Sources and types of solid wastes?

 Residential: food wastes, paper, plastics, textiles, leather,

yard wastes, consumer goods, aluminum and metals,
 Commercial: paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food
wastes, glass, metals, hazardous wastes
 Institutional (schools, hospitals…): similar to commercial
 Construction and demolition: wood, steel, concrete
 Municipal services (street cleaning, park and recreational
areas): special wastes, rubbish, tree trimmings
 Treatment plant sites (water, domestic and industrial
wastewater treatment): sludge
 Industrial: process wastes, special or hazardous wastes
 Agricultural: spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes
Contribution of individual source to MSW?
Compositions of MSW?
Compositions of MSW depending on income?
Materials Flow
Recovery
Recycling
Reuse
 Demand for raw materials; 4Rs
 Reduction; taxes on excessive packaging, initiating the
package charge, mandatory longer life of products
 Reuse; refillable bottles, cans, paper bags
 Recycling; separate and collect the valuable materials as a
source of raw materials
 Recovery; useful material from mixed waste (e.g.
recovery of energy)
 Reduction
 Reduction = pollution prevention
 If the cost of waste disposal is great, the company tends to
seek the improved manufacturing techniques to reduce the
amount of waste  Incentive (EPR Law)
 For example, paint for cars, VOC emission
 Refusing bags at stores, laundry detergent refills, cloth
diapers
 “Shop smart”
 Reuse
 Paper bags from supermarket can be used to pack refuse
 Newspapers used as fireplace logs
 What else?
 Recycling
 Paper, steel, aluminum, plastic, glass and yard waste
 Confusion in separation; aluminum cans vs. steel cans,
newspapers vs. glossy magazines
 Obstacles of recycling
 location of wastes source
 low value of material
 uncertainty of supply
 administrative and institutional constraints
 Plastic recycling symbols

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

PETE HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS Other

1; Polyethylene tetraphthalate(PETE) : soft drink bottles

2; High density polyethylene(HDPE) : milk cartons, landfill lining
3: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) : food packaging, wire insulation, pipe
4; Low density polyethylene(LDPE) : plastic film used for food wrapping, trash
bags, grocery bags, and baby diapers
5; Polypropylene (PP): automobile battery casings, may types of plastic product,
stationary, plastic vessel
6: Polystyrene (PS) : food packaging, foam cups and plates, eating utensils
7; other; mixed plastic, fence posts, benches
Plastic recycling symbols

PETE HDPE PVC LDPE

PP PS
 Recovery
 Technical limitation in separation of the materials clearly;
labor intensive (manual separation by pickers)
 Separation process (in Material Recovery Facility)
- grinding will increase the number of particles and
achieve many clean particles.
- air classification and magnetic separation
 Secondary material prices can fluctuate wildly, thus
generate the designing problem (composition of processes)
for MRFs
Recovery
General solid waste management system

Shredding, Compression

Incineration, Solidification,
Digestion, Composting etc.

Landfilling
Functional elements in a solid waste
management system

Waste generation Handling, separation, storage at source Collection

Separation, processing Transfer and transport Disposal

and transformation
 Integrated solid waste management
 Why integrated solid waste management
- if more waste is recycled, this can have a negative impact
on landfill because less refuse is landfilled without any
economic benefit
 EPA developed a national strategy of ISWM
 Reducing the quantity and toxicity of waste
 Reusing the materials
 Recycling and recovering materials
 Combusting for energy recovery
 Landfilling