cf
Fm Md
Es No
Fm Md No
2 2 2 22 1 1 2 23 21
7s26d1 7s 6d 7s7s
5f6d6d 7s7s5f6d
6d 7s25f426d1 2 23 6 1
7s7s5f5f6d
2 24 7 1
7s7s5f5f6d 2 76
7s 5f 6d
1 22 97
7s7s5f5f
2 710 1
5f 6d
7s 5f 7s 5f
22 911
7s7s25f
2 1210
5f 2 13
7s 5f
11 2 14
7s 5f
12 2
7s 5f
13
7s 5f
2 14
 s orbitalebi
z
s orbitalebi
z d orbitalebi
d orbitalebi
s, p, d da f orbitalebi
s orbitalebi z z
d orbitalebi
Y

z zY z z Y z

z z x
Y YY
x x
Y Y
Y Y Y Y x
x x
x

1s 2s
x
z x
s orbitali p orbitali d orbitali f orbitali
x x x

1s z 2s
1s 1s
z 2s z
Y
2s Y f orbitalebi
z
Y x
Y
x z
y z
3s
y y
3s x
x

3s x
3s
d orbitalebi p orbitalebi
z
f orbitalebi
x z f-2 x
z
y f-3 yz f-1
Y
p orbitalebi f orbitalebi
x z z
z x y z
Y p orbitalebi z f-3f orbitalebi
fz
p orbitalebi f y
x
y -2
orbitalebi y
z
z
x z y y
z y z y x
f1
Px orbitali Py orbitali x
y y f-1 y y x
x z
x x z xx f2
x f-3z f-3
f
x
z
f0y f-2
x f1 -2 f x
y
f-3 0
f-2 y
y
z z z x x z z z x
Px orbitali Py orbitali
Px orbitali
Px orbitali
Py orbitali
Pz orbitali P qvedone
Py orbitali
z
y yx y
f-1f-1
z y f3y
y
y f-1x y x
eleqtronuli formulebis Sedgenis sqema
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
1s → 2s → 2p → 3s → 3p → 4s → 3d → 4p da a.S.
1s 1s
2s 2p
orbitalebis Sevsebis Tanmimdevroba

3s 3p s elementebi
4s 3d 4p p elementebi
5s 4d 5p
d elementebi
6s 5d 6p
7s 6d 7p f elementebi

4f
5f

1 H 1 H He He1 H 1 H He He

2 Li Be 2 Li Be B C N B O C F NNeO F Ne2 Li Be 2 Li Be B C N B O C F NNeO F Ne

Al Si P AlS SiClP S Cl Al Si P AlS SiClPArS Cl Ar

periodebi
3 Na Mg 3 Na Mg 3 Na Mg 3 Na Mg
periodebi

4 4 4 K Ca 4ScKTiCaV ScCrTiMnVFeCrCoMnNiFeCuCoZnNi Cu Zn

5
s 5
s p p 5 5
p p
6 6
d d 6
s 6
s d d
7 7 7 7

6 6 6 6
7 7
f f 7 7
f f
eleqtronuli formulebi
atomuri elementis sruli eleqtronuli Sekvecili eleqtronuli
eleqtronul - grafikuli konfiguracia
nomeri simbolo konfiguracia konfiguracia
4s 3d 4p
19 K 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s1 [Ar] 4s1
20 Ca 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s2 [Ar] 4s2
21 Sc 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 1
[Ar] 4s 3d
2 1

22 Ti 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 2
[Ar] 4s 3d
2 2

23 V 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d3 [Ar] 4s23d3

24 Cr 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s13d5 [Ar] 4s13d5
25 Mn 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d5 [Ar] 4s23d5
26 Fe 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d6 [Ar] 4s23d6
27 Co 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d7 [Ar] 4s23d7
28 Ni 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 8
[Ar] 4s 3d
2 8

