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First Exam, Part I

Student’s Name: Malaluan, Trisha Marie P. Student No. 2016-66479
Your signature:

Do answer the questions first. You can write your answers within the space
provided for each item. Then, you can review, and you are free to use your notes
and lecture handouts but not go to other sources including the internet.
Part 1. Answer consecutively in your exam booklet/answer sheets. Write clearly. Pt/ Your
item pt
1. Define biotechnology; underline the three important parts of the definition. (3 pt) 3
We define biotechnology---as any biology-based technology which uses organisms or
their parts to make or modify products, or improve plants,animals and microorganisms.

2. Give 3 ancient (BC) biotech products and their country of origin. Choose products from 3
different countries (3 pt)
1.Bread (Egypt)
2.Antibiotic from moldy soybean curds (China)
3.Wine (Egypt)
3. Give 1 traditional biotech product each from Korea, Japan, Indonesia, and Thailand. (4 5
pt)
1.Kimchi-Korean 2.Rice Vinegar-Japan 3.Tempeh-Indonesia 4.Teuc-trei-Thailand

Cite 1traditional biotech product which is quite unique to Japan:_____________

Miso (1 pt)
4. This is how to make tofu: (i) Boil soymilk and allow to cool down to 70-80 °C; (ii) add a solution of 3
coagulant (calcium sulfate or magnesium chloride); (iii) allow to coagulate or curdle; and (iv) transfer
curds to a container to form TOFU! Question: (a) Is tofu a biotech product? Yes or No; (b) Why? (one
sentence only) (3 pts) a.) Yes
Answer: b.) tofu making consists of cleaning, soaking, grinding beans in water,
filtering, boiling, coagulation, and pressing, then adding coagulants
5. Choose the right and best answer; write 1 letter only. (2 pt) 2
Explain why breeding of pigs is a biotech process:
(a) Breeding pigs and other animals is traditional biotechnology.
(b) Breeding pigs involves crossing (mating) one pig of a certain strain with a pig of another strain
with a desirable trait, resulting in combination of the two animals’ traits and may result in an
improved strain.
(c) Breeding pig or other animals involves a biological material.
Answer: B
6. Analyze and answer True or False. If false, explain. (2 pt each) 8
True
(a) Ink from squid is a biotech product. ____

(b) Coagulation of milk using rennet or chymosin produces cheese. True

_____
False, it can't produce cheese without
(c) Coagulation of milk without rennet produces cheese. _____
the use of a proteolytic enzyme

False, it is a biotech product for it undergoes

(d) Burong isda is not a biotech product. _____
the process of fermentation
7. Why is nata de coco a biotech product? One complete sentence 3
Nata de coco is a biotech product because it is produced by fermentation of coconut
water.
8. Analyze and answer True or False. If false, explain. (2 pt each) 8
(a) Making ammonia through biological nitrogen fixation is not a biotech process.
False, It involves a complex biochemical reaction that occurs in a biological organism.
(b) Making ammonia through the Haber Bosch process is a biotech process.
True
(c) Nonfood products of bioconversion include amino acids, antibiotics, wine, enzymes and organic
acids. True

(d) Vaccine production, plant tissue culture, plant breeding are biotech processes.
True
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9. (a) What is cloning? (b) give an example for plant and one for animal ( 4 pt) 4
a.)Means multiplying a single cell of the microorganism to produce cells of the same
microorganism. b.) mango and sheep
10. KNOW our Filipino scientists—Give the important contributions of the following to 10
biotechnology (2 pt each) (1 complete sentence each)
(a) National Scientist Emil Q. Javier The founder and first director of IPB in the Philippines.

(b) Professor Emeritus Helen Valmayor "Mother of Philippine Orchidology" worked on

embryo rescue of orchids.
(c) Academician Rafael D. Guerrero III pioneered work on tilapia sex reversal technology that
contributed significantly to world aquaculture.
(d) Professor Raul Destura Invented the Biotek M Aqua Kit for detection of dengue.

(e) Academician Emerita de Guzman Developed embryo rescue of makapuno.

11. Bioconversion or biotransformation is defined as the conversion of substances to more useful 3

forms by microorganisms. How is fermentation related to bioconversion or biotransformation? (1
sentence) ( 3 pt) Bioconversion enzymes refer to the enzymes that can hydrolyze or use
microbial lignocellulose in the solid-state fermentation process.
Fermentation microbes use lignocellulose as a substrate and an inducer
to produce the enzymes related to metabolism.
12. Give three general (not specific) products of bioconversion or biotransformation (do not include 3
food products): (3 pts)
(a) Cellulase
(b) Lipase
(c) Protease
13. What is Sir Alexander Fleming’s outstanding discovery? Why is it very important? 3
Discovery of penicillin, it is important because it started the antibiotic revolution.
14. The primary fermentation product of sugar using various fruits is alcohol. But why is the taste of 3
resulting wine using various fruits different? ONE sentence only. (3 pt)
The process by which yeast converts the sugars in grape juice into alcohol, unlocks
chemical compounds that are shared by other fruits.
15. First commercialized genetically engineered or genetically modified (GM) crop in the Philippines. 2
(2 pt)
Bt Corn

