Name________________________________________ Approximately 15% of the AP exam

AP Chemistry Exam Practice Part 6: Acids and Bases

Various Ways to Describe Acid Strength

Property Strong Acid Weak Acid
Ka Value Too large to measure << 1
Position of the dissociation right left
equilibrium
Equilibrium concentration of H+ [H+ ] = [HA]o [H+ ] << [HA]o
compared to the original
concentration of HA
Equilibrium concentration of HA [HA] ~ 0 M [HA] ~ [HA]o
compared to the original [HA] << [HA]o
concentration of HA
Percent Dissociation 100% < 5%
Strength of conjugate base Conjugate base is nonexistent Conjugate base is also weak, but inversely
(ok, technically, it is a weaker base than water) proportional in strength to the acid – the
stronger the acid, the weaker the base, etc.
(Kb = Kw/Ka).
How to represent in a net ionic H+ + A- HA (since most of it is not ionized)
equation

1. Find the [H3O+], [OH-], pH, and pOH for the following D. pOH = 13.7 _______________
solutions.
A. 5.0 x 10-3 M HCl E. [OH-] = 2.4 x 10-8 M _______________

F. pH = 9.0 _______________
[H3O+] = _____________ M
3. Classify the following salts acidic, basic, or neutral.
[OH-] = _____________ M ________________ NH4NO3
________________ KNO3
pH = ________________
________________ LiCl
pOH = _______________
________________ KC2H3O2
B. 2.5 x 10-6 M NaOH
________________ Al(NO2)3
[H3O+] = _____________ M ________________ CsClO
________________ LiBr
[OH-] = _____________ M
________________ KF
pH = ________________
________________ K2C2O4
pOH = _______________
C. What is the concentration of hydroxide ion in a solution 4. The pH of an acidic solution depends BOTH on the
with a pH of 8.5?
_________________________ and
2. Classify the following solutions as acidic or basic: _________________________ of the acid.

A. [H3O+] = 3.2 x 10-9 M _______________ 5. Which of the following solutions will have the highest pH?
a.) 1.0 M HCl
B. [H3O+] = 9.3 x 10-2 M _______________
b.) 0.10 MHCl
C. [OH-] = 8.4 x 10-3 M _______________ c.) 1.0 M HC2H3O2
d.) 0.10 M HC2H3O2 A. 0.10 M Phenol Ka = 1.3 x 10-10
B. 0.10 M Hydrofluoric Ka = 7.2 x 10-4
6. Which of the following solutions will have the lowest pH? C. 0.10 M Acetic (found in vinegar) Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
D. 0.10 M Formic (made by ants) Ka = 1.8 x 10-4
Titration Curves
Strong Strong acid/weak Strong base/ Strong base/weak
acid/strong base base Strong acid acid
Starting point high not as high low not as low
Midpoint Not relevant pH= pKa Not relevant pH = pKa
Equivalence point Exactly 7 Below 7 Exactly 7 Above 7
(conj. acid present) (conj. base present)
Vertical region Very long Not as long Very long Not as long
At equivalence point of ANY titration:
 Always the middle of the “rapid rise” region
 moles acid = moles base (all analyte is neutralized)
 no analyte remains
 no titrant remains
 if the substance being titrated is weak, then its conjugate remains!!
 The molarity of the analyte can be determined

MEMORIZE THIS: The pH is < 7 at the equivalence point of a titration of a strong acid and a weak base because the weak base has
been completely converted into its conjugate (weak) acid. Thus, the weak acid which can hydrolyze in water, resulting in a pH < 7.

The pH is > 7 at the equivalence point of a titration of a strong base and a weak acid because the weak acid has been completely
neutralized and converted into its conjugate weak base. The weak base can hydrolyze in water, resulting in a pH > 7.

Midpoint:
 Half the VOLUME of the equivalence point
 half moles neutralized; half analyte remains
 [weak acid/base] remaining= [conj. acid/base] produced)
 pH = pKa

Titration Stoichiometry: The equivalence point can be used to determine the molar mass or molarity of the
titrant since it is true that the moles of titrant = moles of analyte at the equivalence point.

