4 Evolution - Lecture Slides

Evolution
Quarter 3 Week 7 Mar 11-15

DAY 1
Film Viewing
Ø Watch The Making of a Theory: Darwin, Wallace, and
Natural Selection — HHMI BioInteractive Video
https://youtu.be/XOiUZ3ycZwU
Processing Questions: (included in HA4)
1. What is the main thesis of the video regarding the
development of the theory of natural selection?
2. How did Darwin and Wallace's experiences and observations
lead them to develop the concept of natural selection?
Processing Questions:
3. What were some of the key challenges and criticisms that
Darwin and Wallace faced in developing and promoting their
theory?
4. How did the scientific community respond to Darwin and
Wallace's theory, both in their lifetimes and in the years following
their deaths?
5. How has the theory of natural selection evolved over time, and
what are some of the current debates and controversies
surrounding it?
Processing Questions:
6. What role did social and cultural factors play in shaping the reception
of Darwin and Wallace's theory, both in their time and in subsequent
eras?
7. How does the story of Darwin and Wallace's collaboration and
competition shed light on the nature of scientific discovery and
innovation?
8. What are some of the implications of the theory of natural selection for
our understanding of the origins and diversity of life on Earth, as well as
for our broader philosophical and ethical frameworks?
DAY 2
Pre-laboratory
Laboratory Activity 2: Chicken Wings Dissection
Objectives:
Ø Dissect a chicken wing and expose the bones.
Ø Describe the evidences to support evolution
Ø Differentiate homologous and analogous structures
Ø Compare a structure of the human arm to the structure of a
chicken wing.
Materials:
Ø Raw chicken wings (The number of chicken wings depends
on the number of people in each group; 1:1)
Ø Scissors
Ø Paper plate or basin or dissecting tray
Ø Laboratory gown
Ø Surgical mask
Ø Surgical hair net
Ø Surgical gloves
Procedures:
1. If the wings is greasy, try washing it
with soap to make it easier to handle.
2. Carefully remove skin from the chicken
wing following the cutting pattern shown
in the diagram.
3. Only cut away as much skin as seen in
the photo. (Leave the skin on the hand)
Do not cut through any muscle tissue
Procedures:
4. Gently remove the muscles by cutting the ligaments and
tendons surrounding them.
5. Expose the bones carefully.
6. Throw the chicken parts (skin and muscle) in the garbage
7. Wash and dry your tray and cutting tools.
8. Wash your hands.
9. Clean your respective work stations.
Laboratory Proper
Pre-laboratory
EVOLUTION AND ORIGIN OF
BIODIVERSITY: PATTERNS OF
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

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CAT FAMILY

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HIBISCUS

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REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATING
MECHANISMS:

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PRE-ZYGOTIC ISOLATION
§ Mechanisms prevent fertilization and zygote

formation.

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1. HABITAT ISOLATION
§ Geographical or ecological isolation

§ Potential mates occupy different areas or habitats
thus, they never come in contact

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2. SEASONAL ISOLATION
§ Temporal isolation
§ Different groups may not be reproductively mature
at the same season, or month or year

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3. BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION
§ Patterns of courtship are different

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4. MECHANICAL ISOLATION
§ Differences in reproductive organs prevent

successful interbreeding

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5. GAMETIC ISOLATION
§ Incompatibilities between egg and sperm prevent

fertilization

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POST-ZYGOTIC ISOLATION
§ Mechanisms allow fertilization but nonviable or

weak or sterile hybrids are formed.

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1. HYBRID INVIABILITY
§ fertilized egg fails to develop past the early

embryonic stages

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2. HYBRID STERILITY
§ hybrids are sterile because gonads develop

abnormally or there is abnormal segregation of
chromosomes during meiosis

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3. HYBRID BREAKDOWN
§ F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and viable, but F2

contains many weak or sterile individuals

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MODES OF SPECIATION:

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1. ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
§ Also known as “geographic speciation”
§ It occurs when some members of a population become
geographically separated from the other members
thereby preventing gene flow.
§ Examples of geographic barriers are bodies of water and
mountain ranges.
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2. SYMPATRIC SPECIATION
§ This occurs when members of a population that initially

occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge
into two or more different species.
§ It involves abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to
the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals.
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2. SYMPATRIC SPECIATION
§ Example is change in chromosome number

(polyploidization).

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3. PARAPATRIC SPECIATION
§ This occurs when the groups that evolved to be separate
species are geographic neighbors.
§ Gene flow occurs but with great distances is reduced.
§ There is also abrupt change in the environment over a
geographic border and strong disruptive selection must
also happen.
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4. PERIPATRIC SPECIATION
§ It is a mode of speciation in which a new species is

formed from an isolated peripheral population.

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DAY 3
DEVELOPMENT OF
EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT

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EVOLUTION

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Early scientists who contributed in shaping
and developing evolutionary thought:

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Carolus Linnaeus
§ order in the diversity of life;
hierarchy of taxonomic
categories

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Thomas Malthus
§ ‘Essay on the Principle of
Population’
§ Human race would be likely to
overproduce if the population
size was not kept under control.

