PELTON TURBINE

AIM: To conduct the performance test on Pelton turbine and determine its
efficiency with constant head condition.

APPARATUS: Pelton Turbine, Digital speed indicator, Pressure gauge, Rope

Brake Dynamometer, Spring Balance, Venturimeter and centrifugal pump.

INTRODUCTION: It is an impulse turbine. It works under high head and uses

lesser quantity of water. Water from the reservoir is brought to the turbine
through penstocks, at the end of which a nozzle is fitted. The nozzle converts
the available head into kinetic head in the form of high velocity jet. The jet
strikes the buckets mounted on the rim of a wheel called runner. The impact
of jet rotates the runner, thereby converting the kinetic energy into
mechanical energy. The shaft, passing through the center of the runner
wheel, transmits the mechanical energy. The water goes into the tailrace
after doing the work.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The unit consists of a casing with a large circular

transparent window of acrylic kept at the front for the visual inspection of
the impact of the jet on the buckets. The complete setup comprises of a
bearing for housing rotor assembly. The rotor assembly has a shaft, runner
and the brake drum, all having mounted on a suitable sturdy iron base plate.
A rope brake arrangement is provided to load the turbine. The input to the
turbine can be controlled by adjusting the spear position by means of a hand
wheel fitted with indicator arrangement. Water inlet pressure is measured
by a pressure gauge and speed measurement is using a rpm indicator.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

1. CASING : Made of Stainless Steel, powder coated

2. RUNNER : Powder-coated gunmetal buckets.
3. NOZZLE : Made of brass.
4. SPEAR SPINDLE : Stainless steel of liberal size.
5. BRAKE DRUM : Aluminium brake drum.
6. SPRING BALL : 0 - 5 kg (SALTER) -2 nos
PELTON TURBINE (IMPULSE TURBINE)
1. Rated Supply Head : 35 – 45 m
2. Discharge : 400 LPM
3. Normal Speed : 1000 RPM
4. Jet diameter : 18 mm (Maximum)
5. No. of buckets : 20 Nos.
6. Brake drum diameter : 210 mm
7. Rope Diameter : 20 mm

SUPPLY PUMPSET
1. Rated Head : 39 m
2. Discharge : 570 LPM
3. Normal Speed : 2880 RPM
4. Power required : 7.5 HP
5. Size : 65 mm x 50 mm
6. Type : High speed, Centrifugal, single suction volute.

FLOW MEASURING UNIT:

1. Size of Venturi meter
2. Throat Diameter
3. Pressure gauge
4. ‘K’ Value
(Constant for venturi meter)
: 50 mm
: 22 mm
: 0 - 7 kg/cm2 range –2 No. (For venturi)
0 – 7 kg/cm2 range –1 No. (For Pressure Head)
: [Q = k h m3/s]

CONSTRUCTION
The turbine is placed on the sump tank frame level. The supply pump set
draws water from the sump tank. The gate valve is provided just above the
inlet bend of the turbine to regulate the flow rate and net supply head on the
turbine in relation to the spear settings. A spear and nozzle arrangement are
provided on one side of the runner to control the load. The spear to be
operated through a hand wheel.

OPERATING PROCEDURE
1. Make sure that the water level in the sump tank is up to the marked level,
Close the ball valve provided for pelton turbine experiment fully before
starting the pump.
2. Start the pump using the mains provided on the panel & then open the
ball valve.
3. Regulate speed up to 1000 rpm by operating spear arrangement with the
use of hand wheel provided.
4. Make sure that both the spring balances are at no load condition.
5. Take one set of necessary readings at ZERO load.
6. Now load the turbine by rotating the hand wheel, in steps of 2 kg, 4 kg, 6
kg, 8 kg & 10 kg as per the requirement.
7. Note down the all corresponding readings for each load.
8. After the experiment remove the applied loads & bring back the speed to
the rated speed, close the ball valve & then switch off the supply pump.
 TABULAR COLUMN

Total head in
Sl. Pressure Gauge reading Head on meter of Spring balance Spring balance Speed
No Venturi meter water reading reading in rpm
P1 P2 P3 h H S1 S2 N
kg/cm2 m m kg kg RPM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Where,
S1 & S2 = Spring balance reading in kg.
p1 = Total head pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2
p2 = Pressure at venture inlet in kg/cm2
p3 = Pressure at venture throat in kg/cm2 = Delivery pressure
N = Speed of the turbine, RPM
h = Venturimeter head in meter of water
H = Total head in meter of water
 CALCULATION TABLE

