I ntro to i m m un ity

& plant i m m un ity

1) Answer is C & E.
-Bacteria use host cells to reproduce. Fungi invade tissues and disrupt them.,
therefore A is excluded.
-Aphid insects feed on plants as their source of energy, therefore B is excluded.
-Natural disasters are not a biological source, therefore C is correct.
-Orobranchial plants are mentioned as a parasitic plant that parasites on
herbaceous plants, therefore threatening the life of living organisms and they are
a biological source. Therefore, D is excluded.
-Saprophytic bacteria feed on dead organisms, therefore E is correct.

2) Answer is B.
-The cell wall is made up of cellulose and thickened by lignin. So, it’s not
penetrated easily. Therefore, answer A is excluded.
-Cracks are a void in the outer tissue of the plant which allows easy entrance for
the pathogens. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
-Epidermis is covered by a waxy water-repellent layer, hairs and thorns. Not easily
penetrated. Therefore, C is excluded.
-Cork is the outer layer of the tree bark that prevents the entry of the pathogen to
the plant. Therefore, D is excluded.

3) Answer is A.
-The correct answer is A as the deficiency in nutrients is an unsuitable condition
that the plant is being put into.
-While untreated sewage, toxic fumes and insecticides are from the toxic
substances that are lethal to the plant.

4) Answer is A.
-The production of more resistant plants to diseases and insects is by either plant
breeding or genetic engineering.
-All other choices are excluded as they are not used to get new strains of plants
of certain characters, this is only possible through plant breeding and genetic
engineering.

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5) Answer is B.
-The Epidermis act as the first bulwark of defense in the resistance of the
pathogen. And as it is a physical barrier, therefore the correct answer is B.
-The induced defenses as tyloses are from the defenses of the plant that works on
infection after the invasion of the pathogen. Therefore, the answer C is excluded.
-Proteins such as detoxifying enzymes are formed later on as a part of biochemical
immunity.
6) Answer is B.
-The figure shows an organism that is trying to parasite on a plant leaf. The
parasitic organism threatens the life of the plant as it might feed on it destroing its
life. Therefore, it is considered a biological danger with high risk.

7) Answer is B.
-As the mechanism of defense in plant (Y) is surrounding the pathogen by an
isolating cover, so it is a cellular immune structure (induced structural defences) to
prevent the transmission of the fungus from one cell to another, as the parasitic
fungus attacks the plant, the plant surrounds the fungal mycelium with an
insulator cover.
X-> cause 3
Z-> cause 2

8) Answer is B.
-As the formation of tyloses by plant (structural immunity) prevent the spreading
and movement of the pathogen (microbe) to other parts of the plant, not to
prevent the entry, as a result of exposure of the vascular system to invasion of
pathogens.
A, C and D are incorrect, because they belongs to structural immunity that
prevents the entry of pathogens (microbes).

9) Answer is D.
-When a pathogen enters the plant, it is first recognized by receptors, which then
stimulate induced structural immunity means (such as tyloses, cork, gums etc.), if
that wasn’t enough chemical substances such as phenols and glycosides are then
released, and at last detoxifying enzymes appear.

10) Answer is C.
-Labels:
-(X): xylem vessels.
-(Y): tyloses.
-(Z): Parenchyma cell.
-As in the opposite figure, tyloses are the over growths of
adjacent living parenchymatous cells which protrude into xylem
vessels and tracheids through pits.

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11) Answer is A.
-As in the following figure the plant tissue is exposed to cut or tearing (rupture)
due to the increase in the thickening of the plant during its growth, as the cork
after that will be formed to isolate the plant areas exposed to cut or rupturing in
the final stage, and that prevents the entry of the pathogen to the plant.

12) Answer is D.
-As the receptors are from biochemical immunity that are found in healthy and
infected plants, but their concentration increases in the plants after the infection.
-Receptors stimulat the innate immunity means in the plant and recognizing the
presence of pathogens, so it activates the plant defenses.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.

13) Answer is D.
-Cactus plant’s outer surface (‫ )نبات الصبار‬is covered by cutin (waxy layer) which
gives both physiological support and structural support.
-This waxy layer is one of the examples of the pre-existing structural immunity
—> forming a water-repellent surface —> no water settlement on the surface,
therefore the suitable environment for growth of fungi and reproduction of
bacteria is not available.
-D is incorrect, because cutin has no role in regulating water transport in the plant,

14) Answer is A.
-Labels:
-N: Tyloses which are formed by parenchyma cells of xylem.
-M: Vascular system (Xylem vessels).
-Parenchyma cells have a role in physiological support only so other choices are
excluded.

