Wireless and Mobile

Communication
REKHA.A
BITS Pilani Assistant Professor
Pilani Campus
Cellular Concept (contd…) Cluster of 7 cells

Let T = Total number of Duplex channels.

N cells = Size of each cluster
K= T/N = number of channels per cell.
Cells

For a specific geographic area, if clusters are replicated M

times , then the total number of channels
- System capacity = M x T

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Consider a cellular network with cluster size 7. Assume the
total number of channels to be 490. Find the number of
channels per cell. If the cluster is repeated 3 times, find
the system capacity.
Solution:
N= 7, T= 490
Therefore number of channels per cell = 490/7 = 70
M= 3
System capacity = 3*490 = 1470 channels

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Problems
A spectrum of 40MHz allocated to a wireless cellular system uses two
25Khz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control
channels. Find the required number of channels available per cell if
system uses 4 cell reuse. If 1 Mhz of the allocated spectrum is
reserved for control channels, determine an equitable distribution of
control and voice channels in each cell.
Solution.
Channel bandwidth = 25KHz * 2 simplex channels = 50KHz duplex
channels.
No. of available channels = 40000/50 = 800
For N = 4, total number of channels available per cell = 800/4= 200.
1MHz – control channels.
There fore 1000/50 = 20 control channels out of 800 channels are
available.
For N=4, we can have 5 control channels and 195 voice channels.

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Channel Assignment
Strategies
• Channel assignment strategies can be classified as
• Fixed
• Dynamic.

• In fixed channel assignment

• Each cell is assigned a predetermined set of channels.
• A call attempt can only be served if unused channel in the cell
is available.
• If all channels are occupied, the call is blocked.

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Channel Assignment
Strategies
In dynamic channel assignment
• Voice channels are not allocated to cells permanently.
• Each time a call request is made, BS requests channel
from MSC.
• MSC allocates a channel by taking into account the
frequency of use of the candidate channel and reuse
distance
• MSC only allocates a channel if that is not presently in
use in the cell which falls within minimum restricted
distance of frequency reuse
• Dynamic channel assignment is more complex, but
reduces likelihood of blocking.

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Handoff scenario: Improper handoff

Level at point A

Handoff threshold
P
Minimum acceptable signal to n
Received signal level

maintain the call P

m
Level at point B
(call is terminated)
Time

A B P –P =∆
n m
∆ toolarge- too many handoffs
BS1 BS2 ∆ too small- call may be lost
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Handoff scenario: Proper handoff

Level at point B
Received signal level

Level at which
handoff is made

Time
A B

BS1 BS2
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HandOff

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 Types of Handoff
Hard Handoff
- Channel in the source cell is released and only then the channel
in the target cell is engaged
- Connection to the source is broken before the connection to the
target is made—for this reason such handovers are also known
as break-before-make.
- Hard handovers are intended to be instantaneous in order to
minimize the disruption to the call.

Soft Handoff
- A soft handover is one in which the channel in the source cell is
retained and used for a while in parallel with the channel in the
target cell. In this case the connection to the target is established
before the connection to the source is broken, hence this
handover is called make-before-break.

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Forward and Reverse Channels
Forward Voice channels(FVC)
– Used for voice transmission from BS to MS.

Reverse Voice Channels

– Used for voice transmission from MS to BS.

Forward Control Channel(FCC)

– Used for initiating a call from BS to MS.

Reverse control Channel (RCC)

- Used for initiating a call from MS to BS.

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 Interference and its
Effects
Interference is anything which modifies, or disrupts a signal as
it travels along a channel between a source and a receiver.
Interference on Voice channels causes
• Cross talk
• Noise in the background

Interference on Control channels causes

• Error in digital signaling which causes:
▪ Blocked calls
▪ Dropped calls

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Types of Interference
• Co-channel Interference (CCI)
• Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)

• CCI is caused due to the cells that reuse the same

frequency set. These cells are called co-channel cells.

• ACI is caused due to the signals that are adjacent in

the frequency band.

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Co-channel interference

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Co-channel interference and
system capacity
• Smaller value of Q provides larger capacity if the
radius of the each cell is reduced.

• Larger value of Q improves transmission quality due

to smaller level of co-channel interference.

• Tradeoff must be made between these two

objectives in cellular design.

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Calculation of SIR

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Example contd..
• First try N=4,
– D/R = 3.46 => S/I = 1/6 (3.46)^4 = 24.0 = 13.8 dB
– Since this is lesser than the minimum required S/I (15dB)

• Next try N=7,

– D/R = 4.58 => S/I = 1/6 (4.58)^4 = 73.5 = 18.66 dB
– This is greater than the minimum required S/I (15dB)
– Hence, frequency reuse factor = 1/N = 1/7

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Example (2)
• Design parameters (2):
✔ Desired signal to interference is 15dB
✔ Path loss exponent n = 3
✔ What is frequency reuse factor?