16. The scope of biotechnology has two parts: traditional or classic and modern biotech. Give 4
examples of technologies of “traditional or classic biotech” and “modern biotech” (4 pt)
Classical- Breeding & Tissue Culture
Modern- Genomics and Recombinant diagnostics DNA makers
17. Bioindustry is biotechnology-based industry. Give 3 examples of areas or fields and one 3
corresponding product. (3 pt)
1. Biopharmacy- antibodies
2. Bioagriculture- GM Crops
3. Bioservices- bioinformatics
18. Identify 3 research institutes in the Philippines which are undertaking biotech researches. 3
Identify one product or technology each one has developed. (3 pt)
1.)Institute of Plant Breeding, UPLB - 2.) National Institutes of Biotechnology
and Applied Microbiology- 3. PhilRice - NSICRc142
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First Exam, Part II

Name: Malaluan, Trisha Marie P. Student Number: 2016-66479

Your signature:
Do answer the questions first. You can write your answers within the space
provided for each item. Then, you can review, and you are free to use your notes
and lecture handouts but not go to other sources including the internet.
First Exam Part 2. How Biotech Works. Sharpening your analytical thinking!!! Pt/ Pt.
item
1. In 1866, the monk Gregor Mendel worked with peas and discovered important concepts of 2
genetics. Choose the correct two (2) answers (2 pt):
(a) Nothing controls the traits of organisms.
(b) Traits are not inherited from generation to generation.
(c) Traits are inherited from parents to children.
(d) Some “elementen” (we now call genes) control the traits of organisms.
ANSWER:_______C&D
2. In Griffith’s experiment published in 1928, he used two strains of Streptococcus 6
pneumoniae, the virulent smooth S (killer) strain and the less virulent rough R (harmless)
strain. (6 pt) die
Predict the results: (a) when mice are injected with the S strain, the mice will ____.
b) When mice are injected with R strain, the mice will _____.
lives
(c) When mice are injected with heat-killed S strain cells, the mice will lives
_____.
However, (d) when a mixture of the heat-killed S cells and live R strain cells was injected in
mice, the mice died. (e) Further, they observed that the Streptococcus cells in the infected
mice were now all smooth.
Explain (d) and (e).The_____________________
living S cells are found that can reproduce, yielding more S cells
_____________________________________________.
3. In 1944, Avery, MacLeod and McCarty determined what kind of biomolecule was observed 6
in Griffith’s experiment. In their experiment, the extracts of infective S type cells were treated
with different enzymes and later added to R type cells. The following is the summary of the
results:
A. S type cell extract + Deoxyribonuclease -> R type cells -> no effect
B. S type cell extract + Ribonuclease -> R type cells -> Transformed Rough to Smooth
C. S type cell extract + Protease -> R type cells -> Transformed Rough to Smooth
(a) What biomolecule was destroyed by the enzyme in
A_________
DNA
B_________
RNA
C protein (DNA, RNA, or Protein) (3 pts)
(b) Which biomolecule, then, is the “transforming principle”? Explain based on the
results of the experiment. (3 pts) DNA is the transforming principle because it can
transform the properties of cells, clarifying the
chemical nature of genes.
4. Three most important scientific findings contributed to the discovery of the structural 6
nature of DNA. Give the significant information obtained from the following: (2 pt each; total
of 6 pt). Brief one sentence answers only
(a) The X-ray diffraction pattern X-ray diffraction patterns indicated helical structure of
DNA
(b) Chargaff’s ratio Chargaff's ratio observed that the number of the base Guanine equals
Cytosine and number of Adenine equals Thyamine.
(c) The physical and chemical properties of the nucleotides
The molecular structure of the bases, sugarand phosphate were known, together
with the physical and chemical properties.
5. Let’s talk about DNA, its structure and components. Consider the DNA origami and DNA 16.5
dance activities as source of information well. (16.5 pt)
(a) What is the overall structure/shape? _____________
Double Helix (1 pt)
James Francis
(b) __________
Watson and _________
Crick. discovered the (a) structure of the DNA.
(c) Chemical components outside the structure? _______________________(2
sugar and phosphate pt)
(d) Chemical components inside the structure? ________________________
nucleotides (1 pt)
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(e) Give the different components in (d) (complete names).

