INTRO

-Began Britain 18th century spread to Europe,North America

-social: poor working conditions, technological advancements
-economic: economic inequality, globalisation
-environmental: pollution, efficiency improvement

BP1
P- IR had positive social impacts: technological advancements
E- This came with: Increased productivity, Improved transportation + communication
-Steam engine: 1712, England by Thomas Newcomen Telegraph: 1837, England by Sir William Fothergill
E- UKEssays on the 27th of July, 2021, ‘The steam engine not only improved the way of transporting, but
also the quality of life. For example, people could travel by taking locomotive and steam ship. Moreover,
they could enjoy the life by watching the landscape during the trip.’
A- Highlighting the advantages it (technology) had for society
E- Britannica written by Marvin Frankel and John W. Kendrick updated on the 28th of February 2024, ‘For
the first 50 years after the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in Britain around 1760, labour
productivity grew at an average annual rate of around 0.5 percent, but it then accelerated to more than 1
percent in the 19th century.’
A- Techno-advancements of IR provided workers with efficient alternatives to past machinery.
P- IR had negative social impacts: poor working conditions
E- This came with: Poor sanitation, Child labour, Dangerous machinery
E- John P. Rafferty, published by Britannica on 30th september, 2017, ‘Factory workers often labored 14–
16 hours per day six days per week.’
A- Insight tiring + time consuming labour was, depleting time spend family and leisure activities
E- Jane Humphries published by London Review of Books on the 20th of March 2014, In 1836, ‘Benjamin
Shaw looked back on a life of toil in the textile factories of the North-East. He was a skilled worker, but
had lived in poverty for years, buried his wife and four of his children, had a leg amputated (diseased as a
result of unhealthy working conditions), and been left to care for his illegitimate orphaned granddaughter.’
A- reference autobiography Benjamin Shaw, Emma Griffin’s Liberty's Dawn displays the severe
consequences the poor working conditions had on peoples’ wealth, health, and family life
L- Positive + Negative impacts: Technological advancements, poor working conditions

BP2
P- IR had positive economic impacts: globalisation
E- This came with: multinational corporations (Britain and the USA) economic growth.
-Manufacturing developing ways transport: steam train amplified economic growth globalisation during IR
E- written and published by Pressbooks, ‘The 18th century saw the emergence of various international
corporations, such as the Hudson’s Bay Company and the East India Company, which conducted
business globally.’
A- highlights emerging multinational corporations contributors to growth in the economy as these
companies continued grow 19th and 20th centuries
E- Clark Nardinelli published by Econlib, ‘Crafts’s estimates indicate slow growth lasting from 1760 to
1830 followed by higher growth beginning sometime between 1830 and 1860.’
A- timeline indicates economic growth during the 18th and 19th centuries result of IR: effect it had on
the economy
P- IR had negative economic impacts: economic inequality
E- This came with: unequal distribution of income and opportunities
- Economic inequality was highly prevalent throughout the IR: linked to economic instability, financial
crisis, debt, and inflation
E- Clark Nardinelli and published by Econlib, ‘Most economic historians agree that the distribution of
income became more unequal between 1790 and 1840.’
A- time distribution of income became more unequal, happened during rise IR
E- John P. Rafferty, published by Britannica on 30th September, ‘Foreign markets also were created for
these goods, and the balance of trade shifted in favor of the producer—which brought increased wealth to
the companies that produced these goods and added tax revenue to government coffers. However, it also
contributed to the wealth inequality between goods-producing and goods-consuming countries.’
- International Monetary Fund on the 10th of February 2023, ‘Excessive inequality can erode social
cohesion, lead to political polarisation, and lower economic growth.’
A- relation to each other verify economic inequality caused by the Industrial Revolution negatively
impacted the economy, as the s1: situation of producers and consumers during the time and the s2:
consequence of this.
L- Positive + Negative impacts: Globalisation, economic inequality

BP3
P- IR had positive environmental impacts: efficiency improvement
E- This came with: sustainable improvements to already existing inventions regulations set
- Prior machinery less energy efficient society less aware, post and present IR people worked positive
impacts environment
E- Britannica written by Peter W. Kingsford updated on the 23rd of February 2024 ‘Watt's steam engine
design incorporated two of his inventions: the separate condenser (1765) and the parallel motion (1784).
The addition of these devices, among others, made Watt's steam engine more efficient than other steam
engines.’
A- original steam engine Thomas Newcomen made to be more efficient with new inventions invented by
James Watt to make it more energy efficient,
E- Frankie Wallace published by 18th Century History ‘England, India, and the American colonies all saw
some form of environmental activism in the 18th century, prompting several city governments to
implement policies designed to reduce pollution. Notable figures such as Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan
Swift were among the citizens fighting for environmental protection.’
A- positive impact from IR on environment caused awareness protecting environment, with countries
notable individuals: Benjamin Franklin and Jonothan Swift advocating improvements
P- IR had negative environmental impacts: pollution
E- This came with: like air pollution and global warming
-new factories and machinery produce pollutants such as particle matter, carbon monoxide, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide
E- study published in 2016 by Nature, climate change driven by human activity began as early as the
1830s
A- direct link between the Industrial Revolution and its early negative impacts
E- Helen McGregor published by The Conversation on August 25th 2016, ‘The tropical oceans and the
Arctic were the first regions to begin warming, in the 1830s. Europe, North America and Asia followed
roughly two decades later.’
A- correlates with the industrial revolution as global warming began around the 19th century, when
factories became more widespread
L- Positive + Negative impacts: Efficiency improvement, pollution

CONCLUSION
-positive and negative social, economic, and environmental impacts on world today
- effects began England USA spread affecting all continents + world today.