12 - Beam Theory Rev - Removed-Pages-Deleted - Removed - Removed

Fundamentals of Strength of Materials 26/09/2018
12.5 Geometry of areas.
Centroid of assembled/composite areas
Y
S = YdA == YdA = AY A2
G2
G1
S = XdA == XdA = AX A= A
A1
S ∑ AX S ∑ AY
X = = Y = =
∑A ∑A
Fundamentals of Strength of Materials – Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering and Automotive Engineering – Prof. D.S. Paolino
Author: Zucca 14
Principal moments of inertia
344 + 3:: 344 − 3::

"
Ic
3 = ± + 34:
"
,"
2 2
(Ixx, Ixy)
2α
I2 I1 Ii Orientation angle
234:
tan 2 , =
344 − 3::
(Iyy, -Ixy)
If Ixx ≥ Iyy and Ixy ≥ 0 0° ≤ 2α ≤ 90°
If Ixx ≤ Iyy and Ixy ≥ 0 90° ≤ 2α ≤ 180°
If Ixx ≤ Iyy and Ixy ≤ 0 180° ≤ 2α ≤ 270°
If Ixx ≥ Iyy and Ixy ≤ 0 270° ≤ 2α ≤ 360°
Author: Zucca 23
Procedure to compute the angle α.
"BCD
2α′ = arctan
BCC EBDD
1. Compute a tentative angle 2α‘ as: .
The result will be an angle 0° ≤ 2α' ≤ 90°.
2. Check the value of I .
a. If I > 0, there are two options:
1. I >I then the final angle is 2α = 2α‘

2. I <I then the final angle is 2α = 180 − 2α‘
(1st quadrant)
(2nd quadrant)
b. If I < 0, there are two options:
1. I >I then the final angle is 2α = −2α‘

2. I <I then the final angle is 2α = −180 + 2α‘
(4th quadrant)
(3rd quadrant)
Author: Zucca 24
Properties of common cross sections
bhL
Y y
b I =
X = 12
2
hbL
h I =
h Y = 12
YG G
x 2
b A = bh I =0
XG X
y
πdN
Y
d I =
X = 64
2
πdN
d I =
G
YG
Y = 64
d 2
x
πd" I =0
A=
XG X 4
Author: Zucca 26
Applications
X2
Y
The additive property holds also for A1

“negative” area, then the original area
A2
can be seen as the area of an external
rectangle minus the area of an internal
rectangle. Y1 X2
X1 X
Compute the coordinates of the centroid as:
Q − Q" S − S"
QR = SR =
" "
− " − "
Author: Zucca 29
Applications
Table to collect all the relevant data
# Xi Yi Ai Iξξi Iηηi Iξηi xGi yGi

1
2
…
i
…
…
Author: Zucca 34
12.6 Flexural behavior and bending moment
Analysis of deformation due to bending moment Mx (with x principal axis)
Thanks to these relationships
d" v dα d" v M dα M
=− =− =
dz " dz dz " EI dz EI
the distribution of the bending moment M along the beam’s length.

It is possible to compute the deformed shape (elastic line) of the beam, given
F z
B
L B v(z)
A A
An example will be solved during the lecture.
Author: Zucca 55
Example
A
I F II C A B C
Mx
Fz Fz FL
B
BC: M = −
-FL/4
AB: M = −
2 2
L/2 L/2
2
z
dα M M
= α = dz
From moment… dz EI EI … to rotation.
Fz FL
Fz M −
2 dz = Fz − FLz + C
AB: BC:
"
M − 2
2 dz = − Fz + C α = dz =
"
α = dz = ,BB
EI EI 4EI 2EI BB
,B
EI EI 4EI B
d" v dα
=− α .o
dz" dz
From rotation… v= … to displacement.
AB: BC:
vB = α ,B dz = −
x y
+ CB dz = Fz" FLz
NEICC vBB = α ,BB .o = − + CBB dz =
4EI 2EI
FzL
=− + CB z + DB FzL FLz"
12EI = − + CBB z + DBB
12EI 4EI
Author: Zucca 56
Example
Boundary conditions:
vB o = 0 = 0 vBB o = { = 0
F
A C A B C
B
L/2 L/2
z α ,B z = L/2 = α ,BB z = L/2
vB z = L/2 = vBB z = L/2
Fz L
vB o = 0 = 0 vB = − + CB z + DB vB z = 0 = DB = 0 DB = 0
12EI
Fz L FLz " FLL FLL

vBB = − + CBB z + DBB vBB z = L = − + CBB L + DBB = 0
vBB o = { = 0 12EI 4EI 12EI 4EI
Fz " Fz " FLz FL" FL" }L"

