PHILPOLGOV
Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Week 2: Lesson 1 - The Meaning of Politics
Topic Outline:
● Defining Politics
● Notions about Politics
● Philippine Politics
● Importance of Studying Politics
● Politics in Everyday LIfe
Defining Politics
ARISTOTLE - Father of politics
POLITICS
● Came from the Greek word POLIS,
which literally means “city state”
● The way in which we understand and
order our social affairs, and acquire
greater control over the situation. (B.
Pomton and P. Gill, Politics,
Introduction. (New York: Basil
Blackwell, 1982, p.6.)
● The strategy for maintaining
cooperation among people with
different needs and ideals in life, or for
resolving the conflict within the group,
whether this is a family, a tribe, a village
or a nation-state. (Amable G. Tuibeo,
“Politics and Governance: A Critical
Introduction (Makati: Grandwater
Publication, 1998), p.1.
● "Politics is the way in which social
affairs are understood and ordered, and
by which people acquire greater control
over the situation" (Ponton & Gill).
ANDREW HEYWOOD
● Political Scientist
● Politics, in its broadest sense, is the
activity through which people make,
preserve and amend the general rules
under which they live (Heywood,
2015).
Notion about Politics
POLITICS AS ART OF THE GOVERNMENT
AND STATE
● In this notion, politics is about the art
of government. In this sense, politics
refers to matters revolving around the
polis as a political community ('what
concerns the polis') and the
government as its tool to impose its
will.
● It claims that politics is concerned
about governmental structure,
institutions and processes
● However, this notion is said to be
highly restrictive. It boxes politics to
be only about governmental
structures and institutions and leaves
other institutions and aspects of the
state not related to the government,
"outside" of politics (Heywood, 2004
& Heywood, 2015).
POLITICS AS PUBLIC AFFAIRS
● This notion of politics separates
matters of politics to be about public
matters. Aristotle, the father of
Politics, posited that "man by nature
is a political animal".
● Having the faculty of language, man
is a distinct being who may interact
with one another and set conventions
in his/her society.
● It means that by default, man desires
to participate in public affairs - all
matters revolving around the polis
wherein man lives.
● This includes matters more than just
the government and includes matters
that concern the general public.
● In other words, all matters that are
considered private (personal) will not
be under the realm of politics
(Heywood, 2004 & Heywood, 2015).
● •Politics is the way in which we
understand and order our social
affairs, and acquire greater control
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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics
over the situation (B. Pomton and P.
Gill, 1982, p.6.)
● However, it is arguable as to where the
dividing line of public and private affairs
is. For at some point, governmental
policies may affect the private sphere of
the society.
POLITICS AS COMPROMISE AND
CONSENSUS
● Instead of focusing on matters of the
government or even the public, politics
in this context refers to as a tool to
which society can resolve conflicts
through compromise - negotiation,
reconsideration, in order to achieve
consensus (Heywood, 2004 &
Heywood, 2015).
● It is also the strategy for maintaining
cooperation among people with
different needs and ideals in life, or for
resolving the conflict within the group,
whether this is a family, a tribe, a village
or a nation-state (Tuibeo, 1998, p.1).
● It focuses on the process of conciliation
and deflects the idea of resolving
conflict through coercion (Heywood,
2015).
POLITICS AS DISTRIBUTION OF
RESOURCES
● This notion suggests that politics is
about the determination of the proper
utilization and allocation of scarce
resources in the society (Heywood,
2004 & Heywood, 2015).
● Political Scientist Harold Lasswell
(1937), in his work, Politics--Who Gets
What, When, and How, defined
"politics" as involving questions as to
"who gets what, when, and how."
● Politics, according to Lasswell, is
concerned with determination, by the
government of the following (and vise-
versa):
○ Who in political society
receives what benefits,
rewards, and advantages
and how much of them they
receive,
○ When they receive the
benefits, rewards, and
advantages, and
○ The methods by which they
receive them.
POLITICS AS POWER
NATURE OF POLITICS
● Related to distribution of resources,
politics as power is the notion to
which politics is about being able to
acquire an aspired result, whatever
means necessary (Heywood, 2004).
● According to Richards (1978),
humans have conflicting desires and
aspirations in life, so as the methods
in achieving them. He posited that in
order to resolve this conflict, one side
should 'obtain power' to prevail over
the other. Thus, the nature of Politics.
● The political community can be
divided into different levels, namely:
○ Personal level - ei. Settling
of conflict between friends
arguing where to eat dinner
○ Community level - ei. City
ordinances passed to
regulate illegal use of
vaccination cards
○ National level - ei.
Presidential elections that
happens every six years
○ International level - ei.
Signing the Paris Climate
Accord in the United Nations
assembly
● With this, as power exists in all levels
of society, so is politics. This widens
the realm of politics contrary to the
previous notions mentioned.
● Thus, politics is everywhere and it
may be argued that politics coincides
with our "social existence" per se
(Heywood, 2004).
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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics

Philippine Politics He doesn't know the cost of life, the price of

Philippine politics takes place in an organized
framework of a presidential, representative, and
democratic republic. It revolves around the three
separate and sovereign yet interdependent
branches:
● The Legislative branch (the law-making
body, Article VI, 1987 Philippine
Constitution);
● The Executive branch (the law-
enforcing body, Article VII, 1987
Philippine Constitution); and
● The Judicial branch (the law-
interpreting body, Article VIII, 1987
Philippine Constitution).
Branches of Government
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
● President
● Vice-President
● Cabinet
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
● Senate
● House of Representatives
JUDICIAL BRANCH
● Supreme Court
● RTC, MTC
● Special Courts
Philippine politics is often described as corrupt
and is always viewed negatively. Part of this
political culture also includes issues on electoral
fraud, political dynasties, red-tagging, identity
politics, among others.
Importance of Studying Politics
“The worst illiterate is the political illiterate, he
doesn't hear, doesn't speak, nor participates in
the political events.
the bean, of the fish, of the flour, of the rent, of
the shoes and of the medicine, all depending
on political decisions.
The political illiterate is so stupid that he is
proud and swells his chest saying that he
hates politics.
The imbecile doesn't know that, from his
political ignorance is born the prostitute, the
abandoned child, and the worst thieves of all,
the bad politician, corrupted and flunky of the
national and multinational companies.” -
Bertolt Brecht
● It is very important to care about
politics because you should know
what is going on around you.
● You should care about politics
because you should have a say in
what will happen.
● You should care about politics
because the decisions people make
will affect many lives.
Importance of Studying Politics
a. Politics is all about the way human
beings are governed, which involves
order, power, and justice. It is not just
an abstract study.
b. It involves the government's day-to-
day performance;
c. It does not affect only one individual,
but is inextricably bound up with the
perpetual quest for what is fair or just
in light of the interest of the entire
community;
d. Issue is more or less political based
on the extent that the use of political
power affects the lives and well-being
of private citizens; and
e. An issue becomes political when the
government must render a decision,
which must always be for the
common good of the community.
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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics

INSTITUTIONAL - This approach is concerned

Topic Outline:
● Approaches to the Study of Political
Science
● Meaning of Governance
● 8 Elements of Good Governance
Approaches to the Study of Political
Science
Traditional Approach
A combination of views on and orientations to
politics in philosophical, ethical and institutional
terms.
Since the time of Plato and Aristotle, the great
issues of politics have revolved around the
organization and functioning of the state - the
political institution par excellence. Traditional
approaches exhibit certain well defined features.
Characteristics of Traditional Approach
1. Traditional approaches are largely
normative and stresses on the values of
politics.
2. Emphasis is on the study of different
political structures and institutions.
3. Traditional approaches made very little
attempt to relate theory and research.
4. These approaches believe that since
facts and values are closely interlinked,
studies in political Science can never
be scientific.
Forms of Traditional Approach
PHILOSOPHICAL - This approach firmly
believes that values cannot be separated from
the study of politics and the political system.
Therefore, its main concern is to judge what is
good or bad in any political society.
HISTORICAL- As the name of this approach is
related to history, it emphasizes on the study of
history of every political reality to analyze any
situation.
with the study of formal structures and
institutions like legislature, executive, judiciary,
political parties, etc.
LEGAL - This approach is concerned with the
legal process, legal bodies or institutions,
justice and independence of the judiciary.
Behavioral Approach
Mainly emphasizes on scientific, objective and
value free study of political phenomenon.
This approach stresses upon the use of
empirical as well as scientific methods of study
political behavior.
This approach shifts its emphasis from the
study of the state and government to the day-
today problems, activities and behavior of
individuals and groups.
Social theories should be constructed only on
the basis of observable behavior, providing
quantifiable data for research.
Characteristics of Behavioral Approach
REGULARITIES - Believes that there are
certain uniformities in political behavior which
can be expressed in generalizations or
theories in order to explain and predict political
phenomena.
VERIFICATION - Emphasizes testing and
verifying everything. According to the
behaviorists, what cannot be verified is not
scientific.
TECHNIQUES - Put emphasis on the use of
those research tools and methods which
generate valid, reliable and comparative data.
QUANTIFICATION - After collecting data, the
researcher should measure and quantify those
data.