8. a. What is the molar mass of a 0.758 g solid monoprotic acid if 25.2 mL of 0.10 M NaOH is required to neutralize it?

b. What is the molarity of a 20.0 mL sample of HC2H3O2 if 20.0 mL of 0.10 M Ca(OH)2 is used to titrate it to the
endpoint?

c. In a separate experiment, a 20.0 mL sample of HCl of the same molarity as HC 2H3O2 above is titrated. Would it require
more, less, or the same volume of 0.10 M Ca(OH)2 to neutralize it?
Always pick an indicator whose own pKa = pH at the equivalence point of the titration.
7. In the titration curve above,
a. it is obvious that a/an ___________ (acid/base) is being
titrated.

b. by looking at the equivalence point, we can tell that the

acid or base being titrated is _______________
(strong/weak).

c. Explain why the equivalence point shows this.

d. The Kb of the base being titrated is….(show your work)

e. If 10.0 mL of the base is titrated with 0.10 M HCl, then the concentration of the base must be….(show your work)

f. At which point above does

__________________________ the moles of base being titrated equal the moles of acid added?
__________________________ [base] remaining = [conjugate acid} produced
__________________________ none of the base remain
__________________________ half of the base has been neutralized

g. Circle the point on the graph where the indicator should change color. What should the approximate pKa and Ka be of an indicator
picked? pKa = Ka =

How to approach ANY titration calculation of pH:

1. Molarity x volume = moles for both substances.
2. Do a BCA chart to see what remains in solution
3. Divide by volume to get molarity for substance(s) remaining.
4. THINK….how do I get pH of this/these substance(s) that remain?
a. If strong acid/base remains, then just –log []
b. If weak acid/base remains, then RICE, -log [H+]
c. If weak acid and weak base are present, do H-Hasselbach.
d. If midpoint, just do pH = pKa!

9. What major species are present and what is the pH of the resultant analyte solution when the following volumes of
0.10M HCl are added to 40.0 mL 0.10 M NH3 (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5)? SHOW ALL STEPS CLEARLY.

a.) 0.0 mL
b.) 10.0 mL

c.) 20.0 mL (there is a shortcut!)

d.) 40.0 mL

e.) Write the net ionic equation for the reaction that shows why the pH is not neutral at the equivalence point for the above
titration and explain in words.

Buffer: combination of weak conjugate acid/base pair

that resists change in pH

It resists change in pH because

 the acid can absorb the hydroxides by donating

hydrogens and converting them to water and
forming the conjugate base
 the base can absorb any added hydrogen ions by
accepting those hydrogens and forming the
conjugate acid
 therefore, hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are
NOT allowed to accumulate. A good buffer:
1. desired pH = pKa of acid
2. [conj. acid] = [conj. base]
3. [conj.acid] and [conj. base] high (increases buffering
capacity)
d.) What is the ratio of HNO2 to KNO2 in a buffer solution
buffered at a pH of 4.5?

How do you prepare a buffer?
 Take a weak acid, neutralize HALF of that acid with a
strong base to turn HALF of it into a conjugate base.
Or….
 Take a weak base, neutralize HALF of that base with a
strong acid to turn HALF of it into a conjugate base.
In each case, you end up with equal concentrations of acid and
base (both are weak), which is a fantastic buffer!
10. Which of the following are buffers?
13. Which of the following buffers best at a pH of 4.5?
a.) HClO (Ka = 3.5 x 10-8)/NaClO
b.) C6H5COOH (Ka = 6.3 x 10-5)/NaC6H5COO
c.) Na2HPO4 (Ka = 3.6 x 10-13)//Na3PO4
d.) NH3 (Kb = 1.76 x 10-5) /NH4Cl
14. a. Write the reaction that shows the dissociation of water.

______ HCl/NaCl
______ KNO3/NaNO3 b. What is the equilibrium expression for the above reaction
and what is K called? What does it equal at 25oC?
______ C6H5NH2/ C6H5NH3Cl
______ HF/KF
______ HClO/NaCl
______ NH3/ NH4Br c. What happens to Kw as temperature increases? Why?
______ H2CO3/Na2CO3

11. What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?

d. What is the conjugate acid of HPO42-?

e. What is the conjugate base of HPO42-?

To use the above equation, there must be present both
components of a conjugate acid-base pair.

