NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SMA 1204

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS

SMA1204: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

JULY 2015 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION:

Time : 3 hours

Candidates should attempt ALL questions from Section A [40 marks] and ANY THREE
Questions in Section B [60 marks].

SECTION A: Answer ALL questions in this section [40]

A1. Give detailed explanations for the following phrases:

(a) an integrating factor. [4]

(b) a variables–separable differential equation P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = 0. [3]
(c) a standardized ordinary differential equation. [3]

A2. Show that the differential equation y 0 = sin(x − y) is of the variables – separable type
and find its general solution. [3]

A3. (a) State the three conditions that an integrating factor, µ(x, y), of the differential
equation
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = 0
should satisfy. [4]

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(b) Solve, by using an integrating factor, the differential equation

(x + x3 sin(2y))dy − 2ydx = 0.

[4]

A4. (a) State the Lipschitz condition for a function f (x, y) which maps a domain A to
R2 , A ∈ R2 , (x, y) ∈ A. [3]
(b) Find the values of m for which f (x) = emx is a solution of the differential equation

y 000 − 3y 00 − 4y 0 + 12y = 0.

[2]
(c) Find the values of n for which g(x) = xn is a solution of the differential equation

x3 y 000 + 2x2 y 00 − 10xy 0 − 8y = 0.

[3]
(d) Solve y 00 + 3y = −48x2 e3x . [4]

A5. (a) Explain what it means to say that the solutions of a differential equation are
linearly independent. [3]
(b) Prove that if f1 (x) and f2 (x) are solutions of the differential equation

a2 (x)y 00 + a1 (x)y 0 + a0 (x)y = 0,

then
cf1 (x) + c2 f2 (x)
is a solution of this equation, where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants. [4]

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SECTION B: Answer ANY THREE questions in this section [60]

B6. The system of differential equations below describes a predator–prey interaction. Let
the prey population be N (t) and the predator be given by P (t) at any time t. The
simplest interaction is given by
dN
= (r − cP )N
dt
dP
= (bN − m)P,
dt
where r, c, b and m are positive constants.

(a) Give one basic assumption to this model. [2]

(b) Give the logistic equation for a single species and sketch it. [2]
b
(c) Let x1 = m
N, x2 = rc P , and show that the system reduces to

dx1
= r(1 − x2 )x1
dt
dx2
= m(x1 − 1)x2 ,
dt
[5]

(i) Find the nullclines and sketch them. [6]

(ii) Determine the stability of the equilibria. [5]

B7. (a) Solve the following second order differential equations:

00 0
(i) y − y − 2y = 0. [1]
(ii) y 000 − y 0 = xe−x + 2 cos(x). [4]
000 00 0 3 x
(iii) y − 2y + y = x + 2e . [4]

(b) Solve the following differential equations:

(i) y 00 − 2y 0 + 5y = ex cos(2x). [4]

000 00 0
(ii) y − 2y − 4y + 8y = 0. [3]
iv 000 00 0
(iii) y + y + 2y − y + 3y = 0. [4]

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B8. (a) Verify the existence and uniqueness theorem for the problem,

dy x 1 1
= , R = {(x, y) : |x − 2| ≤ , |y − 3| ≤ }, y(2) = 3.
dx y 2 2

[5]

(i) Solve the following non-homogeneous linear differential equations:

00 0
(a) 2y + 2y + 3y = x2 + 2x − 1. [2]
000 0 0
(b) y − 4y + 3y = x2 . [3]
000 00 0
(c) y − 2y − 5y + 6y = e4x . [3]
(d) x(x + ln x)ydy = (1 + x)dx. [3]
(ii) Solve

000 1 5 −9
y − 2y 00 + y 0 = 2 − 24ex + 40e5x , y(0) = , y 0 (0) = , y 00 (0) = .
2 2 2
[4]

B9. (a) Define the following phrases, as applied to differential equations:

(i) an ordinary point. [2]
(ii) a regular singular point. [4]
(iii) an irregular singular point. [4]
(b) Given that the point x = 0 is an ordinary point for the defferential equation
00 0
(x2 − 1)y + xy − y = 0,

solve this equation near x = 0. [5]

(c) Find and classify the singular points of the equation
00 0
(x4 − 2x3 + x2 )y + 2(x − 1)y + x2 y = 0.

[5]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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