29 Cu 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 1 10
[Ar] 4s 3d
1 10

30 Zn 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 10
[Ar] 4s 3d
2 10

31 Ga 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p1 [Ar] 4s23d104p1

32 Ge 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p2 [Ar] 4s23d104p2
33 As 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p3 [Ar] 4s23d104p3
34 Se 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p4 [Ar] 4s23d104p4
35 Br 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p5 [Ar] 4s23d104p5
36 Kr 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6
[Ar] 4s 3d 4p
2 10 6
birTvuli reaqciebi atombirTvuli jaWvuri reaqcia
93
Kr 1
36 n
240 236 228 228 60 60 235 0
Pu U Ra Ac Com Co U
94 92 88 89 27 27 92 1
n
0
1
n
0
140
93 Ba
ɑ gamosxiveba ꞵ gamosxiveba γ gamosxiveba Kr 56
4 36 1
( 0 β)
eleqtromagnituri radiacia
( 2 He) n 235 93
-1 0
Kr
U 1
92 36 n
0
1 1
n n
uranis atombirTvze neitroniT dasxivebiT xdeba birT- 0 0
1
1 n
vis gaxleCa, miiReba SedarebiT mcire zomis birTvebi, n 0
0 235 1
U n 140
gamoi­yofa neitronebi da didi raodenobiT energia. 92 140 0 Ba
Ba 56
56
93
Kr
235 1 93 140 1 1
→
36
92 U + 0 n 36 Kr + 56 Ba + 30n + energia 0
n
1
n
235 0
U 1
92 0
n
93
Kr 140
36 Ba
56

radioaqtiuri
elementi damuxtuli firfitebi

n ɑ
n + energia

neitroni n γ
(n)

235 236
92 U 92 U ꞵ
aramdgradi atombirTvi

140 tyviis bloki fotografiuli firfita

Ba
56
qimiuri elementebis atomebis radiusebi. pokometri, (10 -12
m.)

radiusi izrdeba
H radiusi mcirdeba He
32 37

Li Be B C N O F Ne
130 99 84 75 71 64 60 62

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
160 140 124 114 109 104 100 101

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
200 174 159 148 144 130 129 124 118 117 122 120 123 120 120 118 117 116

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
215 190 176 164 156 146 138 136 134 130 136 140 142 140 140 137 136 136

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
238 206 194 164 158 150 141 136 132 130 130 132 144 145 150 142 (148) (146)

atomisa da ionis radiusis gazomva

Na +
Cl
-

Na Na Cl Cl

rNa rCl rNa+ rCl-

metaluri kovalenturi ionuri radiusi
radiusi radiusi
atomisa da ionis radiusis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba

tute metalebis atomebisa halogenebis atomebisa da izoeleqtronuli ionebis erTi elementis ionebis
da maTi ionebis radiusebi maTi ionebis radiusebi radiusebi (pikometri) radiusebi (pikometri)
(pikometri) (pikometri)

Li (130) Li (76)
+
F (60) F¯ (133) O ¯ (140)
2
Fe (61)
2+
Fe (55)
3+

Na (160) Na (102)
+
Cl (100) Cl¯ (181) F¯ (133) Cu (77)
+
Cu (73)
2+

K (200) K (138)
+
Br (117) Br¯ (196) Na (102)
+
Sn (118)
2+
Sn (69)
4+

Mg (72)
2+

Rb (215) Rb (152)
+ I (136) I¯ (220) Pb (119)
2+
Pb (78)
4+
Al (54)
3+
 ionizaciis energia
wyalbadis atomis ionizaciis sqema meore periodis elementebis pirveli ionizaciis energia (IE)
∞
6 Ne
5
2000

ionizaciis energia, kj/moli

4 F
3
N
1500 O

C
2
1000 Be
B

Li
500

_
e 0
1

kaliumis ionizaciis energiebis (IE) Tanamimdevroba beriliumis da boris pirveli ionizaciis energiis sqema
2
atomis gareT
5.5