Sl No BP H Q IP Efficiency
(kW) (m) (m3/s) (kW) (%)
IMPORTANT FORMULA:
1. OUTPUT POWER OF THE TURBINE (BP):

2 N R (S1 – S2) x 9.81

BP = ------------------------ = ……………………………. kW
60000

Where,
R = Effective radius = (D + d)/2
D =Brake drum diameter = 0.21m
d = rope diameter = 0.02m

2. FLOW RATE: (Q)

Cd a1 a2
Q = ---------------- 2gh =……………m3/s
a12 – a22

Where, Cd = Coefficient of discharge =0.96

a1 = Inlet area of Venturimeter
a2 = Throat area of Venturimeter
h = (p1 – p2) x 10 = ……m of water

3. INPUT POWER
IP = QH/1000=………………… kW

Where,  = Specific weight of water = 9.81 KN/m3 = 9810N/m3

Q = Discharge in m3/s.
H = Supply head in meters = 10 x p3

4. EFFICIENCY
Output
Efficiency = ------------- x 100% =
Input

BP
= ------------- x 100% =
IP

5. Unit quantities
Unit discharge, QU=Q/h1/2 =
Unit speed, NU=N/h1/2 =
 Unit power, PU=P/h3/2 =

6. Graphs:
i) Qu Vs Nu, ii) Pu Vs Nu, iii) η Vs Nu

Results:

Inference:

Viva Questions:
1. On what principle the Pelton wheel turbine works?
2. What is the shape of buckets in Pelton wheel turbine?
3. What is the clearance angle of the buckets? State why it is not 1800 ?
4. Define unit quantities and specific speed.
5. Why multiple jets are used in Pelton wheel turbine?
 FRANCIS TURBINE
AIM: To conduct a Performance test and to determine the efficiency of a
Francis Turbine
APPARATUS: Francis Turbine, Digital speed indicator, Pressure gauges,
Vacuum gauge, Venturimeter and centrifugal pump.
THEORY: The Francis Turbine operates under medium head and medium
flow quantities. The water from the pump enters through the spiral casing
into the guide vanes and then to the runner. While passing through the
spiral casing and guide vanes a portion of the pressure head is converted
into kinetic energy. Experimentally, the efficiency is determined in the
same way as for Pelton Turbines.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:-
The unit essentially consists of a spiral casing, an outer bearing pedestal
and rotor assembly with runner, shaft and an electrical generator, all
mounted on a suitable sturdy iron angle structure. A straight conical draft
tube is provided for the purpose of regaining the kinetic energy from the
exit water and also facilitating easy accessibility of the turbine due to its
location at a higher level than the tail race. A transparent hollow Perspex
cylinder is provided in between the draught bend and the casing for the
purpose of observation of flow at the exit of the runner. An electrical A.C.
generator with pulley and belt arrangement is provided to load the turbine.
A hand wheel and a suitable link mechanism are provided to adjust the
guide vanes. The flow rate in the pipeline and, hence, through the turbine
can be measured with the help of a Venturi meter. The head of water is
measured with the help of a pressure gauge. The speed of the turbine can
be measured using speed indicator.
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION:

A. Spiral Casing: is of close grained cast iron.

B. Runner: is of gunmetal, designed for efficient operation accurately

machined and smoothly finished.

C. Guide Vane Mechanism: Consists of gun metal guide vanes, operated

by a hand wheel through a link mechanism.

D. Shaft: is of EN8 steel accurately machined and provided with a brass

and gunmetal Sleeve at the stuffing box.

E. Ball Bearings: is of double row deep groove rigid type in the casing
And double row self aligning type in the bearing pedestal both of
Liberal size.

F. Draught Bend: is provided at the exit of the runner. To the bend is

connected, a straight conical draught tube of stainless steel fabrication.

G. Loading Arrangement: A single phase A.C. alternator with belt and

pulley arrangement is provided. A control panel consisting of A.C.
voltmeter and ammeter with resistance load bank for loading the turbine.