15) Answer is B.
-If the pathogen managed to reach site M, which is following the tyloses, this
means that the tyloses was not enough to prevent this pathogen from spreading
in the plant vessels.
-A, C and D are wrong as the plant didn’t succeed in preventing the spread of the
pathogen with this method of immunity.

16) Answer is A.
-Pre-existing immunity —> The cell wall represents the outer protection of the
cells and after its thickening with lignin, it becomes rigid and is more difficult to be
penetrated by pathogens.
-Induced structural immunity —> Swelling of the cell walls of the epidermal cells
and the cells under the epidermis during the direct penetration of the pathogen,
leading to inhibition of the penetration process.

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17) Answer is A.
-Labels:
-(X): Toxins where when it reaches its peak concentration, (Y) is increased.
-(Y): Detoxifying enzymes which were not present in the plant but are produced
as a result of infection secreted and interact with toxins invalidating their toxicity
which means —> Toxins disappears—> So their concentration decreases gradually
after secretion of detoxifying enzymes till it reaches zero.
-It can’t be receptors, as receptors are ALWAYS present in the plant & increases at
infection .

18) Answer is C.
-A is incorrect, as receptors are specific WHILE glycosides are NOT.
-B is incorrect, as receptors are protein in nature while Glycosides are NOT.
-C is correct, as both may be found in healthy plants before infection (=pre-
existing).
-D is incorrect, as receptors stimulate immunity after recognition of pathogens
(Stimulant effect) while glycosides have toxic or killing effects NOT a Stimulant
one.

19) Answer is A.
-As detoxifying enzymes interact with the toxins released by the pathogen and
invalidate their toxicity (indirect).
-B is incorrect, because phenols kill the pathogenic organisms or inhibit their
growth (direct effect).
-C and D are incorrect, because canavanine and cephalosporin act as protective
substances for the plant and include toxic chemical compounds to the pathogen
(direct effect).

20) Answer is D.
-The figures show hypersensitive response and formation of tyloses.
-A is incorrect, because both mechanisms prevent the spreading of pathogens,
without killing it.
-B and C are incorrect, because both mechanisms are from the induced structural
defenses not biochemical.
-D is correct as they both prevent the pathogen from physically (mechanically)
spreading.

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21) Answer is A.
-The graph shows a substance that is preexisting in the plant, but the
concentration increases after infection, this substance represents the receptors.
-B is incorrect, because detoxifying enzymes are produced as a result of infection.
-C and D are incorrect, as these are examples of preexisting immunity, and the
question mentions that the plant is already infected so it’s time to use biochemical
immunity compounds.
(+Cutin does not increase).

22) Answer is B.
-Infection occurs at point B.
-As concentration of receptors increase after infection, so at point B receptors
recognize the pathogen and increase to activate plant defences.
-A is incorrect, because it shows the normal concentration of receptors.
-C and D are incorrect, because they show the increased concentration after
infection.

23) Answer is D.
-As the thickness of plant (3) is more than that of plant (1).
-A is incorrect, because when the epidermis thickness increases, it will be harder
for the pathogen to invade that barrier.
-B is incorrect, because plant (1) has the least thickness, so it's more likely to be
infected.
-C is incorrect, because the epidermis of plant (2) is thicker than (1), so it's
stronger.

24) Answer is D.
-Substance A represents auxins, as it has an effect on the plant›s growth only.
-Substance B represents canavanine, as it has no effect on the plant itself as it acts
as a protective substance for it, while it can kill the bacteria by the toxic chemical
compounds.
-A is incorrect, because auxins affect the plant.
-B is incorrect, because tyloses affect the plant as obstruct the vascular system.
-C is incorrect, because lignin doesn’t kill bacteria.

25) Answer is C.
-Glycosides kill pathogenic organisms such as bacteria or inhibit their growth
(antimicrobial chemicals) which are from biochemical immunity
-Gum deposition, phellem formation, tyloses formation (response to an infection)
are from structural immunity which is the first line of defense.

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26) Answer is A, B, C and D
-Non-specialized to avoid being eaten by grazing animals.
-Structural immunity as it’s from the first line of defense.
-innate as it found naturally in the plant
-Permenant, it will be present in the plant as long as it is still alive.

27) Answer is B.
-Apples have cutin on their surface (waxy layer) while kiwis have hairs on their
surfaces.

28) Answer is B.
-Please watch Dr. Daif’s HW explanation video.