8 eleqtroni
∞

ionizaciis energia naklebia

5.0
Log10 (IE/kj moli _ 1)

4.5
8 eleqtroni
4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5
2p
2.0 2p
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2s
Be 2s
ionizaciis energiebis ricxvi B
eleqtrouaryofiTobis cxrili

eleqtrouaryofiToba izrdeba

eleqtrouaryofiToba mcirdeba
H
He
2.2
Li Be B C N O F
Ne
1.0 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Ar
0.9 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.2
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
0.8 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 3.0
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.7 2.6
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At
Rn
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2
ionuri bma da ionuri meseri
eleqtronuli konfiguraciebi
NaCl
+ F 1s222s22p
15 Li+ 1s22 2 5 + F– 1s22s22p6 + 2 – 2 2 6
Li 1s 2s + F 1s 2s 2p Li 1s + F 1s 2s 2p

+ F Li+ + F–
1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
Li + F Li+ + F–
–
1s 2sLi + F
2p Li+ + 1s F
2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
–
Li + F +
Li + F
Li
F
liTiumis ftoridis kristali kalciumis ftoridis kristali
liTiumis 1 atomi ­ukavSirdeba ftoris kalciumis 1 atomi ukavSirdeba ftoris
–
6 ­atoms da ftoris 1 atomi ukavSirdeba F 8 atoms da ftoris 1 atomi ukavSirdeba
2+
liTiumis 6 atoms. Ca kalciumis 4 atoms.
z x C
y

LiF CaF2
Na
Cl F –
natriumis qloridis kristali Zvirfasi qva lali aris ionuri
natriumis 1 atomi ukavSirdeba qloris kristali
6 atoms da qloris 1 atomi ukavSirdeba
natriumis 6 ­atoms.
z x
y

NaCl
 . . . . . . . . . .

Cl Cl
kovalenturi Br
bma Br I I kovalenturi bmis warmoqmnis meqanizmi

. .
. .

. .

. .
. .

. .
. .
. . . . . . . . . .

mizidva
_
H H O O N N
. .

. .
+

. .
+
_
H2 O2 N2 birTvi

saziaro
eleqtronebi

polaruli kovalenturi bma arapolaruli kovalenturi bma

F Cl Cl dipoli
dipoli .. ..
C C N H O

..
O C O B dipoli

Cl Cl H H H H
F F H H
Cl H
H CO2 H H BF3 CCl4 CH3Cl NH3 H2O

O O O

N N N
 δ_ δ_
wyalbaduri bma N O F O N
δ+ δ+ δ+ δ+
H H H δ+ H
H
δ_
δ_
O
N
δ+ δ+ δ+
H H δ+
myar mdgomareobaSi HF-is molekulebi erTmaneTs u
­ kavSirdebian
H δ+ H
wyalbaduri bmebiT da qmnian jaWvs. H
δ+ δ_
δ_
H F
δ+
H F
wyalbaduri bma

me-14-17 jgufebis elementebis aqroladi

wyalbadnaerTebis duRilis temperaturebi
150

100 H2O

50
duRilis temperatura, 0C

HF oTaxis temperatura
H2Te
0
NH3 H2Se SbH3
H2S AsH
_ 50 3 HI
SnH4
_ 100 PH3 HBr
HCl GeH4
CH4 SiH4
yinulSi wylis molekulebi erTmaneTs ukavSir­de­ _ 150
bian ­wyalbaduri bmebiT da qmnian 3-ganzomilebian
struqturas. _ 200
1 2 3 4 5
periodis nomeri
metaluri bma
iisferi oqro
metalis ioni