I. Sump Tank: approximately about 500 ltr stainless steel tank is

provided for closed circuit operation.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:

01. Rated Supply Head : 20 m approximately

02. Rated Speed : 1000 RPM
03. Power Output : 1 kW
04. Runaway Speed : 1750 RPM
05. Runner Diameter : 160 mm
06. No. of guide vanes :5
07. P.C.D. guide vanes : 230 mm
08. Load :Single Phase, 1500 rpm, A.C. 230V, Alternator
SUPPLY PUMP SET

01. Rated Head : 26 m

02. Discharge : 14 LPS
03. Normal Speed : 2880 RPM
04. Power Required : 7.5 HP
05. Size of Pump : 100 mm x 100 mm
06. Sump Tank : 500 litre capacity

FLOW MEASURING UNIT:

01. Inlet diameter of Venturimeter : 100 mm

02. Venturimeter throat Diameter : 50 mm
03. Pressure Gauges : 0-4 kg/cm2

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the power supply to the pump

2. Close the turbine inlet gate valve fully before starting the pump
3. Make sure that all the Load Bulb switches are in OFF position
4. Start the centrifugal pump.
5. Allow the water to flow into the turbine by opening the gate valve
6. Keep the guide vane at the desired value where we get max rpm or
head.
7. Then close the gate valve to attain 1500 rpm ( generator side)
8. Allow it to stabilize at that speed
9. Load the turbine gradually say 200W, 400W,600W,800W and 1kW
by maintaining the turbine speed 1500RPM by operating the gate
valve. (available speed at higher loads)
10. Note down all the parameters as per the tabulation column.
11. Repeat the experiment for different loads.
12. After the experiment, Switch off the Load bulb Switches one by one
and gradually close the gate valve to not allow the speed to attain
higher than the generator-rated speed and close the gate valve.
13. Stop the pump motor.
14. Calculate the power input, power output and efficiency.
 TABULAR COLUMN:

S.L.
No Voltage Current Venturi Venturi Total Pv N
V I Inlet Throat head
pressure pressure P3
p1 p2

V A kg/ cm2 kg/ cm2 kg/ cm2 mm of RPM

Hg

V = Voltmeter Reading in Volts

I = Ammeter reading in Amps.
Pv = Vacuum gauge reading in mm of Hg
P1 = Pressure at venture inlet in kg/ cm2
P2 = Pressure at venture throat in kg/ cm2
P3 = Total head pressure gauge reading in kg/ cm2
N = speed of the turbine
h = Venturi head in meter of water
H = total head in meter of water
 CALCULATION TABLE

Sl No BP h H Q IP Efficiency
(kW) (m) (m) (m3/s) (kW) (%)
Calculation

1. OUTPUT POWER OF THE TURBINE: (Brake power (B.P.)

VxI
BP = ------------------ kW =
1000 x 0.8

Where, V = Voltmeter Reading in Volts

I = Ammeter reading in Amps.
Generator Efficiency = 0.8

2. FLOW RATE: (Q)

Cd a1 a2
Q = ---------------- 2gh m3/sec
a12 – a22

Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge =0.96
a1 = Inlet area of Venturimeter (100 mm diameter) =ᴫd12/4
a2 = Throat area of Venturimeter (50 mm diameter) = ᴫd22/4
g = 9.81 m/s2
h = (p1 – p2) x 10 = ……m of water
P1 = Pressure at venture inlet in kg/ cm2
P2 = Pressure at venture throat in kg/ cm2
P3 = Total head pressure gauge reading in kg/ cm2

3. INPUT POWER
IP = Q.H. =………………….kW

Where,  = Specific weight of water = 9810 N/m3

Q = Discharge in m3/s.
H = Supply head in m = p3 x 10 (Considering vacuum reading negligible)
=

3. EFFICIENCY

BP
Efficiency = ------------ x 100 =
IP
4. Graphs:
Constant speed characteristics: i) Q Vs H, ii) BP Vs H, iii) η Vs H
Results:

Inference:

Viva Questions:
1. On what principle the Francis turbine works?
2. What is the shape and function of draft tube in Francis turbine?
3. What is the purpose of guide vanes?
4. What type of flow occurs in Francis turbine?
 KAPLAN TURBINE
AIM: To conduct Performance test and to determine the efficiency of a Kaplan
Turbine

APPARATUS: Kaplan Turbine, Digital speed indicator, Pressure gauge,

Vacuum gauge, Spring Balance, Eddy Current dynamometer, Venturimeter
and centrifugal pump.

