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AIM: To conduct the performance test on Pelton turbine and determine its
efficiency with constant head condition.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SUPPLY PUMPSET
1. Rated Head : 39 m
2. Discharge : 570 LPM
3. Normal Speed : 2880 RPM
4. Power required : 7.5 HP
5. Size : 65 mm x 50 mm
6. Type : High speed, Centrifugal, single suction volute.
CONSTRUCTION
The turbine is placed on the sump tank frame level. The supply pump set
draws water from the sump tank. The gate valve is provided just above the
inlet bend of the turbine to regulate the flow rate and net supply head on the
turbine in relation to the spear settings. A spear and nozzle arrangement are
provided on one side of the runner to control the load. The spear to be
operated through a hand wheel.
OPERATING PROCEDURE
1. Make sure that the water level in the sump tank is up to the marked level,
Close the ball valve provided for pelton turbine experiment fully before
starting the pump.
2. Start the pump using the mains provided on the panel & then open the
ball valve.
3. Regulate speed up to 1000 rpm by operating spear arrangement with the
use of hand wheel provided.
4. Make sure that both the spring balances are at no load condition.
5. Take one set of necessary readings at ZERO load.
6. Now load the turbine by rotating the hand wheel, in steps of 2 kg, 4 kg, 6
kg, 8 kg & 10 kg as per the requirement.
7. Note down the all corresponding readings for each load.
8. After the experiment remove the applied loads & bring back the speed to
the rated speed, close the ball valve & then switch off the supply pump.
TABULAR COLUMN
Total head in
Sl. Pressure Gauge reading Head on meter of Spring balance Spring balance Speed
No Venturi meter water reading reading in rpm
P1 P2 P3 h H S1 S2 N
kg/cm2 m m kg kg RPM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Where,
S1 & S2 = Spring balance reading in kg.
p1 = Total head pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2
p2 = Pressure at venture inlet in kg/cm2
p3 = Pressure at venture throat in kg/cm2 = Delivery pressure
N = Speed of the turbine, RPM
h = Venturimeter head in meter of water
H = Total head in meter of water
CALCULATION TABLE
Sl No BP H Q IP Efficiency
(kW) (m) (m3/s) (kW) (%)
IMPORTANT FORMULA:
1. OUTPUT POWER OF THE TURBINE (BP):
Where,
R = Effective radius = (D + d)/2
D =Brake drum diameter = 0.21m
d = rope diameter = 0.02m
Cd a1 a2
Q = ---------------- 2gh =……………m3/s
a12 – a22
3. INPUT POWER
IP = QH/1000=………………… kW
4. EFFICIENCY
Output
Efficiency = ------------- x 100% =
Input
BP
= ------------- x 100% =
IP
5. Unit quantities
Unit discharge, QU=Q/h1/2 =
Unit speed, NU=N/h1/2 =
Unit power, PU=P/h3/2 =
6. Graphs:
i) Qu Vs Nu, ii) Pu Vs Nu, iii) η Vs Nu
Results:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. On what principle the Pelton wheel turbine works?
2. What is the shape of buckets in Pelton wheel turbine?
3. What is the clearance angle of the buckets? State why it is not 1800 ?
4. Define unit quantities and specific speed.
5. Why multiple jets are used in Pelton wheel turbine?
FRANCIS TURBINE
AIM: To conduct a Performance test and to determine the efficiency of a
Francis Turbine
APPARATUS: Francis Turbine, Digital speed indicator, Pressure gauges,
Vacuum gauge, Venturimeter and centrifugal pump.
THEORY: The Francis Turbine operates under medium head and medium
flow quantities. The water from the pump enters through the spiral casing
into the guide vanes and then to the runner. While passing through the
spiral casing and guide vanes a portion of the pressure head is converted
into kinetic energy. Experimentally, the efficiency is determined in the
same way as for Pelton Turbines.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:-
The unit essentially consists of a spiral casing, an outer bearing pedestal
and rotor assembly with runner, shaft and an electrical generator, all
mounted on a suitable sturdy iron angle structure. A straight conical draft
tube is provided for the purpose of regaining the kinetic energy from the
exit water and also facilitating easy accessibility of the turbine due to its
location at a higher level than the tail race. A transparent hollow Perspex
cylinder is provided in between the draught bend and the casing for the
purpose of observation of flow at the exit of the runner. An electrical A.C.
generator with pulley and belt arrangement is provided to load the turbine.
A hand wheel and a suitable link mechanism are provided to adjust the
guide vanes. The flow rate in the pipeline and, hence, through the turbine
can be measured with the help of a Venturi meter. The head of water is
measured with the help of a pressure gauge. The speed of the turbine can
be measured using speed indicator.
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION:
E. Ball Bearings: is of double row deep groove rigid type in the casing
And double row self aligning type in the bearing pedestal both of
Liberal size.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:
PROCEDURE:-
S.L.