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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics
VALUES - Believe that to do objective research
one has to be value free.
SYSTEMATIZATION - Research in Political
Science must be systematic. Theory and
research should go together.
PURE SCIENCE - Believes that the study of
Political Science should be verified by evidence.
INTEGRATION - Political Science should not be
separated from various other social sciences like
history, sociology and economics, etc.
Meaning of Governance
The word "governance" came from the Latin
verb "gubernare," or more originally from the
Greek word "kubernaein," which means "to
steer."
The exercise of power or authority by political
leaders for the well-being of their country's
citizens or subjects.
It is the complex process whereby some sectors
of the society wield power, and enact and
promulgate public policies which directly affect
human and institutional interactions, and
economic and social development.
8 Elements of Good Governance
PARTICIPATION
● Active involvement of all affected and
interested parties in the decision-
making process.
● It requires an enabling environment
wherein pertinent information is
effectively disseminated and people
could respond in an unconstrained and
truthful manner.
● It also means gender equality,
recognizing the vital roles of both men
and women in decision-making.
RULE OF LAW
● Demands that the people and the civil
society render habitual obedience to
the law.
● It also demands that the government
acts within the limits of the powers
and functions prescribed by the law.
The absence of rule of law is anarchy.
● No one is above the law
EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY
● Good governance requires that the
institutions, processes, and actors
could deliver and meet the
necessities of the society in a way
that available resources are utilized
well.
● Effectiveness (meeting the needs)
and efficiency (proper utilization of
resources) must necessarily go
together to ensure the best possible
results for the community.
TRANSPARENCY
● In legal terms, it means that
information on matters of public
concern is made available to the
citizens or those who will be directly
affected.
● It also means that transactions
involving public interests must be fully
disclosed and made accessible to the
people.
● It is anchored on the democratic right
to information and right to access of
the same.
RESPONSIVENESS
● Institutions and processes serve all
stakeholders in a timely and
appropriate manner.
● It also means that actors and
structures of governance easily give
genuine expression to the will or
desire of the people.
● In other words, the interests of all
citizens must be well protected in a
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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics

prompt and appropriate manner so that agencies and their

each of them can appreciate and take respective officers and
part in the process of governance. personnel in relation to their
program objectives.
EQUITY AND INCLUSIVENESS ○ Managerial accountability
● All the members of the society, refers to employee
especially the most vulnerable ones or accountability based on
the grassroots level, must be taken into organization and individual
consideration and must be given the performance. A system of
opportunity to participate in decision or rewards and punishment
policy making. must be in place to
strengthen the processes
CONSENSUS-ORIENTED and institutions of
● Decisions are made after taking into governance.
consideration the different viewpoints of
the actors of the society.
● Mechanisms for conflict resolution must
be in place because inevitably conflict
will arise from competing interests of
the actors.
● To meet the consensus, a strong,
impartial, and flexible mediation
structure must be established. Without
such, compromises and a broad
consensus cannot be reached that
serves that best interest of the whole
community.

ACCOUNTABILITY
● Answerability or responsibility for one's
action.
● It is based on the principle that every
person or group is responsible for their
actions most especially when their acts
affect public interest.
● The actors have an obligation to explain
and be answerable for the
consequences of decisions and actions
they have made on behalf of the
community it serves.
○ Political accountability refers
to the accountability of public
officials to the people they
represent.
○ Hierarchical accountability
refers to the ordered
accountability of the various