THEORY: The Kaplan Turbine operates under low heads and large quantities
of flow. The water from the pump enters through the spiral casing into the
guide vanes and then to the runner. While passing through the spiral casing
and guide vanes a portion of the pressure head is converted into kinetic
energy. The water enters the runner at a higher velocity than in the pipe line.
Experimentally, the efficiency is determined in the same way as for Pelton or
Francis Turbines.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:-
A Kaplan Turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine. It consists essentially of an
aero foil shaped SS runner with an arrangement of changing the blade angle.
An Eddy Current Dynamometer with pulley and belt arrangement is provided
to load the turbine. Adjusting the Runner blade for which a hand wheel and a
suitable link mechanism are provided. The discharge in the pipe line and
hence through the turbine can be measured with the help of a venturimeter.
The head of water is measured with the help of a pressure gauge. The speed of
the turbine can be measured using speed indicator.
 CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION:
A. Spiral Casing: is of close grained cast iron.

B. Runner: is of Stainless steel, designed for efficient operation accurately

machined and smoothly finished.
C. Shaft: is of EN8 steel accurately machined and provided with a brass and
gunmetal Sleeve at the stuffing box.
E. Ball Bearings: is of double row deep groove rigid type in the casing and
double row self-aligning type in the bearing pedestal both of liberal size.
F. Draught Bend: is provided at the exit of the runner. To the bend is
connected, a straight conical draught tube of steel fabrication.
G. Loading Arrangement: An Eddy Current Dynamometer with belt and
pulley arrangement with a Spring Balance is provided. A control panel
consisting of Speed indicator and pump control unit.
I. Sump Tank: Approximately about 500 ltr stainless steel tank is provided
for closed circuit operation.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:
01. Rated Supply Head : 10-15 m
02. Rated Speed : 1000 rpm
03. Power Output : 1 kW
04. Runaway Speed : 1750 RPM
05. Runner Diameter : 125 mm
06. No. of guide vanes : 10
07. P.C.D. guide vanes : 230mm
08. Load : Eddy current Dynamometer

SUPPLY PUMP SET

01. Rated Head : 19 m
02. Discharge : 20 LPS approximately
03. Normal Speed : 2880 RPM
04. Power Required : 10 HP, 3 Phase, and 415 Volts
05. Size of Pump : 150 mm x 150 mm
06. Type : Centrifugal medium speed, single suction
volute

FLOW MEASURING UNIT:

01. Inlet diameter of venturimeter : 150mm
02. Venturimeter throat Diameter : 75 mm
03. Pressure Gauges : 0-4.2 kg/cm2 (3 Nos)
04. Vacuum Guage : 0-760mm of Hg

PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the power supply to the pump
2. Close the turbine inlet gate valve before starting the pump
3. Make sure that the loading potentiometer in Zero position
4. Start the pump.
5. Allow the water to flow into the turbine by opening the gate valve
slowly.
6. Keep the Runner blade angle at desired value where we get max rpm
7. Then slowly adjust the gate valve so as to attain to required Speed.
8. Note down the all the parameters as per the tabulation column given
below.
9. Load the Turbine by rotating the potentiometer clockwise slowly in
steps of 0.5 kg, 1kg, 1.5 kg and 2 kg.
10. Note down all the required parameters at every loads.
11. After the Completion of experiment, bring back the potentio meter to
Zero gradually and also gradually close the gate valve so as not to allow
the speed to attain higher than Generator rated speed.
12. Switch off the Pump
13. Calculate the power input, power output and efficiency.
 TABULAR COLUMN

Sl No. S pv p1 p2 p3 N H
(kg) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (RPM) (m)

Where,
S = Spring balance reading in kg.
Pv = Vacuum gauge reading in mm of Hg
P1 = Pressure at venture inlet in kg/ cm2
P2 = Pressure at venture throat in kg/ cm2
P3 = Total head pressure gauge reading in kg/ cm2
N = speed of the turbine
h = Venturimeter head in meter of water
H = total head in meter of water
 CALCULATION TABLE