12. a.) What is the pH of a solution containing a mixture of 1.0 f. Kb = 1.8 x 10-5 for ammonia, NH3. What is Ka for
M HNO2 and 1.0 M NaNO2? The value of Ka for HNO2 is ammonium ion? Show your work.
equal to 4.5 × 10–4.

g. The stronger an acid is, the ___________________ its

b.) Write the net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs conjugate base, and vice versa. Yet, BOTH are weak! Indeed,
when NaOH is added to the buffer system above. This proves the conjugate bases of strong acids, are so weak, that they
why the pH doesn’t change much when base is added. accept a hydrogen ion less readily than water will. (Their Kb
<< 1 x 10-14)

15. a. Identify the Bronsted acid, Bronsted base, conjugate

c.) Write the net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs acid, and conjugate base in the reaction below.
when HCl is added to the buffer system above. This proves
why the pH doesn’t change much when acid is added. NH3 + H2PO4-  NH4+ + HPO42-

b. If K = 2.5 x 10-2 for the above reaction, what is the
strongest Bronsted base in the above reaction?
Indicators
Indicators are acids that change colors when their hydrogen
ion (proton) is removed. An indicator loses its hydrogen in the
presence of a weaker acid/stronger base and keeps its
hydrogen on (or gains a proton) in the presence of a stronger
acid or a weaker base.
16. Methyl red is an indicator with a Ka = 7.9 x 10-6. It is red
in its acid form, and yellow in its basic form. What form is the
indicator in at each of the pH’s below and what color will you
see?
pH = 2.5
pH = 5.1
pH = 6.2
pH = 9.5
Structure of acids and Relationship to Ka
Acids have ionizable hydrogens. A hydrogen is more
likely to be ionizable when
 it is bonded to more electronegative atom (or group of
atoms) in a polar bond or the atom it is bonded to is
bigger in size
 an acid has MORE oxygens
For Example:
 HOCl is a stronger acid (higher Ka) than HOI
 HClO3 is a stronger acid than HClO2
 HCl is stronger than H2S
Why? If the hydrogen falls off, what is left behind is the
conjugate base and the larger the conjugate base is and the
more electronegative atoms it contains, the more it can accept
the electron left behind by the hydrogen falling off. These
factors “stabilize” the conjugate base.
17. Nitric acid and Hypochlorous acid’s structures and Ka
values are listed below. Which of the reasons below best
explains the difference in their Ka values?
a.) Nitrous acid has the higher Ka value because nitrous
acid has more oxygens than hypochlorous acid.
b.) Nitrous acid has the higher Ka value because
nitrogen is more electronegative than chlorine
c.) Nitrous acid has the higher Ka value because the
double bond accepts the electrons from hydrogen
more easily
d.) Hypochlorous acid has the higher Ka value because
chlorine is more electronegative than nitrogen
e.) Hypochlorous acid has the higher Ka value because
chlorine is less electronegative than nitrogen
Optional Practice: Multiple choice.
From the 2013 AP Exam
Questions 14-17 refer to the following.

A 50.0 mL sample of an acid, HA, of unknown molarity is

titrated, and the pH of the resulting solution is measured with
a pH meter and graphed as a function of the volume of 0.100
M NaOH added.

14. At point R in the titration, which of the following

species has the highest concentration? 16. At which point on the titration curve is [A-] closest to
a. HA twice that of [HA]?
b. A- a. R b. S
c. H3O+ c. T d. U
d. OH-
17. A student carries out the same titration but uses an
15. Which of the following is the best particulate indicator instead of a pH meter. If the indicator changes color
representation of the species (other than H2O) that are present slightly past the equivalence point, what will the student
in significant concentrations in the solution at point U in the obtain for the calculated concentration of the acid?
titration? a. slightly less than 0.0800 M
b. slightly more than 0.0800 M
c. slightly less than 0.125 M
d. slightly more than 0.125 M

11. H2C2O4(aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + HC2O4-(aq)

HC2O4 (aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + C2O42-(aq)
-

H2O(l) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)

All the reactions represented above occur in an aqueous
solution of oxalic acid. Which of the following represent a
Bronsted-Lowry conjugate acid base pair?
a. H2C2O4(aq) and C2O42-(aq)
b. HC2O4-(aq) and C2O42-(aq)
c. HC2O4-(aq) and H2O(l)
d. H3O+(aq) and OH-(aq)

22. Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) is a weak base with a Kb value

of 4 x 10-4. The pH of a 0.01 M solution of caffeine is in the
range of
a. 2-3 b. 5-6 c. 7-8
d. 11-12
Questions 48-52 refer to the following.
Concentration (M) pH Acid 1 pH Acid 2 pH Acid 3 pH of Acid 4
0.010 3.44 2.00 2.92 2.20
0.050 3.09 1.30 2.58 1.73
0.10 2.94 1.00 2.42 1.55
0.50 2.69 0.30 2.08 1.16
1.00 2.44 0.00 1.92 0.98
The pH of solutions of four acids prepared at various
concentrations were measured and recorded in the table above.
The four acids are, in no particular order, chlorous,
hydrochloric, lactic, and propanoic.

48. For which acid is the value of the acid dissociation

constant, Ka, the smallest?
a. Acid 1
b. Acid 2
c. Acid 3
d. Acid 4

49. Which of the four acids list in the table is

hydrochloric acid?
a. Acid 1
b. Acid 2
c. Acid 3 55. The table above shows the values of Ka for four weak
d. Acid 4 acids. Which of the following pairs of chemical species, when
combined in equimolar amounts, results in a buffer with a pH
50. Of the following species, which has the greatest closest to 7.5?
concentration in a 1.0 M solution of acid 1 at equilibrium? a. HNO2 and OH-
a. OH- b. HC3H5O2 and C3H5O2-
b. H3O+ c. HClO and ClO-
c. Acid 1 d. C6H5OH and C6H5O-
d. The conjugate base of acid 1.

51. If equal volumes of the four acids at a concentration

From the 2012 AP Exam
19. Which of the following is a weak acid in aqueous
of 0.50 M are each titrated with a strong base, which will
solution?
require the greatest volume of base to reach the equivalence
(A) HCl
point?
(B) HClO4
a. Acid 1
(C) HNO3
b. Acid 2
(D) H2S
c. Acid 3
(E) H2SO4
d. All the acids will require the same volume of base to
reach the equivalence point.
24. NH3(aq) + HCl(aq)   NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
The Bronsted-Lowry bases in the reaction
52. A 25 mL sample of a 1.0 M solution of acid 1 is
represented above are
mixed with 25 mL of 0.50 M NaOH. Which of the following
(A) NH3(aq) and NH4+(aq)
best explains what happens to the pH of the mixture when a
(B) NH3(aq) and Cl-(aq)
few drops of 1.0 M HNO3 are added?
(C) NH3(aq) and HCl(aq)
a. The pH of the mixture increases sharply, because
(D) HCl(aq) and NH4+(aq)
HNO3 is a strong acid.
(E) HCl(aq) and Cl-(aq)
b. The pH of the mixture decreases sharply, because
H3O+ ions were added.
c. The pH of the mixture stays about the same, because
the conjugate base of acid 1 reacts with the added
H3O+ ions.
d. The pH of the mixture stays about the same, because
the OH- ions in the solution react with the added
H3O+ ions.
42. When a strong acid is titrated with a strong base From the 2002 AP Exam
using phenolphthalein as an indicator, the color changes 30. At 25 oC, aqueous solutions with a pH = 8 have a
abruptly at the endpoint of the titration and can be switched hydroxide concentration, [OH-], of
back and forth by the addition of only one drop of acid or
base. The reason for the abruptness of this color change is that (A) 1 × 10-14 M
(A) a large change in pH occurs near the endpoint of the (B) 1 × 10-8 M
titration (C) 1 × 10-6 M
(B) a buffer solution exists at the endpoint of the titration (D) 1M
(C) phenolphthalein is a strong proton donor (E) 8M
(D) the pH of water is very resistant to change
(E) phenolphthalein is much more sensitive to the pH of Questions 33-34
a solution than most other indicators to change
The graph below shows the titration curve that results when
63. Addition of sulfurous acid (a weak acid) to barium 100. mL of 0.0250 M acetic acid is titrated with 0.100 M
hydroxide (a strong base) results in the formation of a NaOH.
precipitate. The net ionic equation for this reaction is
(A) 2 H+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq)  2 H2O(l)
(B) H2SO3(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq)  BaSO3(s) + 2 H2O(l)
(C) 2 H+(aq) + SO32-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq)  BaSO3(s) + 2 H2O(l)
(D) H2SO3(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Ba2+(aq) + SO32-(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
(E) H2SO3(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq)  BaSO3(s) + 2 H2O(l)