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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics
Topic Outline:
● Meaning of Ideology
● What is Political Ideology?
● Different Kinds of Ideology
● Major Political Ideologies
Meaning of Ideology
Came from the Greek words “idea” meaning
form or patterns, and “logos” meaning
compilation.
It is a comprehensive set of factual and
normative beliefs
It is less encompassing than ideas expressed in
concepts such as worldview and ontology.
META-IDEOLOGY
• The study of the structure, form, and
manifestation of ideologies.
• In this analysis, it suggests that
ideology is a coherent system of ideas
that may or may not have any factual
basis.
SYSTEMATIC IDEOLOGY
• A study of ideologies by George
Walford, Harold Walsby, and others
that attempts to explore the
relationships between ideology and
social systems.
o Social System - A group of
individuals or an institution that
combines to create a
functioning society with goals.
ACCORDING TO MANFRED STEGER & PAUL
JAMES
• Ideologies are patterned groups of
normative ideas and concepts. Known
as various “-isms”, these ideological
maps help people navigate the
complexity of their political universe and
carry claims to social truth.
Example:
Anarchism
Absolutism
Liberalism
ACCORDING TO CHRISTIAN DUKE
• IDEOLOGY is a system of
presentations that explicitly or
implicitly claim to absolute truth.
What is Political Ideology?
A certain set of ethical ideals, principles,
doctrines, myths or symbols of a social
movement, institution, class or large group that
explains how society should work.
Different Kinds of Ideology
ETHICAL – right or wrong bejavior
POLITICAL – Communism, Marxism
EPISTEMOLOGICAL – right or wrong
behavior
LEGAL – concepts of justice/laws
ECONOMIC – distribution of wealth
GENDER & SEXUALITY – roles
RACE – definition and existence of race
RELIGIOUS IDEOLOGY – Old Testament vs.
New Testament
Major Political Ideologies
ANARCHISM
• "anarkhos" "without a chief"
• "The best government is absolutely
no government."
• The ideology argues that everything
about governments is repressive and
must be abolished entirely.
• NIHILISM believes the same
government and society must be
destroyed.
• Many prominent members of both
movements were Russian.
• Mikhail Bakunin – father of anarchism
ABSOLUTISM
"A single ruler should have control over every
aspect of the government and of people's
lives"
In some cultures, the absolute ruler was seen
as a god in human form. They believe that they
have the divine right of kings.
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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics

Absolute rulers practiced some form of • The free market

CAESAROPAPISM - the belief that the ruler is o Liberalism and capitalism go
head of both governmental and religious hand in hand.
authority.
CONSERVATISM
A strong sense of order
The political doctrine emphasizes the value of
A clear-cut law of nature (Law of God) traditional institutions and practices.
A Natural Hierarchy Elitism or Elite Theory A preference for the historically inherited rather
than the abstract and ideal.
ADVOCATES OF ABSOLUTISM
In reaction to the upheavals of the French
PLATO - Firmly believes that the best
Revolution (1789), conservatism began to
government would be run by a benevolent
develop as a distinct political attitude and
absolute ruler
movement.
THOMAS HOBBES - Was the most persuasive
The term conservative was introduced after
proponent of absolutism
1815 by supporters of the newly restored
LIBERALISM Bourbon monarchy in France, including the
author and diplomat Francois-Auguste-René,
A political and moral philosophy based on liberty Vicomte de Chateaubriand.
and equality.
The British parliamentarian and political writer
Systemized as a distinct ideology by the Edmund Burke, whose Reflections on the
philosopher John Locke. Revolution in France (1790) was a forceful
• Individualism expression of conservatives' rejection of the
o The individual takes priority French Revolution and a major inspiration for
over society. counterrevolutionary theorists in the 19th
• Freedom century.
o The right to make choices for • Stability
themselves. This freedom is o Change must be made
not absolute and some gradually in order to
behaviors, such as murder are preserve it.
prohibited. • Concreteness
• Equality o Liberalism is too abstract. It
o No person is morally or focuses on freedom and
politically superior to others. equality; not on the concrete
• Rationalism way people live every day.
o Humans are capable of • Human fallibility
thinking logically and o Humans are frequently
rationally. ignorant, prejudiced, and
• Progress irrational.
o Traditions should not be kept • Unique circumstances
unless they have values. New o There are no universal
ideas are helpful because they answers to the problem of
can lead to progress. society; the circumstances
are unique in each country.