Sl No BP h Q IP Efficiency
(kW) (m) (m3/s) (kW) (%)
 FORMULA:-
1. OUTPUT POWER OF THE TURBINE: (BP)

2 N R S x 9.81
BP = ------------------------ ……… kW
60000

Where, N = speed of the turbine

R = Effective radius = 320mm
S = Spring Balance Reading in kg

DISCHARGE RATE: (Q)

Cd a1 a2
Q = -------------- 2gh m3/s
a12 – a22

Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge =0.92
a1 = Inlet area of Venturimeter (150mm diameter) =ᴫd12/4
a2 = Throat area of Venturimeter (75mm diameter) = ᴫd22/4
g = 9.81 m/s2
h = (P1 – P2) x 10 = ……m of water
P1 = Pressure at venture inlet in kg/ cm2
P2 = Pressure at venture throat in kg/ cm2
P3 = Total head pressure gauge reading in kg/ cm2

3. INPUT POWER (Water power)

IP = QH =…………….kW
Where,  = Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3 = 9810N/m3
Q = Discharge in m3/sec.
H = Supply head in meters
= (P3 + (Pv x 13.6x 10-3) x 10

Power output
4. Efficiency = --------------------- x 100
Water power
 BP
= --------------------- x 100 =
IP

1. Graphs:
Constant speed characteristics: i) Q Vs H, ii) BP Vs H, iii) η Vs H

Results:

Inference:

Viva Questions:
1. Under what condition Kaplan turbine is used?
2. How Kaplan turbine is different from a Francis Turbine?
3. What is the difference between Kaplan and propeller turbine?
4. Is Kaplan turbine radial or axial flow turbine?
 ORIFICE METER

AIM: To demonstrate the use of Orifice meter as flow meter and to

determine the Coefficient of discharge.

APPARATUS:
1. Measuring Tank to measure the flow rate
2. A pipe line with an Orifice meter
3. Gate valves are provided at inlet & outlet of orifice meter and these are
connected to Manometer.
4. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow
rate using monoblock pump.
5. Stop watch with float switch for measurement of flow rate by
collecting fixed quantity of water.

THEORY: An ORIFICE METER is a simple device used for measuring the flow
rate through pipes, orifice meter also works on the same principle as that of
venturimeter i.e. by reducing the cross-sectional area of the flow passage, a
pressure difference between the two sections before and after orifice is
developed and the measurement of the pressure difference enables the
determination of the flow rate through the pipe. However, an orifice meter
is an economical arrangement for flow measurement through pipes and its
installation requires a smaller length as compared with venturimeter. As
such where the space is limited, the orifice meter may be used for the
measurement of flow through pipes.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

All the necessary instrumentations along with its accessories are readily
connected. It is just enough to follow the instructions below:
1. Fill in the sump tank with the clean water
2. Keep the delivery valve closed
3. Connect power connection to 1ph,220v,10amps
4. Switch ON the pump & open the delivery valve.
5. Open the inlet gate valve of the Orifice meter
6. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump
7. Note down the differential head reading in the Manometer (Expel if any
air is there by opening the drain cocks provided with the Manometer)
8. Operate the PVC Ball Valve to note down the collecting tank reading
against the known time and keep it open when the readings are not taken
9. Change the flow rate & repeat the experiment

TABLE OF READINGS:

Time taken for 10cm rise

Manometer reading
Sl No. of water
h mm of Hg
t 's'
1

Observation:

* Area of Measuring tank, “A” = 0.3 x 0.2 = 0.06 m2

* Acceleration due to gravity, “g” = 9.81 m/s2

* Diameter of orifice meter “d” = 12.5 mm
* Diameter of the inlet pipe “D” = 25 mm

1. THEORETICAL FLOW RATE

a1x a2 2g H
Qthe = ----------------------- =…………………. m3 /s
 (a12 - a22)

Where, a1 =Area of Inlet of pipe = D2/4=………………. in m2

a2 =Area of orifice = d2/4………………… in m2
Loss of head ‘H’ = 12.6 x h in m =……………….
Where, h = Manometer differential head in mm of Hg.
2. ACTUAL FLOW RATE
A R
Qact = --------- m3/ s =
1000  t
Where, A = Area of measuring tank in m2
R = Rise of water level for time ‘t’ in s.
t = time taken in seconds for ‘R’ mm rise of water.

3. CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
Actual discharge
Cd = ------------------------
Theoretical discharge

Qact
Cd = --------- =
Qth

4. Graphs
Qact Vs Qth

Result:

Inference:

Viva Questions:
1. What is the working principle of an orificemeter?
2. What are the losses on account of flow through an orificemeter?
3. What is the normal co-efficient of discharge in an orificemeter?
 VENTURIMETER

AIM: To demonstrate the use of Venturi meter and to determine the co-
efficient of discharge.

APPARATUS:
1. Measuring Tank to measure the flow rate.
2. A pipe line with a Venturi meter.
3. Tapping with Ball valves are provided at Inlet & Outlet of venturimeter
and these are connected to Manometer.
4. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow rate
using mono block pump.
5. Stop watch with float switch for measurement of flow rate by collecting
fixed quantity of water.

Specification
Pump : 1HP self priming single phase.
Make : Crompton Greaves Ltd.
Model : Mini sapphire Model
Head Range : 6/35 m
Sump : L1200 x W300 x H400 mm (SS sheet of 16 Gauge)
Collecting Tank : L300xW300xH400

THEORY: A venturimeter is a device used to measure the rate of flow of fluid

through a pipe line. The basic principle on which a venturimeter works is
that by reducing the cross-sectional area of the flow passage, a pressure
difference is created between the inlet and throat. The measurement of the
pressure difference enables the determination of the flowrate through the
pipe.
Venturimeter consists of,
1. An inlet followed by a convergent conical section
2. A cylindrical throat
3. A gradually divergent conical section

The inlet section of the venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of the
pipe which is followed by a convergent conical section. The convergent cone
is a short pipe which tapers from the original size of the pipe to that of the
throat of the venturimeter. The throat of the venturimeter is a short parallel
side tube having its cross-sectional area smaller than that of the pipe. The
divergent cone of the venturimeter is a gradually diverging pipe with its
cross-sectional area increasing from that of the throat to the original size of
the pipe. At the inlet section and the throat of the venturimeter pressure
difference is measured through manometer.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

1. Fill in the sump tank with the clean water.
2. Keep the delivery valve closed.
3. Connect power connection to 1ph, 220V and 10amps
4. Switch ON the pump & open the delivery valve.
5. Open the valve of the venturimeter
6. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump.
7. Open the gate valve fitted to venturi tappings.
8. Note down the differential head reading in the Manometer (Expel if any
air is there by opening the drain cocks provided with the Manometer)
9. Operate the PVC ball valve to note down the collecting tank reading
against the known time and keep it open when the readings are not taken
10. Change the flow rate & repeat the experiment.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Time taken for 10cm rise

Manometer reading
Sl No. of water
h mm of Hg
t 's'
1

TABLE OF CALCULATIONS:

Sl No Qth Qact Cd
1
2
3
Observations:

1) Area of Measuring tank, “A” = 0.3 x 0.2 = 0.06 m2

2) Acceleration due to gravity, “g” = 9.81 m/s2

3) Diameter of the Venturimeter (throat), “d” = 12.5 mm
4) Diameter of the Venturimeter (Inlet), “D” = 25 mm

1. THEORETICAL FLOW RATE

a1x a2 2g H
Qth = ----------------------- =…………………….. m3 /Sec
 (a12 - a22)

Where, a1 = Area of Intel section of venturi = D2/4 in m2

a2 = Area of Throat section of venture = d2/4 in m2
Loss of head ‘H’ =12.6 x h in m =
Where,
h = Manometer differential head in mm of Hg.

2. ACTUAL FLOW RATE

AR
Qact = --------- m3/Sec
1000  t
Where, A = Area of measuring tank in m2
R = Rise of water level for time ‘t’ in sec.
t = time taken in seconds for ‘R’ mm rise of water.
3. CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
Actual discharge
Cd = -------------------------
Theoretical discharge
 Qact
Cd = ---------
Qth

4. Graphs
Qact vs Qth

Results:

Inference:

Viva questions:
1. What is the working principle of a venturimeter?
2. What are the sections of a venturimeter?
3. What are the losses on account of flow through a venturimeter?
4. What is the normal co-efficient of discharge in a venturimeter?
 BERNOULLI’S APPARATUS

AIM: To verify Bernoulli’s Theorem.