33. Which of the following indicators is the best choice

for this titration?

pH Range of
Indicator Color Change
67. (A) Methyl Orange 3.2-4.4
The graph above shows the titration curve that resulted when a (B) Methyl Red 4.8-6.0
sample of 0.1 M monoprotic acid was titrated with a solution (C) Bromothymol blue 6.1-7.6
of NaOH. Based on the graph, the pKa of the acid is closest to (D) Phenolphthalein 8.2-10.0
(A) 3.0 (E) Alizarin 11.0-12.4
(B) 4.0
(C) 6.0 34. Which part of the curve corresponds to the optimum
(D) 8.0 buffer action for the acetic acid / acetate ion pair?
(E) 12.0
(A) Point V
75. A 0.10 M solution of which of the following salts is (B) Point X
most basic? (C) Point Z
(A) LiNO3 (D) Along all of section WY
(B) Na2SO4 (E) Along all of section YZ
(C) CaCl2
(D) Al(NO3)3
(E) K2CO3
61. How can 100. mL of sodium hydroxide solution with From the 2008 AP Exam
a pH of 13.00 be converted to a sodium hydroxide solution Questions 4-6
with a pH of 12.00? A solution of a weak monoprotic acid is titrated with a
solution of a strong base, KOH. Consider the points labeled
(A) By diluting the solution with distilled water to a total (A) through (E) on the titration curve that results, as shown
volume of 108 mL below.
(B) By diluting the solution with distilled water to a total
volume of 200 mL
(C) By diluting the solution with distilled water to a total
volume of 1.0 L
(D) By adding 100. mL of 0.10 M HCl.
(E) By adding 100. mL of 0.10 M NaOH.

63. Mixtures that would be considered buffers include

which of the following?

I. 0.10 M HCl and 0.10 M NaCl

II. 0.10 M HF and 0.10 M NaF
III 0.10 M HBr and 0.10 M NaBr
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II
(E) II and III
4. The point at which the moles of the added strong
64. Ascorbic acid, H2C6H6O6(s), is a diprotic acid with K1 base are equal to the moles of the weak acid initially present
= 7.9 × 10-5 and K2 = 1.6 × 10-12. In a 0.005 M aqueous 5. The point at which the pH is closest to that of a the
solution of ascorbic acid, which of the following species is strong base being added
present in the lowest concentration? 6. The point at which the concentrations of the weak
acid and its conjugate base are approximately equal
(A) H2O(l)
(B) H3O+(aq) 38. How many mL of 10.0 M HCl are needed to prepare
(C) H2C6H6O6(aq) 500. mL of 2.00 M HCl?
(D) HC6H6O6-(aq) (A) 1.00 mL
(E) C6H6O62-(aq) (B) 10.0 mL
(C) 20.0 mL
(D) 100. mL
(E) 200. mL