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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics
SOCIALISM
Arose as a response to the Industrial Revolution,
which was the emergence of technologies such
as the steam engine and mass production.
A political philosophy and movement
encompassing a wide range of economic and
social systems that are characterized by
SOCIAL OWNERSHIP of the means of
production, as opposed to private ownership.
KARL MARX
• Best known for his theories that led to
the development of Marxism. His ideas
also served as the basis for
communism. His books, Das Kapital
and The Communist Manifesto, formed
the basis of Marxism.
• The Communist Manifesto - A brief
publication that declares the arguments
and platform of the communist party. It
was written in 1847 and was
commissioned by the Communist
League a political party based in
England
• Collectivism
o Human beings are social by
nature and society should
respect this; Individualism is
poisonous;
• Public Ownership
o Society, not individualism,
should own the property;
• Central Economic Planning
o The governments plans the
economy; there is no free
market;
• Economic Equality
o All citizens have roughly the
same level of prosperity.
Class Struggle
• Conflict between different classes in a
community resulting from different
social or economic positions and
reflecting opposed interests. Also called
class war, class warfare. (in Marxist
thought) the struggle for political and
economic power carried on between
capitalists and workers.
According to socialists, liberalism fails to live
up to its promises of freedom and equality.
Socialists blame the free market for liberalism’s
failings. Under a capitalist system, money and
means of production are the measures of
power.
• Socialist - A person who advocates
or practices socialism.
The haves (the bourgeoisie, in Marx's terms)
and the have-nots (whom Marx calls the
proletariat) are locked into a fight that Marx
called Class Warfare. Because they control the
money and means of production. The
bourgeoisie have the power and thus are
winning the fight. The use the government to
further their control and to increase their power
over the lower, poorer, classes, so people are
neither free nor equal.
The Evolution of Socialism
Socialism is involved in a variety of ways.
Communism and democratic socialism are the
two most prominent evolutions of socialism.
COMMUNISM
• An authoritarian and revolutionary
approach to achieving socialism. As
an ideology, communism emphasizes
classes of society in which all
members jointly share the means and
output of production
COMMUNISM FOR TODAY
With the fall of communist regimes in Russia
and Eastern Europe, communism has been
retreating to most of the 1990s and 2000s.
there are, for example, fewer communist
movements around the world than during the
Cold War. However, there are still several
major communist regimes, including the
governments of South Korea and Cuba.
• Cold War - the open yet restricted
rivalry that developed after World War
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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics

II between the United States and the

Soviet Union and their respective allies.

Today, the existing communist states in the

world are China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, and
North Korea (DPRK). These communist states
often do not claim to have achieved socialism or
communism in their countries but to be building
and working toward the establishment of
socialism in their countries.
DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM
• A peaceful and democratic approach to
achieving socialism. As an ideology,
democratic socialism also emphasizes
a classless society in which all
members jointly share the means and
output of production.
• Democratic Socialist parties exists in
any democrats around the world.
• Has been quite successful in Western
Europe and Scandinavia. Many
governments there have extensive
welfare system that have remained
largely intact even when democratic
socialists are voted out of office.

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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics
Topic Outline:
● Power
● National Power
● Economic Power
● Psychological Power
● Methods of Exercising National
Power
Power
In political science and sociology, the capacity to
influence, lead, dominate, or otherwise have an
impact on the life and actions of others in
society.
National Power
The ability or capability of a nation to secure the
goals and objectives of its national interests in
relation with other nations.
Nation, in political science, a union of a society
of inhabitants of the same country, speaking the
same language, coming from common racial
ancestry, obeying the same laws and community
of interest.
Nature of National Power
POWER AND FORCE
• A psychological relationship of control
which is backed by the use of force or
threat of use of force.
• Physical force, violence in the form of
police action, imprisonment,
punishment or war.
POWER AND INFLUENCE
• Involves a use of force or threat of use
of force.
• Involves the attempt to change the
behavior of others through persuasion
and not by threats or force.
Dimensions of National Power
MILITARY POWER - It is regarded as absolutely
essential for achieving the objective of security
of the nation. No state can get recognition as a
super power without being military superior.
SUPER POWER IN MILITARY
BIG ECONOMIC BUT WEAK MILITARY
NUCLEAR POWER BUT NOT SUPER
POWER BECAUSE OF ECONOMIC
WEAKNESS
BIG MILITARY POWER NOT RECOGNIZED
AS SUPER POWER
Economic Power
It is constituted by the ability of a nation to
satisfy its own needs and to control the
behavior of other states by affording or denying
access to economic goods and services.
Raw materials natural resources, foods stocks,
industrial and technological capacity, GNP,
trade surplus, means of transport and
communication and GDP.
Psychological Power
The power of nation and image of the nation.
Improvements in the means of
communications, increased influence of mass
media, social media and public opinion on
foreign policy, ideologies, role of NGO's and
social movements, role of propaganda and
publicity of International Relations.
Methods of Exercising National Power
PERSUASION
• The art of persuasion consists in
defining and logically explaining a
particular problem or issue or dispute
to other nations or any other nations.
REWARDS
• Can be material or economic or
psychological.
• A nation give a material help to
another nation in times of crisis.
PUNISHMENTS
• Can inflict punishment on an
offending or unhelpful state by
imposing economic sanctions or
norms or policies or placing trade
restrictions or ensuring a denial of a
possible reward.
FORCE OR PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
• Can be used by resorting to war or
acts or reprisals by a powerful state.
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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics

HISTORICAL THEORY
Topic Outline:
● State • It asserts that the state is a product of
● Nation human development.
● State Distinguished from Nation
Nation
State Refers to large Group of individuals who
Is a community of persons, more or less believe that they belong together because they
numerous, permanently occupying a definite share common identity.
portion of territory. The nation are born out of confluence of two
factors:
Theories on the Origin of the State
• A group of people have cohesion in
DIVINE RIGHT order that a community continue to
• It holds that the origin of the state is of exist as distinct entity.
divine creation and the ruler is ordained • Individual member aspire to belong to
by God to govern the people. a homogenous community to have a
security and meaning.
NECESSITY AND FORCE THEORY
• It maintains that the state must have Classification of Nation
been created as a product of the
existence of the strong and weak in ETHNIC NATION
society. • An entity that is united on the basis of
ethnicity. Populated by single ethnic
PATRIARCHAL THEORY group
• It attributes the origin of the states to
enlargement of the family which TERRITORIAL NATION
remained under the authority of the • An entity that is populated that is
father or mother. By natural stages the populated by various ethnic groups
family grew into clan, into tribe, that have been assimilated into a
broadened to nation, until it became nation
state.
State Distinguished from Nation
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
• It asserts that the earthly state must State Nation
have been formed by deliberate and
voluntary agreement among the people It is juridical concept It is a racial and
to form a society and organize a ethical concept
government for their common good.
It is formal It is informal
ECONOMIC THEORY
• It believes that the state must have There can be a state There can be a
been founded to take charge of man's with several nations nation without a state
various needs that must be continously
and consistently satisfied

INSTINCTIVE THEORY
• It holds that the state is founded out of
man's natural instinct of association.