BERNOULLI’S THEOREM:
In an ideal, incompressible, steady and continuous flow, the sum of
pressure energy, potential energy, kinetic energy per unit weight of fluid is
constant.

The energy per unit weight of fluid (Nm/N) has got a dimension of
length (L) and can be expressed in meters of fluid column, commonly called
as head. Thus according to the BERNOULLI’S theorem, the sum of pressure
head ( P/ γ ) ,datum head ( Z ) and the velocity head (V2/ 2g )is constant .

i.e.….. P/ γ + Z + V2/ 2g = constant.

In cases of real fluids, because some energy is always lost in overcoming

frictional resistance, the BERNOULLI’S theorem for real fluids is

P1/ γ + V12/ 2g + Z1 = P2/ γ + V22/ 2g + Z 2

Specification

Pump = 0.5HP self priming single phase.

Make = Crompton Greaves Ltd.
Rated head = 6/25m
Speed = 2800 Rpm
Sump: L 1200 x W 300 x H 400 mm
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

The set-up consists of a horizontal converging - diverging duct having a

varying width and varying depth. The duct is made of transparent Perspex
sheets. A number of piezometer is fitted on the duct to indicate the
piezometric levels at various sections.

The duct is connected to a constant-head tank at one end. The supply tank is
fitted with a piezometer to indicate the water depth. The overflow pipe
discharges the excess water and thus keeps the water level constant.
The water is collected in the measuring tank for determination of the
discharge.
A small tank with a valve is provided at the downstream end of the duct.

A graph paper can be fixed on a wooden board placed behind the piezometric
tubes for making the water levels.

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the heights of duct at various sections using scale. Also measure
the various sections from the inlet of duct.
2. Gradually open the outlet valve. The water level rises in various
piezometer. When the flow becomes steady, measure the heights of water
columns at various sections.
3. Measure the water depth in the constant-head supply tank, as indicated
by its piezometer.
4. Note the reading of time taken for 100mm raise of water in the measuring
tank.
5. Repeat steps (2) to (4) after increasing the discharge using the outlet
valve.
Observations and Calculations:
Diameter of Venturimeter at various Pressure tappings

d = 25.4, 22.21, 19.04,15.87, 12.7, 15.87,19.04,22.21 &25.4 mm

Length of the collecting tank L = 300mm=0.3m

Width of collecting tank B = 300mm=0.3m

Area of cross-section A = L x B =0.3x0.3

Area of the conduit section, a = πd²/4

DISCHARGE OF WATER

Q=V/t

V =L x B x H

Where V = volume of water collected

t = time taken for 10cm rise of water

VELOCITY

V12/ 2g = {Q/A1}2 /2g

V22/ 2g = {Q/A2}2 /2g

A1 & A2 are the cross-sectional area of the duct.

The loss of head at various sections

P1 + V12 + Z1 = P2 + V22 + Z 2 = P3 + V32 + Z 3

γ 2g γ 2g γ 2g
OBSERVATION:

Area of the collecting tank A= 0.3 x 0.3 m2

Rise in water level in collecting tank, R
Time required for collection of volume of water, t
Pressure head at piezometric connection point in the conduit, p/ γ
Constant head in water supply tank, (H)
Volume of water collected in collecting tank, A x R in m3
Actual discharge Qact =AR/t in m3/sec

FORMULA:

Volume of water collected in the collecting tank, V = A x R =…………..m3

Actual flow rate, AR

Qact = ------------- m3/Sec
t

Area of conduit section Π  d2

a = ------------- m2 =
4

Velocity of flow at any section of conduit, Qact

v = ------------- m/Sec
a

Velocity head= v2
-------
2g

Datum head, Z = 0

Total head H = P1/ γ + Z1 + V2/ 2g =

 TABULAR COLUMN:
Supply Pressure head Collecting
tank tank reading
head 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t in (s)

Observations:

Volume Actual Area of

Input Velocity Velocity Total
of water flow conduit
Sl No head of flow head head
collected rate section
m m3 m3/s m2 m/s m m

Inference:
Viva questions:
1. What is meant by the term pressure head?
2. State the law of conservation of energy.
3. Write down Bernoulli’s equation and explain the meaning of each term
involved in it.
4. Write down the Bernoulli’s equation for real fluids.