Pakistan Studies

1857 to 1947
Chart of Events from 1857 to
1947:

War of Independence 1857 or

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Revort:
Causes:
Administrative
Social and Religions
Army (80% English and 20% Indian)
Economic

In 1858 control of government was transferred to British

government from East India Trading Company according
to (1858 British Act)

1858 British Act 2nd August

The War of Independence 1857 was an event of great
importance in the history of the Indian sub-continent.
After this war the British policy towards Indians changed
drastically, especially as far as constitutional
development was concerned. For the purpose of
addressing the grievances of the Indian population a new
Act was introduced in India by the Crown in 1858. The Act
was passed by the British Parliament on 2nd August 1858.
The main Provisions of the Act of 1858 were as follows:

1. The rule of British East India Company was abolished

and the Government of India was directly taken over by
the Crown with Queen Victoria as the supreme monarch.
2. The Crown was empowered to appoint a Governor-
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General and the Governors of the Presidencies.
3. The Court of Directors and the Board of Control were
abolished and their place was taken over by the Secretary
of State for Indian Affairs and the India Council.
4. Extensive powers were given to the Secretary of State
for Indian Affairs and the Indian Council consisted of 15
members. The Council was made to assist him but only
had an advisory role.
5. The people of India were promised their rights by
Queen Victoria under this Act.
Complete freedom of religion was ensured and gradual
participation in the administration of the country was also
proclaimed.
6. Pardon was given to all the Indians except those who
had killed British people.
The Act said that the princes of the states could retain
their former status and all agreements with the princes
will be honoured.
7. Doctrine of Lapse was discarded under this Act.

According to this Act the Secretary of State for Indian

Affairs was given extensive powers. He was not
answerable to anyone. He could do whatever he wants to
do. Neither Parliament nor Indian Council could bind him
for taking any action; both of these institutions were not
given the power to put limits on his extensive powers.
Moreover the promises that were made by Queen Victoria
were never fulfilled by her. The Indian people were not
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given their due rights that were promised to them under
this Act.

Causes of Failure:
Leadership
Resources
Education
Strategy

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan/ Aligarh

Movement:

School in Muradabad in 1859 named as Gulshan.

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Victoria School in Ghazipur in 1963
Scientific Society Of Muslims in 1963 (To Translate the
Scientific books in Urdu)
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, the first Muslim
university in Southern Asia in 1875

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