48. Which of the following is the conjugate acid of NH2-?

(A) NH2-
(B) NH3
(C) H+
(D) NH4+
(E) H2O

64. Which of the following solutions has a pH greater

than 7.0?
(A) 0.10 M KBr
(B) 0.10 M NH4Cl
(C) 0.10 M HC2H3O2
(D) 0.10 M NaF
(E) 0.10 M HI
68. The pH of a solution prepared by the addition of 10.
mL of 0.002 M KOH(aq) to 10. mL of distilled water is 22. Solution Acid Ka
closest to 1 CH3CO2H 1.75 x 10-5
(A) 12 2 CF3CO2H 1.0 x 100
(B) 11 Acid dissociation constants of two acids are listed in
(C) 10 the table above. A 20. mL sample of a 0.10 M
(D) 4 solution of each acid is titrated to the equivalence
(E) 3 point with 20. mL of 0.10 M NaOH. Which of the
following is a true statement about the pH of the
2015 solutions at the equivalence point?
10. An acetate buffer solution is prepared by combining a. Solution 1 has a higher pH at the
50. mL of 0.20 M acetic acid, HC2H3O2(aq), and 50. equivalence point because CH3CO2H is the
mL of 0.20 M sodium acetate, NaC2H3O2(aq). A 5.0 stronger acid.
mL sample of 0.10 M NaOH(aq) is added to the b. Solution 1 has a higher pH at the
buffer solution. Which of the following is a correct equivalence point because CH3CO2H has a
pairing of the acetate species present in greater stronger conjugate base.
concentration and of the pH of the solution after the c. Solution 1 has a lower pH at the equivalence
NaOH(aq) is added? (the pKa of acetic acid is 4.7.) point because CH3CO2H is the stronger acid.
Acetate species pH d. Solution 1 has a lower pH at the equivalence
a. HC2H3O2 < 4.7 point because CH3CO2H has the strong
b. HC2H3O2 conjugate base.
> 4.7
c. C2H3O2- < 4.7 30. Which of the following accounts for the observation
d. C2H3O2- > 4.7 that the pH of pure water at 37 oC is 6.8?
a. At 37 oC water is naturally acidic.
b. At 37 oC the autoionization constant for water, Kw, is
Questions 17-20 refer to the following information. larger than it is at 25 oC.
c. At 37 oC water has a lower density than it does at
A 0.35 g sample of Li(s) is placed in an Erlenmeyer flask 25oC; therefore, [H+] is greater.
containing 100 mL of water at 25 oC. A balloon is placed over d. At 37 oC water ionizes to a lesser extent that it does at
the mouth of the flask to collect the hydrogen gas that is 25 oC.
generated.
33. HF(aq) + H2O(l)   H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)
After all of the Li(s) has reacted with H2O(l), the solution in The dissociation of the weak acid HF in water is
the flask is added to a clean, dry buret and used to titrate an represented by the equation above. Adding a 1.0 mL
aqueous solution of a monoprotic acid. The pH curve for this sample of which of the following would increase the
titration is shown in the diagram below. percent ionization of HF(aq) in 10 mL of a solution
of 1.0 M HF?
a. 1.0 M KF
b. 1.0 M H2SO4
c. 10.0 M HF
d. distilled water

37. Ka
HC3H5O3(aq) 8.3 x 10-4
+
CH3NH3 (aq) 2.3 x 10-11
The acid dissociation constants of HC3H5O3(aq) and
CH3NH3+ (aq) are given in the table above. Which of
the following mixtures is a buffer with a pH of
approximately 3?
a. A mixture of 100. mL of 0.1 M CH3NH3Cl and 50.m
L of 0.1 M NaOH
b. A mixture of 100. mL of 0.1 M HC3H5O3 and 50. mL
19. On the basis of the pH curve, the pKa value of the of 0.1 M NaOH
acid is closest to c. A mixture of 100. mL of 0.1 M NaC3H5O3 and 100.
a. 4 mL of 0.1 M NaOH
b. 5 d. A mixture of 100. mL of 0.1 M CH3NH3Cl and 100.
c. 8 mL of 0.1 M CH3NH2
d. 12
 2014
11. When 200. mL of 2.0 M NaOH(aq) is added to 500.
mL of 1.0 M HCl(aq), the pH of the resulting mixture
is closest to
a. 1.0
38. b. 3.0
The Lewis electron-dot diagrams of the HClO3 c. 7.0
molecule and the HClO2 molecule are shown above d. 13.0
at the left and right, respectively. Which of the
following statements identified the stronger acid and 19. A solution containing HCl and the weak acid HClO2
correctly identifies a factor that contributes to its has a pH of 2.4. Enough KOH(aq) is added to the
being the stronger acid? solution to increase the pH to 10.5. The amount of
a. HClO3(aq) is the stronger acid because its which of the following species increases as the
molecules experience stronger London KOH(aq) is added?
dispersion forces. a. Cl-(aq)
b. HClO3(aq) is the stronger acid because the b. H+(aq)
additional electronegative oxygen atom on c. ClO2-(aq)
the chlorine atom stabilizes the conjugate d. HClO2(aq)
base.
c. HClO2(aq) is the stronger acid because its 20. 2 H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
molecules experience weaker London The autoionization of water is represented by the
dispersion forces. equation above. Values of pKw at various
d. HClO2(aq) is the stronger acid because the temperatures are listed in the table below.
lone pairs of electrons on the chlorine atom Temperature (oC) pKw
stabilize the conjugate base. 0 14.9
10 14.5
41. Acid solution Volume of NaOH added (mL) 20 14.2
A 40 30 13.8
B 75 40 13.5
C 115 Based on the information above, which of the following
D 200 statements is true?
To maximize the yield in a certain manufacturing a. The dissociation of water is an exothermic process.
process, a solution of a weak monoprotic acid that b. The pH of pure water is 7.00 at any temperature.
has a concentration between 0.20 M and 0.30 M is c. As the temperature increases, the pH of pure water
required. Four 100. mL samples of the acid at increases.
different concentration are each titrated with a 0.20 d. As the temperature increases, the pH of pure water
M NaOH solution. The volume of NaOH needed to decreases.
reach the end point for each sample is given in the
table above. Which solution is the most suitable to 25. A solution is prepared by adding 100 mL of 1.0 M
maximize the yield? HC2H3O2(aq) to 100. mL of 1.0 M NaC2H3O2(aq).
a. solution A The solution is stirred and its pH is measured to be
b. solution B 4.73. After 3 drops of 1.0 M HCl are added to the
c. solution C solution, the pH of the solution is measured and is
d. solution D still 4.73. Which of the following equations
represents the chemical reaction that accounts for the
45. HX(aq) + Y-(aq)   HY(aq) + X-(aq) Keq > 1 fact that acid was added but there was no detectable
A solution of a salt of a weak acid HY is added to a change in pH?
solution of another weak acid HX. Based on the a. H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)  2 H2O(l)
information given above, which of the following b. H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)  HCl(g) + H2O(l)
species is the strongest base? c. H3O+(aq) + C2H3O2-(aq)  HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)
a. HX(aq) d. H3O+(aq) + HC2H3O2(aq)  H2C2H3O2+(aq) + H2O(l)
b. Y-(aq)
c. HY(aq)
d. X-(aq)
38.
Data collected during the titration of a 20.0 mL
sample of a 0.10 M solution of a monoprotic acid
with a solution of NaOH of unknown concentration
are plotted in the graph above. Based on the data,
which of the following are the approximate pKa of the
acid and the molar concentration of the NaOH?
pKa [NaOH]
a. 4.7 0.050 M
b. 4.7 0.10 M
c. 9.3 0.050 M
d. 9.3 0.10 M