Al
savalento eleqtronebis `zRva~ Au

14 karatiani wiTeli oqro metaluri bmiT ganpirobebuli Tvisebebi

Au
Cu bzinvareba Tbogamtaroba plastikuroba

Wedadoba simtkice eleqtro­

(glinvadoba) gamtaroba
enTalpia da enTropia
enTalpiis gamoTvlis sqematuri 2H + 2Br
gamosaxva airadfazur reaqciebSi
∆HBr-Br = 193 kj
atomebi (a) 2H + Br2

bmis gasawyvetad
saWiro energia
-2∆HH-Br= -732 kj
bmis warmoqmnis ∆HH-H = 436 kj
dros gamoyofili
energia
reagentebi (a)

H2 + Br2
∆H
enTalpia ∆H= -103 kj 2HBr
produqtebi (a)

egzoTermuli reaqciis zogadi sqema

enTropia

myari
siTxe airi

izrdeba mouwesrigebloba
izrdeba dispersia Txevadi da airadi bromi, Br2
izrdeba enTropia, S myari da airadi iodi, I2
qimiuri reaqciis siCqare
reaqciis meqanizmi
potenciuri energiis diagrama
(a) egzoTermuli airadfazuri reaqciis potenciuri
energiis diagrama
aqtivaciis energia

potenciuri energia
CH4(a) + 2O2(a)
A---B---B
reagentebi
energia

Ea
pirdapiri Ea
reaqcia gamoyofili
Sebrunebuli
siTbo = 890 kj
reaqcia

A + B2 ∆E
reagentebi
AB + B CO2(a) + 2H2O(Tx)
produqtebi
produqtebi

reaqciis mimdinareoba reaqciis mimdinareoba

(b) endoTermuli airadfazuri reaqciis potenciuri reagentebi elementebi produqtebi

energiis diagrama
A---B---B I etapi II etapi
(a) (g)

Ea ∆Ha = 75 kj ∆Hc = – 394 kj

Sebrunebuli
energia

Ea reaqcia produqtebi
pirdapiri AB + B
reaqcia

reagentebi ∆E (b) (d)

A + B2 ∆Hb = 0 kj ∆Hd = – 572 kj

mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi 1 moli meTanis wvis reaqciis

reaqciis mimdinareoba sqematuri diagrama
Sejaxebis Teoria
NO + N2O NO2 + N2
(a) efeqturi Sejaxeba (swori orientacia)

reaqcia
mimdinareobs
reagentebi Sejaxeba produqtebi

(b) araefeqturi Sejaxeba (araswori orientacia)

reaqcia
ar mimdinareobs
reagentebi Sejaxeba reagentebi

(g) Sejaxebis orientacia aris swori magram

Sejaxebis energia arasakmarisia

reaqcia
ar mimdinareobs
reagentebi Sejaxeba reagentebi
 for
foruncatalyzed
uncatalyzedreaction
reaction

Fraction
Fraction
a give
a give
katalizatorebis gavlena homogenuri da heterogenuri
K Kinetic
ineticenergy
energy

aqtivaciis energiis cvlilebaze. katalizi

homogenuri heterogenuri

Ea
pirdapiri
Ea
energia

Sebrunebuli

reagentebi da katalizatori reagentebi da katalizatori

E erT fazaSia sxvadasxva fazaSia

reaqciis mimdinareoba

arakatalizuri Ea
energia

keramikuli baza, romelzec

dafenilia katalizatori
E E
Sebrunebuli a
a
piradpiri NO
Sebrunebuli 2 , CO
pirdapiri Cx H
y

E
N ,
2 H
2O
CO
2

reaqciis mimdinareoba
qimiuri reaqciis siCqaris gazomva pirveli rigis gantolebaSi, naxevardaSlis
periodi aris mudmiva da ar aris damokidebuli
koncentraciaze.

reagentisa da produqtis koncentraciis drois Tanabar intervalSi (naxevard­aSlis

cvlilebis droze damokidebuleba ­periodi) efeqturi Sejaxebis raodenoba
1.8 ­mcirdeba orjer.
1.6 40 wm t=0
t
1.4
[Hl]

