COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

- Depends on the collective effect of the number of solute

particles but not on the nature of the solute.

1. Boiling point elevation

Tb = kb m

2. Freezing point depression

Tf = -kf m

3. Vapor pressure lowering

Raoult’s law Pa = APºA

4. Osmotic Pressure
 = MRT = n RT
V
 Colligative Properties
Those properties of a solvent (i.e. vapor pressure lowering,
freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic
pressure) that depend on the total concentration of solute
particles present.
NOTE: i = van’t Hoff factor, which is determined experimentally
and represents the degree of dissociation of the solute in the
solvent.

Table of Molal Boiling Point Elevation/Freezing Point Depression

Constants for Various Solvents

Solvent Normal BP (C) Kb (C/m) Normal FP (C) Kf (C/m)

H2 O 100.0 0.52 0.0
1.86
Benzene, C6H6 80.1 2.53 5.5 5.12
Ethanol, C2H5OH 78.4 1.22 -114.6
1.99
 Colligative Properties
1.Boiling Point Elevation – The increase in
boiling point of a solution relative to that of
the pure solvent is directly proportional to the
number of solute particles per mole of solvent
molecules. That is,

Tb = i Kb m

where Tb = increase in boiling point relative

to that of the pure solvent, Kb is called the
molal boiling point elevation constant, and m =
molality of the solution.
 BOILING POINT ELEVATION - indepth
Normal boiling point of a pure liquid or solution
is the temperature at which the vapor pressure
is at 1 atm. A dissolved solute will reduce the
vapor pressure; the temperature of the solution
must be increased in order to induce boiling, the
boiling point is therefore higher than pure
solvant. Tb = iKb m
NOTE:
The vapor pressure curve of a dilute solution lies below that of the
pure solvent therefore the P is the decrease of vapor pressure at
Tb (boiling point). Tb is the change in temperature necessary to
hold the vapor pressure at 1 atm (Tb is increase in boiling point
caused by addition of solute to pure solvant). The following slide
gives the mathematical derivation.
AT Low [concentration]: - P1 = slope
Tb

Tb = - P1 = x1P1 = 1 n2

S S S n1 + n2
constant S = property of pure solvant (independent of solute)

AT [Very dilute]: n1>>n2

Tb = 1 n2 = 1 m2/MM2 solute = m2

S n1 S m1/MM1 solvent = m1

Kb = Boiling point elevation constant = m1

1000 g/kg * S

Tb = Kb m2/MM2 = K bm
m1/1000 g/kg
 Colligative Properties
2. Freezing Point Depression – Like the boiling
point elevation, the decrease in freezing point of a
solution relative to that of the pure solvent is
directly proportional to the molality of the solute.
That is,
Tf = iKf m

where Tf = decrease in freezing point relative to

that of the pure solvent, Kf is called the molal
freezing point depression constant, and m =
molality of the solution.
Lecture Questions:

1. When 5.5 g of biphenyl (C12H10) is

dissolved in 100g of benzene, the boiling
point increases by 0.903ºC. Calculate K b
for benzene.
(Biphenyl M.M. = 154.2 g/mol)

2. When 0.494g of K3Fe(CN)6 is

dissolved in 100.0 g of H2O, the freezing
point is found to be -0.093 oC. How
many ions are present for each formula
unit of K3Fe(CN)6 dissolved?
3. Vapor Pressure Lowering (similar to
mole fraction calculation from gas laws
unit)

Psolvent = solvent Ppure

 known as Raoult’s Law

where Ppure = vapor pressure of the pure

solvent, solvent = mole fraction of the
solvent, and P is the vapor pressure of the
solvent in the solution.
 RAOULT’S LAW
PA = XAPAº
A = solvent
B = solute
PA = vapor pressure of A in the solution
XA = mole fraction of A
PAº = vapor pressure of pure solvent

PA must be non zero and the solute must be nonvolatile and

temperature is constant. Raoult’s law is for ideal solutions

PA ideal PA º The solute attracts

+ - the solvent molecules
reducing the solvents
0 XA 1 escape into the vapor phase.

positive deviation = non ideal solutions

negative deviation = vapor pressure is lowered
4. Osmotic Pressure – The net movement of
solvent molecules from a less concentrated
solution into a more concentrated one is
known as osmosis. The pressure required to
prevent osmosis is known as the osmotic
pressure (defined by the variable ) and can
be calculated as:
= i MRT

where M = Molarity, R = 0.08206 L atm K-1

mol-1, and T = Temperature (K).
 OSMOSIS
Osmosis is the phenomenon of solvent flow through a
semipermeable membrane to equalize the solute
concentration on both sides of the membrane.
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property of a solution
equal to the pressure that, when applied to the
solution just stops the flow of solute.

