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4th International Symposium on Civil and Environmental Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205 (2023) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012044

Determination of Basic Wind Speed for the Design of Buildings

in Cambodia

Chanthorn Lin 1, Rattana Chhin 2,3, Virak Han 1, and Piseth Doung 1,3*
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Russian Blvd., P.O. Box
86, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
2
Faculty of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology of
Cambodia, Russian Blvd., P.O. Box 86, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
3
Research and Innovation Center, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Russian Blvd., P.O.
Box 86, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
*Corresponding author: piseth@itc.edu.kh

Abstract. Basic wind speed is a very essential parameter used for conversion into wind loads on
building structures. In Cambodia, the information on basic wind speed remains uncertain due to
insufficient fundamental studies on the wind characteristics associated with regional climatic
conditions. The aim of this paper is to assess and discuss the basic wind speeds for structural
wind-resistant design in Cambodia by using statistical and probabilistic approaches. The datasets
have been collected from National Centers for Environmental Information datasets, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under World Meteorological Organization, and
Mekong River Commission in forms of hourly wind speeds. The hourly wind speeds were then
statically converted to 3-second gusts speeds using Gaussian Distribution Transformation. The
extreme value distributions namely, Gumbel and Gringorten were used to analyze the extreme
speed in accordance with a return period. The results showed that with a return period of 10 to
1000 years, the basic wind speed varies from a minimum of 22m/s to a maximum of 53m/s,
respectively. These results provided a new aspect over traditionally uncertain basic wind speed
selection and can be an alternative for the estimation of wind loads for the design of building
structures in Cambodia.

1. Introduction
Wind speed is an atmospheric variable affected by several factors, such as geometric shapes, roughness,
and ground surface elevations. For structural design, the wind speed can be converted into wind load
that is simply considered as one of the lateral loadings. Wind load affects the structures significantly, in
particular for tall and lightweight buildings. The practical design method for wind load, namely ASCE
7 [1] allows using a basic wind speed representing a design limit state to ensure the safety and usability
of the structures. The design for serviceability uses a return period that varies from 10 to 50 years, while
a return of 700 years is considered for strength design [1].
Cambodia has significantly changed in the development of infrastructures, high-rise buildings, and
industrial structures. However, the country has not yet developed its own building codes, including wind
load calculation approach that can represent the regional climatic conditions. The current practice for
wind load calculation is based on the international load standards and it raises concern about the
reliability in using in Cambodia due to the uncertainty of the selected wind parameters. Thus, developing

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4th International Symposium on Civil and Environmental Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205 (2023) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012044

the wind loads for the design of buildings is necessary and must be established according to the local
environment in the country. Therefore, this study investigated the basic wind speeds for the design
building in Cambodia by Gumbel and Gringorten method.

2. Wind speed data

In the Mekong River Commission (MRC) datasets, the meteorological data obtained from the Mekong
countries are stored in a Master Catalogue as a time-series database. This data is available in the data
portal of the Mekong River Commission (MRC data portal), which is a part of the MRC information
systems. The datasets are managed by the Information and Knowledge Management Programme
(IKMP). The meteorological stations and relevant parameters in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) MRC
datasets provides available data of wind speed in 6 stations, as shown in table 1 [2].
Table 1. Meteorological stations and wind speed parameter in the Lower Mekong Basin
(MRC dataset)

Sample size
No Station Code Period
year
1 SiemReap/Airport 130306 5 2008-2012
2 Battambang 130305 5 2008-2012
3 Kampot 100401 3 2010-2012
4 Kampong Cham 019802/120504 6 2007-2008/2008-2012
5 StungTreng 120502 2 2007-2008
6 PochenTong 110425 6 2007-2012

The global surface summary of day (GSOD) dataset is provided by National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration [3] under the World Meteorological Organization. Cambodia is a member
of WMO Region II-Asia and there were 8 stations observed with available data, as indicated in red
points in figure 1 [4]. The available wind speed data from WMO is stored in National Centers for
Environmental Information (NCEI) and can be seen in table 2.

Table 2. Available wind speed parameter of Cambodia in NCEI under WMO.