α z = L/2 = α z = L/2 − + CB = − + CBB − + CB = − + CBB
,B ,BB 4EI 4EI 2EI 16EI 16EI 4EI
Fz L Fz L FLz " FLL L FLL FLL L

vB z = L/2 = vBB z = L/2 − + CB z + DB = − + CBB z + DBB − + CB + DB = − + CBB + DBB
12EI 12EI 4EI 96EI 2 96EI 16EI 2
Author: Zucca 57
Example
vB o = 0 = 0 vBB o = { = 0
F
A C A B C
B
L/2 L/2
z α ,B z = L/2 = α ,BB z = L/2
vB z = L/2 = vBB z = L/2
vB o = 0 = 0 DB = 0
FLL FLL FLL

− + CBB L + DBB = 0 DBB = − CBB L
vBB o = { = 0 12EI 4EI 6EI
FL" FL" }L" }L"

− + CB = − + CBB CB = − + CBB
α ,B z = L/2 = α ,BB z = L/2 16EI 16EI 4EI 8EI
FLL L FLL FLL L L FLL L

vB z = L/2 = vBB z = L/2 − + CB = − + CBB + DBB CB =− + CBB + DBB
96EI 2 96EI
----16EI 2 2 24EI 2
}LL L FLL L FLL }LL FLL 3FLL 3FL"

− + CBB = − + CBB + − CBB L − = − CBB L CBB L = CBB =
16EI 2 24EI 2 6EI 16EI 8EI 16EI 16EI
Author: Zucca 58
Example
vB o = 0 = 0 vBB o = { = 0
F
A C A B C
B
L/2 L/2
z α ,B z = L/2 = α ,BB z = L/2
vB z = L/2 = vBB z = L/2
vB o = 0 = 0 DB = 0
FLL FLL FLL FLL

− + CBB L + DBB = 0 DBB = − CBB L DBB = −
vBB o = { = 0 12EI 4EI 6EI 48EI
FL" FL" }L" }L" }L"

− + CB = − + CBB CB = − + CBB CB =
α ,B z = L/2 = α ,BB z = L/2 16EI 16EI 4EI 8EI 16EI
FLL L FLL FLL L L FLL L

vB z = L/2 = vBB z = L/2 − + CB + 0 = − + CBB + DBB CB =− + CBB + DBB
96EI 2 96EI 16EI 2 2 24EI 2
}LL L FLL L FLL }LL FLL 3FLL 3FL"

− + CBB = − + CBB + − CBB L − = − CBB L CBB L = CBB =
16EI 2 24EI 2 6EI 16EI 8EI 16EI 16EI
Author: Zucca 59
12.7 Bending about a non-principal axis of inertia

(skew bending)
If the bending moment is not parallel to one of the principal axes, it

can be decomposed as
M•
y
M
Due to the linearity of the problem:
M M
σ = y− x
I I
‚
The locus of points with σ = 0 is called
G M x ‘neutral axis’.
M M
y− x=0
I I
M• = a4" + a:"
M
tg(ϑ) = ϑ is the orientation of the bending moment with respect to the x axis
M
Author: Zucca 61

(skew bending)
M• M•
y y
M M
σ >0
n.a. n.a.
‚ „ ‚ „
G M x G M x
σ <0
M I
tg φ =
M I
The neutral axis divides
the cross section in two parts
M
tg(ϑ) =
M
Author: Zucca 63

(skew bending)
Graphical representation of normal

stresses on the cross section
M M
σzzmax
σ = y− x
I I
y
σ >0
Procedure
n.a.
A
1. Identify the two farthest points A and B
„
from the neutral axis
2. Draw two lines parallel to the n.a. and

passing through A and B respectively. G x
3. Draw a third line orthogonal to the n.a. σzzmin