No Voltage Current Venturi Venturi Total Pv N
V I Inlet Throat head
pressure pressure P3
p1 p2
Sl No BP h H Q IP Efficiency
(kW) (m) (m) (m3/s) (kW) (%)
Calculation
VxI
BP = ------------------ kW =
1000 x 0.8
Cd a1 a2
Q = ---------------- 2gh m3/sec
a12 – a22
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge =0.96
a1 = Inlet area of Venturimeter (100 mm diameter) =ᴫd12/4
a2 = Throat area of Venturimeter (50 mm diameter) = ᴫd22/4
g = 9.81 m/s2
h = (p1 – p2) x 10 = ……m of water
P1 = Pressure at venture inlet in kg/ cm2
P2 = Pressure at venture throat in kg/ cm2
P3 = Total head pressure gauge reading in kg/ cm2
3. INPUT POWER
IP = Q.H. =………………….kW
3. EFFICIENCY
BP
Efficiency = ------------ x 100 =
IP
4. Graphs:
Constant speed characteristics: i) Q Vs H, ii) BP Vs H, iii) η Vs H
Results:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. On what principle the Francis turbine works?
2. What is the shape and function of draft tube in Francis turbine?
3. What is the purpose of guide vanes?
4. What type of flow occurs in Francis turbine?
KAPLAN TURBINE
AIM: To conduct Performance test and to determine the efficiency of a Kaplan
Turbine
THEORY: The Kaplan Turbine operates under low heads and large quantities
of flow. The water from the pump enters through the spiral casing into the
guide vanes and then to the runner. While passing through the spiral casing
and guide vanes a portion of the pressure head is converted into kinetic
energy. The water enters the runner at a higher velocity than in the pipe line.
Experimentally, the efficiency is determined in the same way as for Pelton or
Francis Turbines.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:-
A Kaplan Turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine. It consists essentially of an
aero foil shaped SS runner with an arrangement of changing the blade angle.
An Eddy Current Dynamometer with pulley and belt arrangement is provided
to load the turbine. Adjusting the Runner blade for which a hand wheel and a
suitable link mechanism are provided. The discharge in the pipe line and
hence through the turbine can be measured with the help of a venturimeter.
The head of water is measured with the help of a pressure gauge. The speed of
the turbine can be measured using speed indicator.
CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION:
A. Spiral Casing: is of close grained cast iron.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:
01. Rated Supply Head : 10-15 m
02. Rated Speed : 1000 rpm
03. Power Output : 1 kW
04. Runaway Speed : 1750 RPM
05. Runner Diameter : 125 mm
06. No. of guide vanes : 10
07. P.C.D. guide vanes : 230mm
08. Load : Eddy current Dynamometer
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect the power supply to the pump
2. Close the turbine inlet gate valve before starting the pump
3. Make sure that the loading potentiometer in Zero position
4. Start the pump.
5. Allow the water to flow into the turbine by opening the gate valve
slowly.
6. Keep the Runner blade angle at desired value where we get max rpm
7. Then slowly adjust the gate valve so as to attain to required Speed.
8. Note down the all the parameters as per the tabulation column given
below.
9. Load the Turbine by rotating the potentiometer clockwise slowly in
steps of 0.5 kg, 1kg, 1.5 kg and 2 kg.
10. Note down all the required parameters at every loads.
11. After the Completion of experiment, bring back the potentio meter to
Zero gradually and also gradually close the gate valve so as not to allow
the speed to attain higher than Generator rated speed.
12. Switch off the Pump
13. Calculate the power input, power output and efficiency.
TABULAR COLUMN
Sl No. S pv p1 p2 p3 N H
(kg) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (RPM) (m)
Where,
S = Spring balance reading in kg.
Pv = Vacuum gauge reading in mm of Hg
P1 = Pressure at venture inlet in kg/ cm2
P2 = Pressure at venture throat in kg/ cm2
P3 = Total head pressure gauge reading in kg/ cm2
N = speed of the turbine
h = Venturimeter head in meter of water
H = total head in meter of water
CALCULATION TABLE
Sl No BP h Q IP Efficiency
(kW) (m) (m3/s) (kW) (%)
FORMULA:-
1. OUTPUT POWER OF THE TURBINE: (BP)
2 N R S x 9.81
BP = ------------------------ ……… kW
60000
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge =0.92
a1 = Inlet area of Venturimeter (150mm diameter) =ᴫd12/4
a2 = Throat area of Venturimeter (75mm diameter) = ᴫd22/4
g = 9.81 m/s2
h = (P1 – P2) x 10 = ……m of water
P1 = Pressure at venture inlet in kg/ cm2
P2 = Pressure at venture throat in kg/ cm2
P3 = Total head pressure gauge reading in kg/ cm2
Power output
4. Efficiency = --------------------- x 100
Water power
BP
= --------------------- x 100 =
IP
1. Graphs:
Constant speed characteristics: i) Q Vs H, ii) BP Vs H, iii) η Vs H
Results:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. Under what condition Kaplan turbine is used?