29) Answer is D.
Phenols Phellem (Cork)
Type of immunity Biochemical Structural
Function Microbial Isolate the plant areas exposed to cut or
killing tearing and that prevents the entry of the
substance pathogen to the plant.
-Both of them would increase the plant tissue strength, as they are means of
immunity, and do not allow any pathogens to cause any harm for plant tissues.

30) Answer is C.
-Acquired immunity that develops after exposure to a suitable agent (as by an
attack of a disease or by injection of antigens).
-A is incorrect because Inherited immunity is innate immunity found naturally in
the plant.
B and D are incorrect, as these are examples of biochemical immunity that fight
pathogenic organisms that attack the plant to prevent any harm.

31) Answer is C.
-Fungal spores are very light so they can be transported over long distances by
wind (Remember in Chapter 3). So. they can spread diseases when they are
transported to another plants.

32) Answer is A.
-Because changing the body color is a mechanism of protection to survive.

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33) Answer is A.
-As the receptors are already found in the plant on the cell membranes of the
cells but their number increases after infection to recognize the pathogen and
stimulate the innate immunity.

34) Answer is C.
-The figure shows deposition of gums which is secreted by the infected plant to
prevent the entry of pathogens inside the plant.

35) Answer is B.
-A is incorrect, as it protects the plant from infection.
-B is correct, as the acquired immunity is stimulating the plant to resist diseases.
So, to increase the acquired immunity, we have to stimulate the plant to resist
diseases by spraying the disease resistant compounds.
-C is incorrect, as they might be lethal to the plant.
-D is incorrect, as putting it in a safe place would not stimulate its immunity.

36) Answer is A.
-As the thickness of the cutin waxy layer increases, the pathogen penetration
and entry will be more difficult so the plant resistance to the pathogen increases
(direct relationship).

37) Answer is B.
-The figure shows surrounding the mycelium by an insulating cover which is a type
of the cellular immune structures.

38) Answer is A.
-Substance A was already found in the plant before the infection, and it even
increased more on occurrence of infection, while B is produced later on after
infection.
-So, we can reach a conclusion that B is formed as a response to A.

39) Answer is B.
-The cut of a plant may expose its vascular system to an infection that needs
tyloses to be formed to stop spreading of infection.
-If the tyloses are formed, it is irreversible and it narrows down the vascular system
as it blocks the xylem vessels in the plant. Therefore, the correct answer is B that
shows decrease in the available space for the passage of water.

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40) Answer is E.
-The vascular tissues in the plant (xylem and phloem) are designed to transport
water, soluble organic salts and protective compounds as antimicrobial chemicals
and proteins.
-It has a role in the immune system as it forms tyloses in order to prevent the
further spread of the pathogen.
-But it doesn’t work as one of the cellular immune structures as these structures
are the cell wall and the plant cell itself. Therefore, all the answers are correct
except D.

41) Answer is B.
-Labels: M → Vascular system. N → Tyloses.
-The double-edged weapon is the formation of tyloses; as it blocks the spread of
pathogens in the vascular system. And as it blocks the vascular system, it makes
the structure (M) inactive. Thus making the plant susceptible to death.

42) Answer is D.
-The waxy layer is responsible for prevention of accumulation of water on the
surface.
-The answers include root hairs, stem, fruit and leaves. The correct answer is root
hairs as root hairs are responsible for absorption of water and nutrients from the
soil and can’t do that with the presence of a waxy layer.

43) Answer is B.
-The magnesium is from the essential nutrients for the plant in order to form
chlorophyll.
-This is considered from the unsuitable conditions for the plant (lack of nutrients)
which can be overcome by demising the cause. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

44) Answer is B.
-The structural support of the plant rely on the deposition of chemical substances
like cutin, lignin and suberin.
-The induced structural immunity contains the formation of a cork layer which
contains suberin.
-Therefore, the common chemical substance between the two of them is suberin.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.

45) Answer is D.
-Cephalosporin is an antimicrobial chemical which is formed of non-protein amino
acids.
-The detoxifying enzymes are enzymes, and enzymes have amino acids as their
structural units.
-Therefore, the correct answer is D.

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46) Answer is D.
Role in Structural Role in Immunity
Support
Cutin -Deposit on epidermis -Waxy layer to prevent water settling.
as a waxy layer.
Lignin -Deposit in the cell wall -Cell wall consists mainly of cellulose and
or in some parts of it. after its thickening with lignin: It becomes
(Xylem) rigid and so, difficult to be penetrated by
pathogens.
Cellulose -Most important part -Cell wall consists mainly of cellulose and
of the cell wall (which after its thickening with lignin: It becomes
is the main site of rigid and so, difficult to be penetrated by
structural support). pathogens.

