Titrimetric analysis

 Neutralization reaction
 Oxidation-reduction reaction
 Complexation reaction
 Precipitation reaction

 In titrimetric analysis the reagent of known

concentration is called the titrant
 and the substance being titrated is termed the
titrand (unknown conc.).

Vogel Page 257- 275

Standard Solution

Preparation of Standard Solution

Primary and secondary standards

Neutralization Titrations

Neutralization Indicators or
acid-base indicators

Equivalence Point
Neutralization Curves
Strong Acid vs. Strong Base
(a)Draw a pH titration curve for (i) strong acid-
strong base, (ii) weak acid-strong base, (iii)
strong acid-weak base. Explain your choice of
indicator.
Students should know:
 Whatis the normality and molarity of supplied solution?
 What are the molecular structure of phenolphthalein and oxalic
acid?
 How does the indicator (phenolphthalein) work?
 At what pH does the indicator changes its color?
 Do you know why we see different color of different solutions?
Students should know:
Exp: 2
 What is the normality of the supplied HCl solution?
 What is the molecular structure of methyl orange indicator?
 Can we use phenolphthalein instead of methyl orange here?
Justify your answer.
 At what pH does the indicator changes its color?
 Is it necessary to use buffer solution here? If not why?
 Objectives

 Determination of concentration of commercial acid

 Understanding the reaction mechanism
 Importance
 Chemical industries and academic research
 Commercial HCl is usually  36%
 HCl is a secondary standard substance
 Theoretical Background

Reaction: Na2CO3+ 2HCl = NaCl+ H2O+CO2

A two-step reaction-
Step1: Na2CO3+ HCl = NaHCO3 + NaCl
Step 2: NaHCO3 + HCl = NaCl +H2CO3
 H2CO3 ⇌ CO2+ H2O
Overall reaction: Na2CO3+ 2HCl= 2NaCl + CO2+H2O

nNa2CO3 : nHCl  1 : 2
 pH pattern and choice of Indicator

CO 32 / HCO 3
11 Working pH range of
phenolphthalein 8.3-10.3
Phenolphthalein
HCO 32 / H2 CO 3
pH
7 X mL

X/2 mL
Methyl orange Working pH range of
H2CO3⇌CO2+H2O methyl orange 2.6-4.6
X mL
2

Volume of HCl (mL)

 Indicators

COLORLESS
PINK

Yellow
Color changes from
Yellow to Orange red
Orange red
 Calculate the concentration of HCl

From reaction stoicheometry and pH curve

Step 1: nNa2CO3 : nHCl  1 : 1

Overall reaction: nNa 2CO3 : nHCl  1 : 2

E Na 2CO3 : EHCl  2 : 2  1 :1
Gram Equiv of Na2CO3: Gram equiv of HCl = 1:1
So we can use V1N1= V2N2
V1= Vol. of Na2CO3 = 10 mL (drawn with a pipette)
N1= Concentration of Na2CO3 (known, prepared)
V2 = Vol. of HCl soln (known, from burette readings)
N2 = Concentration of dil. HCl soln (to be calculated)
 Preparation of standard solution

(a-b) g Na2CO3 in 100 mL vol. flask + distilled water

= 100 mL solution

Weight taken (g)

Strength of Na2 CO3 soln = × 0.05 𝑀
Weight to be taken (g)
Students should know:
Exp. 3
 Is Na2CO3 a primary standard substance?
 Why do you need to use two indicators here?
 Can you use methyl orange first instead of phenolphthalein?
Justify your answer.