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Adjacent Channel
Interference (ACI)
• ACI results from signals that are adjacent in the
frequency to the desired signal.

• This results from imperfect receiver filters that allow

nearby frequencies to leak in.

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ACI contd..
• Near far effect: An interferer close to the BS radiates in the
adjacent channel while the subscriber is far away from the BS.

Interferer Subscriber
BS
• To overcome ACI, the frequency separation between each
channel in cell should be made as large as possible.

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ACI contd..

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Trunking & Grade of
Service.
• Cellular radio systems rely on trunking to accommodate a large
number of users in a limited radio spectrum.

• What is Trunking?
It is a technique that allows a large number of users to share a
relatively small number of channels in a cell by providing access to each
user, on demand from a pool of available channels.

• In a trunked radio system(TRS) each user is allocated a channel on a

per call basis, upon termination of the call, the previously occupied
channel is immediately returned to the pool of available channels.

• Grade Of Service(GOS)
It is a measure of ability of the user to access a trunked system
during the busiest hour.

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Key Definitions
Set up time: Time required to allocate a radio channel to a
requesting user.
Blocked call: A call which cannot be completed at the time of
request, due to congestion(lost call).
Holding Time: Average duration of a call. Denoted by H (in
Seconds)
Request Rate: The average number of calls request per unit
time (λ).
Traffic Intensity: Measure of channel time utilization or the
average channel occupancy measured in Erlangs. Denoted
by A.
Load: Traffic intensity across the entire Trunked Radio System.

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Trunking and Grade Of Service

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Types of Trunked Systems

• Blocked call cleared System

• Blocked call delayed System

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Blocked Call Cleared
System
• When a user request service, there is a minimal call set
up time and the user is given immediate access to a
channel if one is available.
• If the channels are already in use and no new channels
are available, call is blocked with out access to the
system.
• The user does not receive Service, but is free to try
again.
Erlang B Formula determines the probability that a call is
blocked is given by
C is the number of trunked Channels .
A is the total traffic offered.

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Blocked Call Delayed
System
• Queues are used to hold call request that are initially
blocked.
• When a user attempts a call and a channel is not
immediately available, the call request may be delayed
until a channel becomes available.
• If call cannot be assigned a channel, it is placed in a
queue.
• Each call is then serviced in the order of its arrival.

Pr[delay>t] = exp(- (C-A)t/H)

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Problems

How many users can be supported for 0.5% blocking

probability for the following number of trunked channels
in a BCC system? a)5 b)10. Assume each user
generates 0.1 erlangs of traffic.
Solution.
a) A= 1.132.(From Table)
Total number of users U= A/Au = 1.13/0.1= 11 users.
b) A= 3.96
Total number of users = 3.96/0.1=39 users.

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Problems

Assuming that each user in a system generates a traffic

intensity of 0.2 erlangs, how many users can be
supported for 0.1% probability of blocking in an Erlang B
System for a number of trunked channels equal to 60.
Solution:
Au= 0.2 erlang
Pr[Blocking]= 0.1%
C=60 Channels.
i)Find A from the Erlang B Table.
ii) Then Find U= A/Au.

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Problems
For a trunked radio system, there are 394 cells with 19
channels each. Find the number of users that can be
supported at 2% blocking . If each user averages 2 calls
per hour at an average call duration of 3 minutes. Find
the total number of subscribers/users that can be
supported by system.
Solution:
From Erlang B chart, A= 12.33
Au= λH = 2*(3/60) = 0.1 erlang
U= A/Au= 12.33/0.1= 123.3
There are 394 cells , the total number of subscribers that
can be supported is 123.3*394 = 48580

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Problems

An urban area has a trunked mobile network. A total of 10

channels are used with in each cell. A seven cell system
has a radius of 1.387km. If the load per user is 0.031
erlangs and the average number of call request per time
is 1 call/hr. Find the following for the system that has 5%
probability of a delayed call.
a) How many users per sq.Km will this system support.
b) What is the Probability that a delayed call will have to
wait for more than 10s.

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 Solution:
Area covered per cell is 2.598* R2 = 5 sq. Km.
Number of cells per cluster =7.
Number of channels per cell = 10.
a) A= 5.285(From Erlang C Chart)
Number of users = total traffic intensity/Traffic per user
U = 5.285/0.031 = 170
Number of users per Sq. km = 170/5 users/SqKm.
b) H= Au/λ = 0.031/1 = 0.031Hr = 112seconds.
Pr[delay>t] = exp(- (C-A)t/H)
C= 10 channels

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