47) Answer is C.
-(X): As when the cork is formed to isolate the plant areas exposed to cut or
tearing and that prevents the entry of the pathogen to the plant (induced
structural defences), so as we know that the cork layer contains suberin (from
chapter 1), (X) is suberin.
-(Y): As the cell wall represents the outer protection of the cells, especially the
epidermal layer ; which consists mainly of cellulose and it has a role as an external
protector for the plant, so (Y) is cellulose.
-(Z): As cutin on epidermis is an impermeable layer that prevents water
permeability, so (Z) is cutin.

48) Answer is C.
-The cell wall swells during direct pathogen penetration, (thickness increases),
(Cellular immune structures), and it consists mainly of cellulose and after its
thickening with lignin: It becomes rigid and so, difficult to be penetrated by
pathogens.

49) Answer is B.
-The figure shows hairs, which is a form of innate preexisting immunity, it reduces
water accumulation on plant surfaces, and is found on the outer epidermis.

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50) Answer is C.
-As the receptors recognize the presence of the pathogen and activate the plant
defenses, as their concentration increases in the plants after the infection, so it
stimulates the innate immune system in the plant.
-A is incorrect, because the cutin is pre-existing structural defenses that already
exist on epidermis, so its concentration is constant before or after the infection.
-B is incorrect, because detoxifying enzymes which are antimicrobial proteins are
formed ONLY DUE TO INFECTION.
-D is incorrect, because tyloses is an induced structural immunity, and are formed
due to infection.

51) Answer is D.
-As canavanine is non-protein amino acid (antimicrobial chemicals) that is already
found in the plant before the infection and its secretion increases after infection.
-A is incorrect, because detoxifying enzymes which are antimicrobial proteins are
formed ONLY DUE TO INFECTION.
-B and C are incorrect, because they are from induced structural immunity that
prevent entry or spreading of pathogens, and formed due to infection, not before
the infection.

52) Answer is A.
-As the cutin is pre-existing structural defenses that already exist on epidermis, so
its concentration is constant before or after the infection.

53) Answer is D.
-(D): Detoxifying enzymes which are antimicrobial proteins that were NOT present
in the plant before infection and are formed ONLY DUE TO INFECTION.

54) Answer is A.
-Receptors (A) can recognize the presence of the pathogens by differentiation of
the ‘’self’’ cells and the “non-self’’ cells which are different in their structure than
that of their normal cells.

55) Answer is A.
-Tyloses are formed due to invasion of the pathogen so by increasing the speed of
tylosis formation, they block the microbial spread so its speed decreases which is
represented by graph (A).

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56) Answer is D.
-The opposing figure shows the rate of water flow after penetration of a pathogen
to a tracheid.
-When a pathogen invades the vascular system of the plant (as tracheids), tyloses
overgrowths are formed which blocks the tracheid to prevent further spread of the
pathogen and as a result they obstruct the water flow TOO so at the 10th day this
is the most successful defense which leads to obstructing the water flow rate till it
reaches zero.

57) Answer is C.
-(Z) represents receptors since they don’t start from zero so they are already
present in the plant before infection then they increase in concentration after
infection (at the end of period 1).
-(Y) represents antimicrobial chemicals which are produced due to infection
protecting the plant from bacteria.
-(X) represents antimicrobial proteins which are only produced due to infection to
invalidate the toxicity of bacteria then they decrease again after this.

58) Answer is C.
-Tyloses are overgrowths of parenchymatous cells INSIDE the xylem vessels and
tracheids.
-cell wall plays a role in support and immunity.

59) Answer is C.
-A is incorrect, because this is one of the pre-existing structural defenses which are
always present in the plant and not affected by receptors.
-B is incorrect, because they may be found in the plant before infection so they
don’t need receptor stimulation to be formed.
-C is correct, because detoxifying enzymes are only formed after infection by the
receptors stimulation.
-D is incorrect, as hairs are preexisting.

60) Answer is B.
-Increasing the plant stem radius (increasing the thickness) causes cutting or
tearing in plant areas, which induces cork formation to prevent the entry of
pathogens from those cuts.
-A is incorrect for the above reason.
-C is incorrect, because the cellular immune response is activated as a result of
pathogenic penetration.
-D is incorrect, because gums deposit around the cut.

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61) Answer is B.
-As the figure shows a cut in the plant's stem, which induces cork formation to
isolate the cut and prevent the entry of pathogens.
-A is incorrect, because tyloses are formed due to cut or pathogenic invasion to
the vascular system.
-C is incorrect, because cell wall swelling is stimulated by the direct penetration by
pathogens to the epidermal cells.
-D is incorrect, because hypersensitive response occurs when the plant needs to
get rid of injured or infected tissues.