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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics
Topic Outline:
● The Ancient Filipinos: Pre-Colonial
Period
● Spanish Era
● Revolution and the First Republic
● American Occupation and World
War II
● Japanese Occupation
● Independence and the Third
Republic
● Martial Law
● People Power and Aquino
Administration
● Contemporary Period 1986 to
Present
The Ancient Filipinos: Pre-Colonial
Period
Social Organization of a Barangay in
Pre-Colonial Era
Barangay system where central government is
headed by "datu", raha or sultan.
The social order in a barangay was divided into
three classes:
DATU - is chieftain holds the 3 powers or 3
branches of government.
TIMAWA OR FREE MAN - refers to an
intermediate social class. These groups of
people do or make things according to their will.
They were not paid they work for themselves.
They cannot be sold.
ALIPIN has two categories:
Aliping Namamahay - it is the slave with a
higher status. They were slaves but then they
were to live on the house. They can't be sold.
Aliping Saguiguilid -it is a slaves with a lower
status. They were paid and they can be sold.
Spanish Era
The KING is the head of all the colonies.
The GOVERNOR-GENERAL serves as the
"governor of the provinces or what is called
"colonies". He also a commander in chief.
ROYAL AUDENCIA - the Spanish supreme
court.
THE LAWS WERE COMPILED
TO BECOME THE COLONIAL
CODE
Spanish Rules
POLO Y SERVICIO - the forced labor
rendered by Filipinos.
FALLA - the exception fee for forced labor.
Another paying of tribute or tax called
TRIBUTO.
EXECUTIVE - he enforced he Spanish laws
and decrees in the Philippines.
LEGISLATIVE - he enacted and issues law.
Regulation and decrees.
JUDICIAL - he was the president or presiding
officer of the royal audencia.
ACCELESIASTIC - power to recommend
priest for appointment and intervene in
controversies within the church.
Governor Generals
From 1565-1898 total of 122 governor
generals served in the Philippines
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI
• The first governor general from 1565-
1572.
• Worked on for the Spaniards and
native Filipinos to live together as one
community.
JOSE BASCO Y VARGAS
• Outstanding governor for his
agricultural contribution and economic
progams.
• He established the tabacco
monopoly.
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Revolution and the First Republic
The PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT was
established from 1889-1895 through founding of
LA SOLIDARIDAD NEWSPAPER which
became the medium of the PROPAGANDISTS.
Propagandists: Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar
and Graciano Lopez-Jaena.
EL FILI and NOLI ME TANGERE - the best
novels written a Filipino.
The first editor of LA SOLIDARIDAD was
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA known as the
ORATOR OF THE SAID MOVEMENT.
Rizal got arrested and have to stay in prison for
4 years. In Rizal’s absence Katipunan founded
and advocated complete independence under
the command of Andres Bonifacio (KKK)
Andres Bonifacio Emilio Aguinaldo
Bonifacio was hunted down, arrested, tried for
treason control and executed after the death of
Bonifacio and his brother.
Aguinaldo proclaim the independence of the
Philippines on June 12, 1898 in Cavite.
American Occupation and World War II
The American Period was lasted from 1899 to
1946 where the Americans introduced the
presidential system under 1935 constitution.
The president is the head of the government
while the vice president is the head of the state.
The military government suppressed the
rebellions in the whole archipelago under military
governor- general.
Civil government managed the peace and order
of the whole archipelago.
The 1935 constitution introduced the basic
principles of the state such as separation of
church and state and the powers of the main
branches of the government.
MANUEL L. QUEZON (AUGUST 19, 1878)
• He is the second president of the
philippines and the first president of
the commonwealth of the philippines
SERGIO OSMENA (SEPTEMBER 9, 1878)
• He is the vice president of Manuel L.
Quezon
• After the death of pres. Manuel L.
Quezon he became the president
Japanese Occupation
The 1935 constitution was set aside when the
Japanese occupied the Philippines from 1941-
1945.
The Japanese implemented the "Greater East
Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” where the
Japanese imposed laws and customs on the
country.
Independence and the Third Republic
When the Philippines gained independence
from the United States on July 4, 1946, Roxas
became the first president of the New
Republic.
ELPIDIO QUIRINO, PRESIDENT (1948-1953)
• Quirino assumed the presidency on
April 17, 1948, taking his oath of
office two days after the death of
Manuel Roxas.
RAMON MAGSAYSAY, PRESIDENT (1953-
1957)
• "Man of the Masses"
CARLOS P. GARCIA, PRESIDENT (1957-
1961)
• He was well known when he
exercised the Filipino first policy
during his term in office.
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DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL, PRESIDENT (1961-

1965)
• Macapagal ran against Garcia and
defeated the incumbent president by a
55% to 45% margin in the 1961
presidential election.

Martial Law
FERDINAND E. MARCOS (SEPTEMBER 21,
1972)
• The nineth president of the Philippines.
• He is the first president implement the
martial law.

People Power and Aquino

Administration
SNAP ELECTION
• Feb 7, 1986
• Marcos Parin vs. Tama Na, Sobra Na,
Palitan Na!
• Most historic:
o First women candidate
o Most expensive and dirtiest
o Most Filipino were honest and
could not be bribed
o Most confusing election in our
country

EDSA PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION

• February 22 to 25, 1986

Contemporary Period 1986 to Present

ALL COVERED BY 1987 CONSTITUTION
a. PEOPLE POWER PRESIDENT -
Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)

b. CENTENNIAL PRESIDENTS - Fidel

Ramos (1992-1998), Joseph Estrada
(1998-2001) and Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo (2001-2010).
c. ELECTRONIC PRESIDENTS -
Benigno C. Aquino (2010-2016) and
Pres. Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016-2022)

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Mrs. Romilyn M. Pelagio | Lesson 7 – The Evolution of the Philippine Democratic Politics

INTRODUCTION
TOPIC
SUB-TOPIC

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