4. Compute σ
σ <0
at points A and B
B
distribution of σ over the cross section

5. Draw a straight line which represents the
Author: Zucca 64
12.8 Combined loading conditions
Axial load N and bending moments M and M produce normal stress σ over the cross section.
Due to the linear superposition principle σzzmax

the resulting stress distribution is
N M M
σ = + y− x
A I I
y
σ >0
n.a.
A
„
x σzzmin
G
σ <0
B
Author: Zucca 65
12.10 Torsional behaviour
Hollow circular cross sections
π DN − DN"
I• = r " dA − r " dA =
32
y
• y
τ …
α
Stress distribution
M
τ = r
…
I• D2 x
D" D
≤r≤
2 2
D1
Author: Zucca 73
12.12 Torsional behaviour
Sections composed of thin-walled rectangulars
“
c bL
I•,‘’ =
3
”
b" aL
bL
The torsion angle per unit length
is the same for the entire section
dθ M a"
=
dz GI•,‘’
a
b
The thickest rectangle has
the highest shear stress.
M
τ• = b
,
I•,‘’
Author: Zucca 75
12.X Torsional behaviour
Mohr circles.
Stress tensor
τ … 0 0 0
σ = 0 0 τ
x
0 τ 0
y
Principal stresses
σ +σ σ −σ "
σ = ± +τ " = ±τ
D
,¦
2 2
M
τ = τ …= r
I•
Author: Zucca 82
Mohr circles.
Principal stresses
τ … σ +σ σ −σ "
σ = ± +τ = ±τ
x
"
y ,¦
2 2
τ σ =τ
σ" = 0
τyz
σL = −τ
M
σ3 σ2 σ1 σ
τ = τ …= r
I•
Author: Zucca 83
Static failure for ductile materials
Ideal stress (Tresca)
τ¤¥ x σ § = σ − σL = 2τ¤¥
y
τ
τyz
D σ3 σ1 σ
M D
τ¤¥ =
I• 2
Author: Zucca 85
12.14 Shear forces in beams
For the reciprocity of shear stresses the stresses across the chord are equal to the average
shear stresses over the ADEH surface.
y
y
A*
ª̄ s:
x
D ª̄ s:
H
b
A Ty x
E
z
S∗
τ® = τ® = T
Uniform shear stress along the chord b. bI
Author: Zucca 94
Rectangular cross section
y
6 h"
y
τ = − y" T
A* bhL 4
y Ty x
τ¤¥ τ
h Condition for a local
maximum:
dτ 6T
= − L 2y = 0
dy bh
b
3T
τ¤¥ (y = 0) =
2 bh
Author: Zucca 96
Equilibrium along the z direction is
F + ∆F − F − F =0
with
M M ∆M
F = σ dA = − xdA F + ∆F = σ dA = − xdA − xdA
∗ ∗ I ∗ ∗ I ∗ I
The following equation is obtained
∆M
− ® b∆z = 0
xdA − τ S∗ = xdA
I ∗ ∗
which becomes
S∗ ∆M S∗
τ® =− lim τ® = T
bI ∆ →° ∆z bI
Author: Zucca 101

S∗
τ = T
4
bI
S∗
τ = T
bI
C-shaped cross section
ξ : coordinate used to define

the location of the chord Upper flange
S∗ ℎ
τ = T S∗ = s ±
s I 2
±
y
T
h
x
Author: Zucca 106

S∗
τ = T
4
bI
S∗
τ = T
bI
ξ" : coordinate used to define

S∗ ℎ
τ = T S∗ = s ±
s I 2
s"
y
s
±" Web
T S∗ ℎ ℎ ξ"
h τ = T S∗ = s b + s" ξ" −
x s" I 2 2 2
Author: Zucca 107

S∗
τ = T
4
bI
S∗
τ = T
bI
ξL : coordinate used to define

S∗ ℎ
τ = T S∗ = s ±
y s I 2
Web
T S∗ ℎ ℎ ξ"
h τ = T S∗ = s b + s" ξ" −
x s" I 2 2 2
±L
Lower flange
b
S∗ h
τ = T S ∗ = −s b − ξL
s I 2
Author: Zucca 108

Upper flange
T ℎ
τ = ±
I 2
Web
T ℎ ℎ ξ"
τ = s b + s" ξ" −
s" I 2 2 2
±" y ±
τ¤¥ T
h
Maximum shear stress? x
.τ T ℎ ξ"
= s" − 2s" =0 ±L
.ξ" s" I 2 2 b
ℎ ξ" ℎ
s" − 2s" =0 ξ" =
2 2 2
Lower flange
T ℎ
T ℎ ℎ" τ =− b − ξL
I 2
τ¤¥ = s b + s"
s" I 2 8
Author: Zucca 109

12.15 Shear center
The resultant moment of the two sets of forces about point G must be equal:
Tyg = Tzxh + Tzye g = Tzxh/Ty + e
y Tzx
Ty g defines the location of the shear center.