No Station Elevation(m) Latitude Longitude Period

1 Kampot 4 10.61 104.1833 1949-1965

2 Kampong Cham 14 12 105.45 1949-1965

3 KampongSom/Ville 15 10.63 103.48 1956-1965

4 StungTreng 56 13.5167 105.9667 1949-65,1995

5 SvayRieng 6 11.0833 105.8 1949-65

6 Phnom Penh/PochenTong* 10 13.366 103.85 1981-97,2000-2009

*Data from station: PochenTong

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4th International Symposium on Civil and Environmental Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205 (2023) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012044

Figure 1. Location of meteorological station in Cambodia under WMO.

3. Methodology
In this study, a statistical approach known as, “Normal or Gaussian Distribution” was firstly used to
convert an hourly wind speed recorded by the station to a 3-second gust speed. After that, the
probabilistic approach was used for the prediction of basic wind speed associated with extreme values
Gumbel 1954 simply provides the “Type I Extreme Value Distribution” for such analysis corresponding
to a return period.

3.1. Statistical approach

The probability density function f ( x) of a normal random variable x with a mean value  , and a
variance  2 is defined as:
1 (𝑥−𝜇)2
𝑓𝑋 (𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− 2𝜎 2
] , −∞ < 𝑥 < +∞ (1)
√2𝜋𝜎
The cumulative distribution function, FX ( x) is the interval between − and x of f X ( x) . That is
X − 
x
FX ( x) =  f X ( z )dz  FX ( x) = Pr −  X  z = Pr  X  z = Pr   z  = Pr  X   + z 
−    (2)
A 3-second gust speed to one-hour wind speed, the probability is 3/3600 or 0.0833%. From statistical
approach, the normal random variable Z can be calculated as:
Z = ( X − )  (3)
 X −  3
Pr − z   +z = 1− → F ( z ) − 1 − F ( z ) = 0.9992 → 2F ( z ) = 1.9992 → z = 3.34
   3600

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4th International Symposium on Civil and Environmental Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205 (2023) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012044

Table 3. Values Standard Normal Distribution [5]

z 0 1 2 3 3.34
F(z) 0.5 0.8413 0.9773 0.9987 0.9996

3.2. Conversion 3-second gust speed over one-hour wind speed

As can be seen in table 3, z = 3.34 was used in standard normal distribution. Then, the equation can write
as follows;
u3sec = u1hr + 3.34 u (4)
where u3sec is the 3-second gust speed, u1hr is the hourly sustained wind speed, and  u is the standard
deviation of u1hr .
Mostly, the gust factor can be described using a model for standard neutral boundary layer flow
conditions as shown in equation (5) below, according to Arya [6,7].
 u = 2.5u* (5)
where u* is friction velocity. Furthermore, according to Hsu 2008 [8],
u*
= kp
u1hr (6)
where k = 0.4 is the von Karman constant and p is the exponent of the power-law wind profile that
can be seen in the following relations.
p
u2  Z1 
= 
u1  Z1 
(7)
where u1 and u2 are the wind speeds at heights Z1 and Z 2 , respectively.
By substituting equations (5) and (6) into (4), we obtain:
u3sec = u1hr (1 + 3.34 p) (8)
In order to convert a one-hour wind speed to 3-second gust wind speed, the equation (9) can be used.
Since, according to Panofsky and Dutton [9],
p = 1 ln  z 
 z0  (9)
where z0 is the roughness length.
Furthermore, Panofsky and Dutton proposed a better estimation of p from Z 0 [1], as shown in figure 2.
For an open terrain, the values Z0 = 0.02m and p = 0.155 are used. The relationship between Z 0 and
power-law wind profile can be found in Table 6.2 of Panofsky and Dutton [9] as well as Table 33.5 of
Justus [10].

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4th International Symposium on Civil and Environmental Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205 (2023) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012044

Figure 2. Relation between Z0,and p Roughness Length [8].

3.3. Standard height

A basic wind speed used for the design of building structures is a 3-second gust speed measured at 10m
above the ground in Exposure C (Open terrain) [1]. Equation (7) above can be used to convert a wind
speed at any height to the standard height of 10m.