2. How Kaplan turbine is different from a Francis Turbine?
3. What is the difference between Kaplan and propeller turbine?
4. Is Kaplan turbine radial or axial flow turbine?
ORIFICE METER
APPARATUS:
1. Measuring Tank to measure the flow rate
2. A pipe line with an Orifice meter
3. Gate valves are provided at inlet & outlet of orifice meter and these are
connected to Manometer.
4. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow
rate using monoblock pump.
5. Stop watch with float switch for measurement of flow rate by
collecting fixed quantity of water.
THEORY: An ORIFICE METER is a simple device used for measuring the flow
rate through pipes, orifice meter also works on the same principle as that of
venturimeter i.e. by reducing the cross-sectional area of the flow passage, a
pressure difference between the two sections before and after orifice is
developed and the measurement of the pressure difference enables the
determination of the flow rate through the pipe. However, an orifice meter
is an economical arrangement for flow measurement through pipes and its
installation requires a smaller length as compared with venturimeter. As
such where the space is limited, the orifice meter may be used for the
measurement of flow through pipes.
TABLE OF READINGS:
Observation:
3. CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
Actual discharge
Cd = ------------------------
Theoretical discharge
Qact
Cd = --------- =
Qth
4. Graphs
Qact Vs Qth
Result:
Inference:
Viva Questions:
1. What is the working principle of an orificemeter?
2. What are the losses on account of flow through an orificemeter?
3. What is the normal co-efficient of discharge in an orificemeter?
VENTURIMETER
AIM: To demonstrate the use of Venturi meter and to determine the co-
efficient of discharge.
APPARATUS:
1. Measuring Tank to measure the flow rate.
2. A pipe line with a Venturi meter.
3. Tapping with Ball valves are provided at Inlet & Outlet of venturimeter
and these are connected to Manometer.
4. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow rate
using mono block pump.
5. Stop watch with float switch for measurement of flow rate by collecting
fixed quantity of water.
Specification
Pump : 1HP self priming single phase.
Make : Crompton Greaves Ltd.
Model : Mini sapphire Model
Head Range : 6/35 m
Sump : L1200 x W300 x H400 mm (SS sheet of 16 Gauge)
Collecting Tank : L300xW300xH400
The inlet section of the venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of the
pipe which is followed by a convergent conical section. The convergent cone
is a short pipe which tapers from the original size of the pipe to that of the
throat of the venturimeter. The throat of the venturimeter is a short parallel
side tube having its cross-sectional area smaller than that of the pipe. The
divergent cone of the venturimeter is a gradually diverging pipe with its
cross-sectional area increasing from that of the throat to the original size of
the pipe. At the inlet section and the throat of the venturimeter pressure
difference is measured through manometer.
OBSERVATION TABLE
TABLE OF CALCULATIONS:
Sl No Qth Qact Cd
1
2
3
Observations:
4. Graphs
Qact vs Qth
Results:
Inference:
Viva questions:
1. What is the working principle of a venturimeter?
2. What are the sections of a venturimeter?
3. What are the losses on account of flow through a venturimeter?
4. What is the normal co-efficient of discharge in a venturimeter?
BERNOULLI’S APPARATUS
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM:
In an ideal, incompressible, steady and continuous flow, the sum of
pressure energy, potential energy, kinetic energy per unit weight of fluid is
constant.
The energy per unit weight of fluid (Nm/N) has got a dimension of
length (L) and can be expressed in meters of fluid column, commonly called
as head. Thus according to the BERNOULLI’S theorem, the sum of pressure
head ( P/ γ ) ,datum head ( Z ) and the velocity head (V2/ 2g )is constant .
Specification
The duct is connected to a constant-head tank at one end. The supply tank is
fitted with a piezometer to indicate the water depth. The overflow pipe
discharges the excess water and thus keeps the water level constant.
The water is collected in the measuring tank for determination of the
discharge.
A small tank with a valve is provided at the downstream end of the duct.
A graph paper can be fixed on a wooden board placed behind the piezometric
tubes for making the water levels.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the heights of duct at various sections using scale. Also measure
the various sections from the inlet of duct.
2. Gradually open the outlet valve. The water level rises in various
piezometer. When the flow becomes steady, measure the heights of water
columns at various sections.
3. Measure the water depth in the constant-head supply tank, as indicated
by its piezometer.
4. Note the reading of time taken for 100mm raise of water in the measuring
tank.
5. Repeat steps (2) to (4) after increasing the discharge using the outlet
valve.
Observations and Calculations:
Diameter of Venturimeter at various Pressure tappings
DISCHARGE OF WATER
Q=V/t
V =L x B x H
VELOCITY
FORMULA:
Velocity head= v2
-------
2g
Datum head, Z = 0
Observations:
Inference:
Viva questions:
1. What is meant by the term pressure head?
2. State the law of conservation of energy.
3. Write down Bernoulli’s equation and explain the meaning of each term
involved in it.
4. Write down the Bernoulli’s equation for real fluids.