A nivTierebis moluri koncentracia

[HI] [A]0 sawyisi mdgomareoba
0.56 M
1.2
moluri koncentracia (M)

1
pirveli naxevardaSlis
H2(a)+I2(a) → 2HI (a) Semdeg

0.8 meore naxevardaSlis

Semdeg
[A]0/2
0.6 t 1/2

[H2]
0.4 [H2]
-0.28 M [A]0/4
t t 1/2
mesame naxevardaSlis
0.2 40 wm [A]0/8 t 1/2
Semdeg

0
0 1 2 3 4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

reaqciis dro, wm reaqciis dro

produqti
reagenti
 (a)

0.08
reaqciis wonasworuli mdgomareoba

0.06
[NO2] izrdeba

koncentracia [M]
[N2O4] mcirdeba
0.04

qimiuri
wonasworoba
0.02

0.00
N2O4 gayinul wonasworul dro
gamTbari N2O4 gardaiqmneba
mdgomareobaSi mdgomareobaSi
moyavis­fro NO2 airad
kargavs fers feri aRar icvleba
N2O4- is xarjvasTan erTad
pirdapiri reaqciis siCqare
iklebs
pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli reaqciebis
pirdapiri reaqciis siCqare (N2O4 → 2NO2)
siCqareebi Tanabaria

reaqciis siCqare
qimiuri wonasworoba
N2O4 (ა) 2NO2(ა)
Sebrunebuli reaqciis siCqare (2NO2 → N2O4)
ufero yavisferi

NO2- is warmoqmnasTan erTad

+ Sebrunebuli reaqciis siCqare

izrdeba

dro
mJava - fuZe wonasworoba, buferuli xsnarebi
+ susti fuZe Sesabamisi mJava
O H + O H H O H + O H

H H H
mJava fuZe mJava fuZe

mJava-fuZe wyvili

+ +

H H + −

+
buferuli
H A + H O H O + A xsnari

amiaki amoniumis qloridi

H
HA(xs) + H2O(Tx) H3O (xs)
+ +
_
A (xs) NH3 NH4Cl
mJava fuZe mJava fuZe

mJava-fuZe wyvili

+ +

H H H
NH3 H3O +
H N + O H O H + H N H
H _
H
NH3(xs) H2O(Tx) OH (xs) NH4 (xs)
+

fuZe mJava fuZe mJava

_
mJava-fuZe wyvili Cl NH4 +
xsnarebis klasifikacia. eleqtrolitebi da
araeleqtrolitebi

a) araeleqtroliti b) susti eleqtroliti g) Zlieri eleqtroliti

H2O Saqris wyalbadis ZmarmJavas acetatis kaliumis qromatis

wylis molekula ioni H+ molekula ioni ioni ioni
2-
CH3COOH CH3COO - K+ CrO4
molekula

+ - - +
+
+ - -
+ - - +
- -
Saqris wyalxsnari ar atarebs dens, ionuri naerTis wyalxsnari atarebs dens,
radgan xsnarSi moZravi neitralu- radgan xsnarSi moZravi ionebi kraven
ri nawilakebi ver kraven wreds. wreds.
 Zn strip in solution Zn 2 ion
Atoms in Cu 2 ions
Zn strip in solution Zn 2 ion
Electrons move Cu atom
from Zn to Cu 2 2e

Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi da
Zn oxidized
Electrons move
from Zn to Cu 2 2e
Cu atom
eleqtrolizi
Zn oxidized
Cu 2 reduced eleqtrolizi nadnobSi
Cu 2 reduced
2 2
kaTodi (-)
2Na + 2e- → 2 Na(Tx) aRdgena
Zn( s) Cu (aq) Zn (aq) Cu( s)
Zn( s) Cu 2 (aq) Zn 2 (aq) Cu( s)
+

anodi (+)
-
kaTodi anodi

2Cl → Cl2(a) + 2e- Jangva

2Na + 2Cl- → 2Na(Tx) + Cl2(a)
+

Sekvecili ionuri toloba

Cu2+ ioni
Zn atomi Cu atomi Zn2+ ioni
eleqtroni xsnarSi
e-
gadaadgilda e-
e-
Zn-dan Cu2+-ze
2e-
natriumi aRdgeba qlori qlori
Zn daiJanga gadaadgildeba metalur gadaadgildeba iJangeba
kaTodisken natriumamde anodisken