______________;________;__________;___________(4
Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine pt)
opposite
(f) The two strands are ______________ to each other (direction). (1 pt)
(g) By the nature of the bases, the two strands are _____________
complementaryto each other. (1
pt)
(h) What is the overall charge of DNA?negatively charged
______________ (1 pt)
(i) Determine the correct base that pairs with the following: (3.5 pt)
G A T A C C
____ ____ ___ ____ ____ ____ _____

6. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology consists of: DNA replication, transcription and 6
translation. These important steps in the flow of genetic information were predicted based on
the DNA double helical structure. Explain briefly (1 sentence) why/how the double helix of the
DNA predicted replication, transcription & translation.
(a) replication Process where DNA can duplicate itself, a complementary strand is
produced for each of the two strands of the DNA.
(b) transcription The information in the gene is transferred to a complementary
single strand called messenger or mRNA.
(c) translation The mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm and is
used as a template in the synthesis of protein.
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7. Translate the mRNA message using the genetic code.
Use single letter amino acid symbol or acronym

Answer:

5
8. What do these tools or technologies do? Write the correct letter for each of the items on
the left panel. (5 pts)

(i) DNA ligase _____

E (a) Cut or splice DNA at specific sites
(ii) PCR _____
B (b) Catalyzes DNA synthesis
(iii) DNA polymerase ____
C (c) Multiplies DNA in a machine automatically
(iv) Restriction enzymes____
A (d) Separates molecules based on charge and size
(v) Electrophoresis___
D (e) Joins DNA fragments
(f) Unwinds DNA strands

9. (a) PCR means _____ (1 pt) Polymerase Chain Reaction

(b)One cycle of PCR involves three (3) major steps. (3 pt)

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i) First step is DNA denaturation. What does this mean?

Samples are heated to 94-96°C for one to several minutes to denature(separate into single
strands) the target DNA.
Ii) Second step is primer annealing. What does this mean?
The temperature is lowered to 50-65°C for one to several minutes. This allows the left and
right primers to anneal (base pair) tom their complementary sequences. The primers are
designed to bracket the DNA region to be amplified.
iii) Third step is what? Meaning?
Third step is to extend primers, the temp is again raised to 72°C Taq
polymerase binds to each priming site and synthesizes a new DNA strand.
(c) What is the significance or impact of the invention of the PCR machine? (2 pt)

PCR machines amplify DNA by regulating temperature in

cyclical programs.

12

10. Determine the resulting fragment sizes in the restriction enzyme treatment of a 1000-bp
DNA fragment. Illustrate the electrophoresis patterns of the digested fragments on gel.

Resulting bands for EcoR1:_____bp; _____ bp

Resulting bands for BamHI :_____bp; _____bp

Resulting bands for EcoR1+BamHI:_____bp; ____bp;____bp_____

You can draw the band patterns here:

1000_

500_
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100_

a b c

11. (a) The term for the combination of three nucleotides which represents an amino acid. 4
codon
1 pt) ______________

(b) Give the three (3) important characteristics of the genetic code. (3 pt) _____
1. Degenerate
2. Unambiguous
3. Universal
12. (a) Briefly define recombinant DNA technology. (2 pt) 3
Recombinant DNA technology, also known as genetic engineering, is a method
that allows the combination of genes in a test tube to form a hybrid DNA.

(b) Circular DNA that are commonly used as vectors or carriers in recombinant DNA
technology. (1 pt) Plasmids

13. The first commercial biotech product, a health product to treat diabetes using 2
recombinant DNA technology in the 1980s is _____. (2 pts)

Humulin

14. You are going to genetically engineer Bt corn. We get the Bt gene from the Bacillus 5
thuringiensis. The Bt gene is specific for the toxic protein which can kill the corn borer. It is
introduced in corn plant tissue, integrated in the corn genome, and when expressed by the
corn plant, the toxic protein will protect the corn against the corn borer. The resulting corn is
called genetically engineered corn, genetically modified corn or transgenic corn.

Select the five (5) correct steps and arrange them in sequential order from start to finish. (5
a
pts) ____ _____ _____ _____ _____

15. Choose the correct and best answer(s) (2 pt) 2

A. Transgenic plant is (a) a plant which has undergone transformation; (b) a plant which has a
gene introduced to it by recombinant DNA technology; (c) a plant which was obtained from
tissue culture. A&B

B. A transgene is (a) a gene introduced to a plant by recombinant DNA technology; (b) a gene
introduced to a plant by conventional breeding; (c) a gene delivered to a plant by particle
bombardment or agrobacterium delivery and integrated in its chromosome. A
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Answer:
16. Why were there no blue roses before genetic engineering technology was developed? 3
Why can traditional plant breeding not be utilized for this purpose?
Because blue roses were produced only by hybridization breeding and cutting-edge
biotechnologies.

16. Choose all correct answers: (3pt) 3

Modern biotechnology

(a) Includes in vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant DNA technology or
direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles

(b) Is also biology-based technology that uses part of organism to produce new or
improved product, whether plant, animal or microorganism.

(c) Includes plant tissue culture

(d) Is a tool of breeding of plants and animals.

Answer: A, B&D or A&D
17. Know your scientists: (8 pt) 8
Dr. Baldomero Olivera
(a) Filipino scientist who co-discovered the DNA ligase _______________
Stanley
(b) Invented recombinant DNA technology___________;
Cohen Herbert Boyer
___________
Kary Mullis
(c) Invented the PCR machine _____________________

(d) Provided the X-ray crystallography data of DNA which contributed to the discovery of the
double helical nature of the DNA __________________
Rosalind Franklin Francis Crick,
Maurice Wilkins,
James
(e) Nobel prize winners for the discovery of the DNA double helix structure.___ Watson
____ ___

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