Answers:
FRQ:
1. (a) 5.0 x 10-3, 2 x 10-12, 2.3, 11.7 (b) 4.0 x 10-9, 2.5 x 10-6, 8.40, 5.60
(c) 3.16 x 10-6 M 2. basic, acidic, basic, acidic, acidic, basic 3. acidic,
neutral, neutral, basic, depends, basic, neutral, basic, basic 4.
molarity, strength 5. D 6. B 7. (a) base (b) weak (c) equivalence point
less than 7 (d) 6.3 x 10-10 (e) .15 M (f) equivalence point, midpoint,
equivalence point, midpoint (g) pKa=3, Ka= 1 x 10-3 8. (a) 301g/mol
(b) 0.20M (c) same 9. (a) 11.13 (b) 9.73 (not 9.8) (c) 9.25 (d) 5.28
(e) NH4+ -> NH3 + H+ 10. no, no, yes, yes, no, yes, no 11. pH = pKa +
log([A-]/[HA]) 12. (a) 3.35 (b) HNO2 + OH- -> NO2- + H2O (c) NO2-
+ H+ -> HNO2 d) 1:14.23 13. B 14. C. higher, as temperature
increases, the particles collide more often and the reaction between
two water particles is more likely to be effective D. H2PO4- E. PO 3- F.
5.6 x 10-10 G. weaker 15. A. bronsted base, bronsted acid, conjugate
acid, conjugate base B. HPO42- 16. Acid, acid and base in equal
amounts, base, base 17. a
MCQ:
2013: 11 B 14 A 15 B 16 C 17 B 22 D 48 A 49 B 50 C 51D 52C 55C
2012:19 D 24 B 42 A 63 B 67 B 75 E
2002: 30 C 33 D 34 A 61 C 63 B 64 E
2008: 4 C 5 E 6 B 38 D 64 D 68 B
2015: 10 D 19 B 22 B 30 B 33 D 37 B 38 B 41 C 45 B
2014: 11 A 19 C 20 D 25 C 38