Cu2+ aRdga
Zn(m) + Cu 2+
→ Zn 2+
+ Cu(m) NaI-is wyalxsnaris eleqtrolizi
2e- + 2H2O(Tx)→ H2(a) + 2 OH-(xs)
(xs) (xs)
kaTodi (-):

gasaRebis zedapiri daifareba metaluri spilenZiT

e-
e-

anodi (+): 2I-(xs) → I2(xs) + 2 e-

kaTodi (-), aRdgena: anodi (+), Jangva:
- -
2H2O(Tx) + 2e → H2(a) + 2 OH (xs) -
2I (xs) → I2(xs) + 2e _

anodi kaTodi 2H2O(Tx) + 2I-(xs) → H2(a) + 2 OH-(xs) + I2 (xs)

Sekvecili ionuri toloba
naxSirbadi, siliciumi
. CO2 da
O : O:
O
SiO2
O
.O Si .

: :
: :
O Si
Si Si
Si
: O. : Si

O
kvarcis SemadgenlobaSi siliciums
aqvs tetraedruli aRnagoba Si O
Si kvarcis struqtura

C60 fulereni

bakminster fuleris
geodeziuri gumbaTi almasis truqtura grifitis truqtura
azoti, fosfori, gogirdi da maTi wyalbadnaerTebi

S S
S S
azoti
(N2)
S S
S S
amiaki
(N2H4) S8 gogirdwyalbadi
(NH3) (zedxedi)
hidrazini (H2S)
S
S S
S S S
S8 S S
(gverdxedi)

TeTri fosfini
fosfori
(PH3)

wiTeli fosforis wyalSi CasxmiT miiReba

gogirdi
polimeruli gogirdi plastikuri gogirdi,
180 0C - ze
struqtura 120 0C - ze romelic aramdgradia
mowiTalo
muqi yviTeli da oTaxis temperatu-
yavisferi
siTxea raze gadadis rombul
siTxea
gogirdSi
azotis, fosforis, gogirdis oqsidebi da mJavebi
O P

diazotis Aazotis azotis dioqsidi

monoqsidi (N O) monoqsidi (NO) (NO2)
2

fosfori fosfori
xuTvalentiania samvalentiania
(P4O10) (P4O6)

diazotis trioqsidi diazotis pentoqsidi

(N2O3) (N2O5) es wyalbadi ar
aris mJavuri, P _ H
bma arapolarulia

fosformJava fosforovani mJava

(H3PO4) (H3PO3)
azotovani mJava azotmJava
(HNO2) (HNO3)

gogirdis dioqsidi gogirdis trioqsidi

(SO2) (SO3)

iJangeba ­haerze Cu reagirebs konc. HNO3

NO
da miiReba -Tan, miiReba NO2, da xsnari
ufero gogirdovani mJava gogirdmJava
­ owiTalo-yavisferi
m galurjdeba Cu2+ ionebis
airia
NO2 gavleniT (H2SO3) (H2SO4)
 atlasi
qimia

atlasi
Sedgenilia sabazo safexuris saxelmZRvaneloebis
axali standartis mixedviT
qimia
Sorena samakaSvili
8 atlasi
Sedgenilia sabazo safexuris saxelmZRvaneloebis
axali standartis mixedviT
qimia
Sorena samakaSvili
9 atlasi qimia
Sedgenilia sabazo safexuris saxelmZRvaneloebis
axali standartis mixedviT
10
Sorena samakaSvili

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