3.4. Principles extreme value analysis of wind speeds

The generalized extreme value distribution has introduced by von Mises [11]. The first extreme value
analysis by Gumbel was used to predict flood. Gumbel [12]provides a simple method for fitting recorded
annual maximum value to the Type I Extreme Value distribution [13]. The cumulative distribution of
Type I Distribution can be seen in equation (10) below,
  U − u 
FU (U ) = exp − exp  − 
  a   (10)
where u is the mode of the distribution, and a is a scale factor.
The return period, R, is associated with the cumulative probability distribution, FU (U ) , as seen below.
1
R=
1 − FU (U ) (11)
Substituting for FU (U ) from equation (11) into (10), we obtain:
   1  
U R = u + a − ln  − ln 1 −   
   R   (12)
For large values of return period, R, equation (12) can be written as
U R  u + a ln R (13)
In Gumbel’s extreme value analysis, the following procedure is adopted:
• Extract the record of the maximum wind speed of in each year
• Arrange the series in order of the smallest to the largest: 1, 2…, m…to N.
• Assign each value as a probability of non-exceedance, p , shown as:
p  m / ( N + 1) (14)
• A reduced variate, y , is described as:
y = − ln ( − ln p )
(15)
• y is an estimate of the term {} brackets in equation (12)

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4th International Symposium on Civil and Environmental Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205 (2023) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012044

• The wind speed, U R , can be plotted versus y , and a line of ‘best fit’ is characterized in form of
y = ax + u , usually refers to linear regression.
The Gumbel procedure, as described above has been widely used to analyze the extreme wind speeds
using for structural design. However, using the Type I extreme value distribution as the fitting method,
it might provide bias due to the distorted values related to the probability of non-exceedance, in
particular when p is near to 1. For that reason, several fitting methods have been developed in order to
diminish the bias. Nonetheless, most of them are not much feasible to apply when N becomes large. To
avoid the biased estimate, a simple modification described by Gringorten [14] was also considered in
this study. For Gringorten’s approach, equation (14) is replaced by equation (16).
p  (m − 0.44) / ( N + 1 − 0.88) (16)

attambang ampot
2
Gumbel: y x 2
Gumbel: y x 2

ind Gust peed m s

2
ind Gust peed m s

Gringorten : y 2 2x
2
2 Gumbel
Gumbel
Gringorten Gringorten
inear Gumbel Gringorten: y x 2 inear Gumbel
inear Gringorten inear Gringorten

2 2
educe Variate educe Variate

ampong ham ampong om Ville

Gumbel: y 2 x 2 Gumbel: y 2 x
ind Gust peed m s

ind Gust peed m s

2
2
2 Gumbel Gumbel
Gringorten Gringorten
Gringorten: y 2 x 2
inear Gumbel inear Gumbel
Gringorten: y x
inear Gringorten inear Gringorten

2 2
educe Variate educe Variate

vay ieng tungTreng

Gumbel: y 2 x 2
2 Gumbel: y 2 x 2
ind Gust peed m s

ind Gust peed m s

2
2
2 Gumbel
Gringorten Gumbel
inear Gumbel Gringorten
inear Gringorten inear Gumbel
Gringorten: y 2 x 2 Gringorten: y 2x 2
inear Gringorten

2 2
educe Variate educe Variate

iem eap ochenTong

Gumbel: y 2 x 2 Gumbel: y x 22 2
ind Gust peed m s
ind Gust peed m s

2
Gringorten: y x 2 2
2
Gumbel 2
ochenTong
Gringorten Gringorten
inear Gumbel Gringorten: y 2 x 22 inear ochenTong
inear Gringorten inear Gringorten

2 2
educe Variate educe Variate

Figure 3. Annual maximum gust speed from stations in Cambodia

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4th International Symposium on Civil and Environmental Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205 (2023) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012044

Table 4. Prediction of Basic Wind Speed (m/s) by Gumbel and Gringorten.

