Acid-Base Theory

Chapter six

Lecture Slides in Power Point by Dr. Paini Sri Widyawati, S.Si., M.Si.

What do these substances

have in common?
 What do these substances
have in common?

Let s start with the theorists!

How should we
define acids and
bases?

Lowry Picture Credit: Lewis Picture Credit: Arrhenius Picture Credit:

http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/lowry.htm http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Arrhenius.html
http://www.albion.edu/chemistry/CH121/LewisRul
Bronsted Picture Credit:
es.htm
http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/bronsted.h
tm
 Arrhenius Model
1884
Acid a substance that produces H+ ions
(protons) when dissolved in water
Sour taste
Low pH
Turns litmus paper red
Base a substance that produces OH- ions
when dissolved in water
Bitter taste
Slippery feel
High pH
Turns litmus paper blue

Litmus Picture Credit:

Arrhenius Picture Credit:
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Arrhenius.html http://oldwww.mtlsd.org/senior/science/JPtachcinski/Lab_Proc/Basic%20Science%20La
b%20Techniques.htm

A fe terms

Monoprotic acids: contain 1 ionizable

hydrogen
Nitric Acid HNO3
Diprotic acids: contain 2 ionizable
hydrogens
Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
Triprotic acids: contain 3 ionizable
hydrogens
Phosphoric Acid H3PO4
 Bronsted-Lowry Model

Painting by Ellen Bronsted

1923

Acids proton
Lowry
(H+) donors Bronsted

Bases proton
acceptors

Lowry Picture Credit: http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/lowry.htm

Bronsted Picture Credit:
http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/bronsted.htm

Conjugate Acid & Base

Conjugate Acid: Conjugate Base:
particle formed particle that remains
when a base gains a when an acid has
hydrogen ion donated a hydrogen
ion

NH3 + H2O <--> NH4+ + OH-

Base Acid Conjugate Conjugate
Acid Base

Amphoteric: substance that acts as both an acid & a base

Examples: H2O, HSO4- (Hydrogen Sulfate Ion)
 Lewis Model

Early 1920s

Acid electron-
pair acceptor

Base electron-
pair donor

Lewis Picture Credit:

http://www.albion.edu/chemistry/CH121/LewisRules.htm

How do we measure how

acidic or basic a compound is?

We measure its…
What is pH?
pH is a number that denotes the hydrogen
(hydronium) ion concentration

pOH is a number that denotes hydroxide ion

concentration

pH + pOH = 14

If we re talking about hydrogen ions and

hydroxide ions, which theorist should we be
thinking about?

Picture Credit:
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Arrhenius.html
 pH Scale

http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/chemistry/phscale.html
Scale from 1-14

Indicates the H+
concentration of a
solution in Moles/L
pH = -log [H+]

pH = -log[H+]

An example:

Given that [H+] = 1.0 x 10^(-7) M, find pH

pH = - log (1.0 x 10^(-7)) = -(-7.00) = 7.00*

*the number of decimal places here = the

number of significant figures in the original
number
Another example:

pH = -log[H+]

Given a pH of 6.00, calculate [H+] M

[H+] = 10^(-pH)

[H+] =10^(-6.00)

[H+] = 1.0 x 10^(-6.0) M

pH In Your World
 The Good - Hydrangea

Picture Credits: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cvalentine/439024324/ Picture Credit: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mshades/168884681/

Acceptable use policy: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ Acceptable Use Policy: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

The Bad

1908 1968

A castle in Westphalia, Germany. Built in 1702

Picture Credits: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AcidRain.html
 The Really Ugly!

Picture Credit: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/A-Bi/Acid-Rain.html

And You Will Know Us by The Trail

of Dead Fish - ldandersen

Picture Credit: Acceptable Use Policy:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/ldandersen/181358675/
Salton Sea http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/
 Acid Rain
Damage
-Shenandoah National Park (1997)
-- Photo by Bob Winterbottom

Picture Credit: http://www.eco-systems.org/air_pollution_and_dying_forests.htm

ACID-BASE THEORY

EVALUATION OF ACIDS
 REVIEW OF
MAJOR THEORIES

+
H 2O H + OH
+
H 2 O + H 2 O H 3O + OH
+
K w = [ H 3O ][ OH ]

Arrhenius Acids and Bases

Acids dissociate in water to give H3O+ ions.

Bases dissociate in water to give OH- ions.
Kw = [H3O+ ][OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14 at 24°C
pH = -log [H3O+ ]
Strong acids and bases are 100% dissociated.

+ -
HCl + H2O H3O + Cl
1M 1M
=>
 BRONSTED - LOWRY THEORY
conjugate conjugate
acid base base acid

HA + B- A- + BH
-H+
+H+

HA + B: A:- + BH+
acid = proton donor
Everything is defined
in terms of the proton,
base = proton acceptor the only recognized type
of acid in B-L theory.