Tzy
e
If the shear force Ty is applied to the shear
h x center the stress distribution is the one
G
g due to the shear force only.
Tzx
b
Author: Zucca 113

13 The buckling phenomenon in slender beams
The elastic line equation
d" v M
=− (M = Pv)
dz " EI
d" v Pv
becomes
=−
dz " EI
d" v Pv
+ =0
dz " EI
The solution is n o = Vsin(Éo + „)
with V and ϕ depending on the boundary conditions.
Author: Zucca 125

d" v Pv
The differential equation is
+ =0
dz " EI
ωl° = nπ
The solution
Becomes
b
l = nπ
EI °
The minimum value of P corresponds to n = 1
EI
P…Ë = π"
l"°
Author: Zucca 127

In theory bending can occur either about the x or the y axis.

Actually bending will occur about the axis with the minimum second moment of area.
EI¤ Í
P…Ë = π"
l"°
Is the buckling phenomenon more dangerous than yielding?
To answer this questions we need stresses…

Minimum radius of inertia
P…Ë EI¤ Í Îρ"¤ Í I¤ Í

σ…Ë = = π" = π " ρ¤ Í =
A Al"° l"° A
Slenderness
Î l°
σ…Ë = π" λ=
λ" ρ¤ Í
Author: Zucca 129

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Fundamentals of Strength of Materials 26/09/2018

12.5 Geometry of areas.

Centroid of assembled/composite areas

12.5 Geometry of areas.

Principal moments of inertia

344 + 3:: 344 − 3::

If Ixx ≥ Iyy and Ixy ≥ 0 0° ≤ 2α ≤ 90°

If Ixx ≤ Iyy and Ixy ≥ 0 90° ≤ 2α ≤ 180°

If Ixx ≤ Iyy and Ixy ≤ 0 180° ≤ 2α ≤ 270°

If Ixx ≥ Iyy and Ixy ≤ 0 270° ≤ 2α ≤ 360°

12.5 Geometry of areas.

Procedure to compute the angle α.

2. Check the value of I .

a. If I > 0, there are two options:

1. I >I then the final angle is 2α = 2α‘

b. If I < 0, there are two options:

1. I >I then the final angle is 2α = −2α‘

12.5 Geometry of areas.

Properties of common cross sections

12.5 Geometry of areas.

The additive property holds also for A1

Compute the coordinates of the centroid as:

12.5 Geometry of areas.

Table to collect all the relevant data

# Xi Yi Ai Iξξi Iηηi Iξηi xGi yGi

12.6 Flexural behavior and bending moment

Analysis of deformation due to bending moment Mx (with x principal axis)

Thanks to these relationships

the distribution of the bending moment M along the beam’s length.

An example will be solved during the lecture.

12.6 Flexural behavior and bending moment

12.6 Flexural behavior and bending moment

z α ,B z = L/2 = α ,BB z = L/2

vB z = L/2 = vBB z = L/2

Fz L FLz " FLL FLL

Fz " Fz " FLz FL" FL" }L"

Fz L Fz L FLz " FLL L FLL FLL L

12.6 Flexural behavior and bending moment

z α ,B z = L/2 = α ,BB z = L/2

vB z = L/2 = vBB z = L/2

FLL FLL FLL

FL" FL" }L" }L"

FLL L FLL FLL L L FLL L

}LL L FLL L FLL }LL FLL 3FLL 3FL"

12.6 Flexural behavior and bending moment

z α ,B z = L/2 = α ,BB z = L/2

vB z = L/2 = vBB z = L/2

FLL FLL FLL FLL

FL" FL" }L" }L" }L"

FLL L FLL FLL L L FLL L

}LL L FLL L FLL }LL FLL 3FLL 3FL"

12.7 Bending about a non-principal axis of inertia

If the bending moment is not parallel to one of the principal axes, it

12.7 Bending about a non-principal axis of inertia

12.7 Bending about a non-principal axis of inertia

Graphical representation of normal

2. Draw two lines parallel to the n.a. and

3. Draw a third line orthogonal to the n.a. σzzmin

distribution of σ over the cross section

12.8 Combined loading conditions

Due to the linear superposition principle σzzmax

12.10 Torsional behaviour