Province/ Return
No. 10 20 30 50 100 200 500 700 1000
period (year)
1 Battambang 25(24) 28(26) 29(27) 31(28) 34(30) 36(32) 40(35) 41(36) 42(37)
2 Kampot 30(29) 33(31) 34(33) 36(35) 39(37) 42(40) 46(43) 47(44) 48(45)
3 Kampong Cham 28(26) 32(29) 34(31) 37(33) 41(36) 45(39) 50(44) 51(45) 53(47)
4 KampongSom/Ville 24(23) 26(25) 27(26) 29(27) 31(29) 33(30) 36(33) 37(34) 38(34)
5 StungTreng 22(21) 25(24) 27(25) 29(27) 32(29) 35(32) 38(35) 40(36) 41(38)
6 SvayRieng 27(25) 31(29) 33(31) 36(34) 40(37) 44(41) 49(46) 51(47) 53(49)
7 SiemReap/Airport 31(30) 33(31) 34(32) 35(33) 37(34) 38(35) 41(37) 41(38) 42(38)
Phnom Penh/
8 30(29) 32(31) 33(33) 35(34) 37(36) 39(38) 42(41) 43(42) 45(43)
PochenTong
Note: Values given by Gringorten are shown in parentheses

4. Conclusion
This study discussed the wind speed characteristics and a distribution probability model, called “Type I
Extreme Value distribution”, for the structural design in ambodia The main purpose of this study is
to develop the basic wind speed for the structural wind-resistant design in Cambodia. The basic wind
speeds in Cambodia were predicted by converting the hourly wind from the raw datasets to the 3-second
gust wind speed using Normal or Gaussian Distribution Function. Moreover, the record height was then
converted into a standard height of 10m. It is clear that the 3-second gust wind increased compared with
the hourly wind speed, and more importantly, the basic wind speed degraded respect to lower height.
That status represents the natural properties of wind speed profile along the buildings. As probabilistic
approach was performed, the mode of the distribution and scale factor have determined in figure 3 and
the basic design wind speed can be captured in relations with a return period, as shown in table 4. These
results showed that the maximum basic wind speed from current study varies from 29m/s to 37m/s for
a return period of 50 years. This might provide a novel aspect for structural engineer for reconsideration
of the basic wind speed for the design of buildings in various regions in Cambodia. However, it is
suggested that further design validations for the existing buildings is needed in order to ensure the
reliability.

5. References

[1] ASCE 7 2022 Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
(Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers) pp 1036
[2] MRC 2014 Climate Change Analysis in the Lower Mekong Basin Review of Availability of
Observed Meteorological Data (Lao PDR: Mekong River Commission) pp 1-76
[3] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2015 Integrated Surface Dataset (Global)
Retrieved on June 11, 2015 from https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/search/data-
search/global-hourly)
[4] World Meteorological Organization 2021 Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review
Tool(OSCAR) Retrieved on December 16, 2021 from
https://oscar.wmo.int/surface/#/search/station)
[5] Walpole R E, Myers R H, Myers S L and Ye K 2012 Probability & Statistics for Engineers &
Scientists (Boston: Prentice Hall) pp 812
[6] Vickery P J and Skerlj P F 2005 Hurricane gust factors revisited, J. Struct. Eng. 131 825–832
[7] Arya S P 1999 Air Pollution Meteorology and Dispersion (New York: Oxford University Press)
pp 92
[8] Hsu S A 2008 Estimating 3-second and maximum instantaneous gusts from 1-minute sustained
wind speeds during a hurricane, Electro. J. Struct. Eng. 8 77–79
[9] Panofsky H A 1984 Models and Methods for Engineering Applications (New York: Wiley)

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4th International Symposium on Civil and Environmental Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205 (2023) 012044 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012044

[10] Justus C G 1985 Wind Energy Handbook of Applied Meteorology ed D D Houghton (New York,
United States: John Wiley and Sons Ltd) pp 915–944
[11] Von Mises R 1936 La Distribution de la Plus Grande de n Valeurs (in G S Ph Frank, S Goldstein,
M Kac, W Prager & G BirkhofF (Eds.) 1966th Ed. Vol. 2) (Rhode Island: American
Mathematical Society) pp 271–94
[12] Gumbel E J 1954 Statistical Theory of Extreme Values and Some Practical Applications; A Series
of Lectures (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office)
[13] Holmes J D 2015 Wind Loading of Structures (Boca Raton: CRC Press) pp 450
[14] Gringorten I I 1963 A plotting rule for extreme probability paper J. Geophys. Res. 68 813–814

Acknowledgments
The work was funded by Cambodia Higher Education Improvement Project (Credit No. 6221-KH). The
authors also wish to thank Dr. Sutat Leelataviwat and his research group in the Department of Civil
Engineering, ing Mongut’s University of Technology Thonburi in Thailand for their efforts in the
implementation of this collaborative project.