Colligative properties

The properties of dilute solutions that depend

upon the concentration/ no of moles of
of solute molecules or ions, but not upon the
identity(physical or chemical properties) of
the solute are known as colligative
properties.
Colligative properties include lowering of
vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point,
depression of freezing point, and osmotic
pressure.
The solute particles displace some solvent molecules in
the liquid phase and therefore reduce the concentration of
solvent, so that the colligative properties are
independent of the nature of the solute. The
word colligative is derived from the Latin colligatus
meaning bound together.
Osmosis is defined as the net flow or movement of
solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
through which solute molecules cannot pass. ... Osmotic
pressure is the pressure that needs to be applied to a
solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a
semipermeable membrane.
 Laws of osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is affected by concentration and
temperature. Concentration of solute and temperature
each affect the amount of pressure created by the movement
of water across a membrane. Higher concentrations and
higher temperatures increase osmotic pressure.
Laws:
At constant temperature, the osmotic pressure of a gas is
directly proportional to its concentration and inversely
proportional to its volume.
Vant Hoff's Charle's law : the osmotic pressure of a gas is
directly proportional to absolute temperature.
Law of osmosis:
The principle of osmosis states that when a
semipermeable membrane separates two fluid
spaces, water will flow from an area of lower
solute concentration to one of higher solute
concentration to achieve equilibrium so that the
osmotic pressures are balanced.
Vapour Pressure of Liquid solutions. Vapour
pressure can be defined as pressure formed by the
vapor of the liquid (or solid) over the surface of
the liquid. It also can be defined as ‘at a fixed
temperature force exerted per unit area of atomsphere by
the liquid molecules is known as vapour pressure.
This pressure is formed in a thermodynamic equilibrium
state in a closed container at a certain
temperature. ... Vapour pressure increases with the
temperature. Three common factors that
influence vapor press are surface area, intermolecular
forces and temperature. The vapor pressure of a
molecule differs at different temperatures.
Vapor pressure is a measurement of the likelihood of the
molecules of a pure solvent to change from the liquid to the
vapor phase.
Compare two solvents, water and alcohol. Of these two
solvents, alcohol has a greater tendency to have its
molecules at the liquid surface escape into the gas phase. We
call this evaporation. As a result, the vapor pressure for
alcohol is greater than that of water for a given temperature.
If we add a nonvolatile solute to solvent such as water, we
decrease the tendency for water molecules to evaporate into
the gas phase. In essence, the solute particles obstruct or
reduce the likelihood of evaporation. As a result, fewer
molecules change from the liquid to the gas phase, thus
reducing the vapor pressure.
Raults Law of lowering of vapour pressure:
Relative lowering of vapour pressure due to addition
of non-volatile and non-electrolytic solute is equal to
the mole fraction of the solute present in a dilute
solution.
P-Ps/P = XB
P is the vapour pressure of solvent
Ps is the vapour pressure of dilute solution
XB is the mole fraction of solute.
The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor
pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure surrounding
the liquid. Therefore, the boiling point of a liquid depends
on atmospheric pressure. The boiling point becomes lower
as the external pressure is reduced.
Boiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon that
the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when
another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a
higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens
whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a
pure solvent, such as water.
5.00 g of an organic solid is dissolved in 100.0 g
of benzene. The boiling temperature of this
solution is 82.42 °C. The boiling temperature of
pure benzene is 80.10 °C; Kb = 2.53 °C /m. What
is the molecular weight of the unknown
compound?
Set up this equation and place the grams on top.
Now you need to find the moles to complete the
problem. Molar mass=
Mass of solute in grams
No of moles of solute
Determine the change in boiling point temperature
(solution and pure solvent).
T=Tsoln -Tpure
= 82.42 °C -80.10 °C= 2.32 °C
Calculate the molality, using the change in boiling
point and the elevation constant.
T= mKb
2.32 °C=m x 2.53°C /m
m= 0.917m = 0.917mol/kg
Find the moles of solute from molality by
multiplying by the kg of solvent.
100.0g benzene x 1kg/1000g= 0.1000kg
0.917mol/kg x 0.1000kg = 0.0917 moles of
solute.
Now that you have the moles, plug it back into
the equation from step 1 and solve for molar
mass.
5.00 grams
Molar mass= = 54.5g/mol
0.0917 moles
 Depression of freezing point
Freezing point depression occurs when the freezing point of
a liquid is lowered or depressed by adding another compound
to it. The solution has a lower freezing point than that of the
pure solvent.
Freezing point depression is a colligative property of
matter. Colligative properties depend on the number of
particles present, not on the type of particles or their mass.
So, for example, if both calcium chloride (CaCl2) and sodium
chloride (NaCl) completely dissolve in water, the calcium
chloride would lower the freezing point more than the
sodium chloride because it would produce three particles
(one calcium ion and two chloride ions), while the sodium
chloride would only produce two particles (one sodium and
one chloride ion).
Freezing Point Depression in Everyday Life
Freezing point depression has interesting and
useful applications. When salt is put on an icy road,
the salt mixes with a small amount of liquid water
to prevent melting ice from re-freezing. If you mix
salt and ice in a bowl or bag, the same process
makes the ice colder, which means it can be used
for making ice cream. Freezing point depression
also explains why vodka doesn't freeze in a freezer.
The freezing point of a solution that contains
1.00 g of an unknown compound, dissolved in
10.0 g of benzene is found to be 2.07 oC. The
freezing point of pure benzene is 5.48 oC. The
molal freezing point depression constant of
benzene is 5.12oC /m. What is the molecular
weight of the unknown compound?
Set up this equation and place the grams on top.
Now you need to find the moles to complete the
problem. Mass of the solute in gm
Molar mass=
No of moles of solute
Determine the change in freezing point temperature
(solution and pure solvent).
T=Tsoln -Tpure
2.07 °C -5.48°C= -3.41 °C
Calculate the molality, using the change in boiling
point and the elevation constant.
T= mKf
-3.41 °C=m x (-5.12oC /m)
m= 0.666m = 0.666 mol/kg
Find the moles of solute from molality by
multiplying by the kg of solvent.
10.0g benzene x 1kg/1000g= 0.0100kg benzene
0.666 mol/kg x 0.0100kg = 0.00666 moles of
solute.
Now that you have the moles, plug it back into
the equation from step 1 and solve for molar
mass.
1.00 grams
Molar mass= = 150.g/mol
0.00666 moles