1. Solvent flows in and out of the membrane but the solute

does not.
2. The volume of the solution inside the membrane increases,
stretching the membrane, until equilibrium is reached.
3. The pressure on the solution side of the membrane is greater
than atmospheric pressure on the surface of the pure solvent.
4. The different between these two pressures is osmotic
pressure.
Lecture Questions:

1. At 25ºC, the vapor pressure of C6H6 is 0.1252

atm. When 10.00 g of an unknown volatile substance
is dissolved in 100.0 g of benzene, the vapor
pressure of the solution, at 25ºC, is 0.1199 atm.
Calculate the molar mass of the solute.

2. What is the osmotic pressure at 25º C of an

isotonic saline solution that contains 0.900 g NaCl in
100 mL of aqueous solution? Assume i is ideal.

3. At 25ºC, the freezing point of a NaCl aqueous

solution is -0.406ºC. Calculate the osmotic
pressure this solution has on a semi-permeable
membrane if the concentration of the solution is
equivalent to the molality.
Workshop on boiling point elevation:

1. When a 11.2 G sample of sulfur was dissolved in 40.0 g

of CS2, the boiling point elevation of CS2 is 2.63ºC. What
is the molecular weight of sulfur in the solution?
What is the formula of molecular sulfur?

2. Lanthanum (III) chloride, LaCl3, like many soluble salts,

completely dissociates into ions in dilute aqueous solutions.
H 2O
LaCl3(s)  La3+ (aq) + 3 Cl- (aq)

Suppose 0.2453 g of LaCl3 will dissolve in 10.00 g of H2O,

what will be the boiling point of the solution at 1 atm?
 Workshop on Colligative Properties

1. Determine the vapor pressure of a solution of 92.1 g of glycerin,

C3H5(OH)3, in 184.4 g of ethanol at 40 C. The vapor pressure of pure
ethanol is 0.178 atm at 40 C, and glycerin is essentially nonvolatile.

2. Find the boiling point of a solution of 92.1 g of iodine in 800.0 g of

chloroform.

3. Calculate the freezing point of a solution of 0.724 g of calcium

chloride in 175 g of water, assuming complete dissociation by the
solute.

4. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution with a volume of 0.750

L that contains 5.0 g of methanol in water at 37 C.

5. List the following aqueous solutions in order of their expected

freezing points: 0.050 m CaCl2, 0.15 m NaCl, 0.10 m HCl, 0.050 m
HC2H3O2, and 0.10 m C12H22O11.
Workshop continue:

6. A solution of 4.00 g of a nonelectrolyte dissolved in 55.0 g of

benzene is found to freeze at 2.32 C. What is the molar mass of this
compound?

7. 0.500 L of an aqueous solution that contains 10.0 g of hemoglobin

has an osmotic pressure of 5.9 torr at 22 C. What is the molar mass
of hemoglobin?

8. A solution of 35.7 g of a nonelectrolyte in 220.0 g of chloroform

has a boiling point of 64.5 C. What is the molar mass of this
compound?

9. An organic compound has a composition of 93.46% C and 6.54% H

by mass. A solution of 0.090 g of this compound in 1.10 g of
camphor melts at 158.4 C. The melting point of pure camphor is
178.4 C, and its freezing point depression constant is 37.7 C m-1.
What is the molecular formula of the solute?
 COLLOIDS
Colloidal Suspensions are heterogeneous
mixtures. A dispersion of particles of one
substance throughout another substance or
solution.

Tyndall Effect
The scattering of light by colloidal-size
particles usually around 1 x 103 pm to 2 x 105
pm (picometers). Some common materials which
exhibit the Tyndall effect would be soluble
starch in water or fog.
 Types of COLLOIDS
Continous Dispersed Name Example
Phase Phase

Gas Liquid Aerosol Fog, mist

Gas Solid Aerosol Smoke
Liquid Gas Foam Whipped Cream
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Mayonnaise
(oil dispersed
in water
Liquid Solid Sol AgCl(s) dispersed
in H2O
Solid Gas Foam Pumice, plastic
foams
Solid Liquid Gel Jelly, Opal
(mineral with
liquid inclusions)
Solid Solid Solid sol Ruby glass
(glass with
dispersed metal)
Hydrophillic Colloid
A colloid in which there is a strong
attraction between the dispersed phase and
the continuous phase (water)

Hydrophobic Colloid
A colloid in which there is a lack of
attraction between the dispersed phase and
the continuous phase (water)

Coagulation
The process by which the dispersed phase
of a colloid is made up to aggregate and
thereby separate from the continuous phase
 ASSOCIATION COLLOID

Micelle
A colloidal-size particle formed in water by the
association of molecules or Ions that each have a
hydrophobic and hydrophillic end.

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate: CH3(CH2)11OSO3- Na+

sterate ion: CH3(CH2)16COO- Na+