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James Hutton
§ Theory of Gradualism
§ New species evolve from existing
species through gradual, often
imperceptible changes rather
than through abrupt, major
changes.
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Georges Cuvier
§ Fossils, paleontology and the
theory of Catastrophism
§ He carefully studied
elephant fossils found near Paris.

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Charles Lyell
§ Principles of geology
§ “Uniformitarianism” — the idea
that the Earth was shaped by
slow-moving forces still in
operation today.

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Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s
theory on evolutionary change:
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Principle of use and disuse
§ If a body part were constantly used, it gets stronger.

Whereas, a body part that is not constantly used
deteriorates.

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Principle of use and disuse

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Inheritance of acquired characteristics
§ If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to

its environment, those changes are passed on to its
offspring.

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Charles Darwin’s
voyage and his observations that led him to write
‘The Origin of Species’
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1. Descent with Modification
§ Over time and generations the traits providing
reproductive advantage become more common within
the population.
§ Example: Galapagos finches: a consequence of
allopatric speciation among island populations.

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2. Existence of Variation
§ Throughout the lives of the individuals, their genomes

interact with their environments to cause variations in
traits.
§ Maintaining the survival of the population.

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3. Struggle for Existence
§ It refers to the competition between living things to

survive.

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4A. Artificial selection
§ It is the process by which humans use animal breeding
and plant breeding to selectively develop particular
phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which
typically animal or plant males and females will
sexually reproduce and have offspring together.

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4B. Natural selection
§ It is the differential survival and reproduction of

individuals due to differences in phenotype.
§ It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the
heritable traits characteristic of a population over
generations.
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4C. Adaptation
§ These are well fitted to their function and are

produced by natural selection.

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Alfred Russel Wallace
@ the Amazon basin
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DAY 4
EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

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EVIDENCE FROM FOSSILS

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FOSSILS
§ These are remains of ancient organisms trapped in

rocks, tar pits, frozen in ice or embedded in amber.
§ The activities and behavior of ancient life forms also left
behind fossil traces (such as footprints, dungs, gastric
stones, nests and burrows) which scientists can study.
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FOSSILS
§ Paleontologists use the fossils found in rocks to track the

evolutionary history of many organisms.

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ANCESTOR OF MODERN HORSES

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FOLIAGE PLANTS & GRASS FIELD
§ Those with the characteristics suited for this (tooth

structure fit for eating hard, dry grass) survived

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FORCED GRAZZERS SURVIVED
§ The forced grazers also became runners (with longer leg

bones and lesser toes) to be able run more efficiently in
the hard ground and to escape from predators.

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EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURES

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HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
§ These are structures with the same set of bones that

presumably evolved from a common ancestor.
§ They appear different and may have varied functions.

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PENTADACTYL LIMBS
§ As the “ancestral” terrestrial vertebrates limb plan,

subsequently adapted by modification for different
uses/habits
§ Lay-out of a “five-fingered” (pentadactyl) limb

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ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
§ These are structures that perform the same function but

have very different embryological development or set of
structures like bones.

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Mr.
LPT.
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VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
§ These are structures or attributes that have lost most of

its ancestral function in more recent species.

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Mr.
LPT.
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Mr.
LPT.
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Mr.
LPT.
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EVIDENCE FROM EMBRYOLOGY

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EMBRYOLOGY
§ Embryology is the study of the development of an

organism from an embryo to its adult form.
§ Common structures are shared in the embryo stage and
disappear by the time the embryo reaches the juvenile or
adult form.

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Mr.
LPT.
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EVIDENCE FROM
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

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GENETIC MATERIAL
§ DNA or RNA
§ The near universality of the genetic code reflects an
evidence of common ancestry and relatedness and can
be inferred from the similarities in the DNA sequences
between and among organisms.

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Mr.
LPT.
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EVIDENCE FROM
BIOGEOGRAPHY

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BIOGEOGRAPHY
§ Biogeography is the study of geographical distribution of fossils
and living organisms.
§ Organisms usually arise in areas where similar forms already
exist.
§ Similar organisms may also be found in different locations
which could mean that the two places were previously
connected.
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REFERENCES
● Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L. 1., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., Reece, J. B., &
Campbell, N. A. (2017). Campbell biology. Eleventh edition. New York, NY,
Pearson Education, Inc.
● Mader, S. S., & Windelspecht, M. (2017). Essentials of biology (5th ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education.

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Evolution

Quarter 3 Week 7 Mar 11-15

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ Mechanisms prevent fertilization and zygote

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ Geographical or ecological isolation

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ Patterns of courtship are different

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ Differences in reproductive organs prevent

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ Incompatibilities between egg and sperm prevent

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ Mechanisms allow fertilization but nonviable or

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ fertilized egg fails to develop past the early

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ hybrids are sterile because gonads develop

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and viable, but F2

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ This occurs when members of a population that initially

§ Example is change in chromosome number

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ It is a mode of speciation in which a new species is

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ If a body part were constantly used, it gets stronger.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ Throughout the lives of the individuals, their genomes

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ It refers to the competition between living things to

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ It is the differential survival and reproduction of

§ These are well fitted to their function and are

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ These are remains of ancient organisms trapped in

§ Paleontologists use the fossils found in rocks to track the

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ Those with the characteristics suited for this (tooth

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

§ The forced grazers also became runners (with longer leg

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.

Mr. KIM DARREN D. VIDAL, LPT.