62) Answer is C.
-The cell wall is the outer protection of the cells, if it was perforated (‫)مثقب‬, it'd be
easier for pathogens to enter the plant.
-A is correct, because the cell wall swells if penetrated by pathogens.
-B is correct, the cell wall is made of cellulose and thickened by lignin.
-D is correct, as previously mentioned it›s made of cellulose.

63) Answer is B.
-Cactus leaves are covered with cutin (waxy layer), to repel water, which is a
suitable environment for bacterial and fungal growth.
-It also has thorns to avoid:
1)The accumulation of water.
2)Being eaten by grazing animals.
-A, C and D are incorrect for the reasons above.

64) Answer is D.
-The figure shows the deposition of gums.
-Gums are chemical substances formed only after infection.
-It represents an induced structural defence, so all answers are correct.

65) Answer is C.
-The question mentioned non protein amino acids which are canavanines and
cephalosporins.

66) Answer is C.
-The question mentioned protein units (amino acids) used to prevent bacterial
action, and increases with infection, the best answer is cephalosporins.

67) Answer is B.
- Canavanine can be found in the plant before the infection or due to the
infection and increases its amount after infection.

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68) Answer is D.
-Cutin because it is found naturally in the plant before infection and it doesn't
increases after infection

69) Answer is C.
- Detoxifying enzymes found in plants after exposure to the infection and decrease
their concentration after recovery.
-while tyloses remain in the plant (will not disappear)

70) Answer is C.
-Suberin is found in the Cork layer to isolate the plant areas exposed to cut or
tearing and that prevents the entry of the pathogen to the plant.

71) Answer is C.
-Due to the high amount of tyloses that are formed in the xylem vessels and
tracheids.

72) Answer is B.
-Because there are not many tyloses formed that indicate a new entry of the
pathogen.
-Z no entry of the pathogen at all, because there is no formation of tyloses.

73) Answer is C.
-Because the Receptors that are found in healthy and infected plants, recognize
the presence of the pathogen and activate the plant defenses.

74) Answer is A.
-The figure shows swelling of the cell wall which is a cellular immune structure
which is an induced (post infection) structural defense.

75) Answer is A.
-A is correct, because as shown, this substance wasn’t found before infection and
it is formed after infection.
-B, C and D are incorrect, as they were already found before infection.

76) Answer is A.
-A is correct, as it is the plant that didn’t respond (didn’t form tyloses) to the
infection.

77) Answer is C.
-Phenols and glycosides are toxic chemical compounds that kill pathogenic
organisms such as bacteria or inhibit their growth (prevent their germination and
reproduction).

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78) Answer is A.
-Labels:
A → Parenchyma
B → Collenchyma
C → Cutin on epidermal cells
D → Sclerenchyma
-Tyloses are over growths of adjacent living parenchymatous cells which protrude
into xylem vessels and tracheids through pits.

79) Answer is D.
-Labels:
X → Non-protein amino acids as they act as a protective substance for the plant.
Y → Receptors as they stimulate the immune system in the plant.
Z → Detoxifying enzymes as they invalidate the pathogens toxins toxicity.
-A is incorrect, as Z is an antimicrobial protein.
-B is incorrect, as X increases after infection and Z is formed after infection.
-C is incorrect, as X increases after infection and Z is formed after infection.
-D is correct, as X is a non-protein amino acid and Z is an antimicrobial protein
made of protein amino acids.

80) Answer is C.
-In figure A it shows a chemical substance formed only after infection, mostly
detoxifying enzymes.
-Figure B shows increasing receptors on cell membranes.

81) Answer is A.
-X → Present before and after infection and its role in the immune system is
stimulation, therefore X is the receptor
-Y → Absent before infection, but present after infection. Its role is detoxification.
Therefore, Y is antimicrobial proteins which react with toxins to change it into non-
toxic compounds.
-Z → Present before and after infection and its role in the immune system is
inhibition of the growth. Therefore, Z is glycosides which kill pathogenic organisms
such as bacteria or inhibit their growth.

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82) Answer is C.
-The pre-existent structural defenses are the first to be formed . When a pathogen
succeeds in the entry, it faces the induced structural defenses and the biochemical
immunity.
-Number of receptors increase after an infection, while formation of the cell wall is
a pre-existing structural defense. Therefore, A is excluded.
-Deposition of gum is an induced structural defense. While thickening by cutin is
from the pre-existing structural defenses. Therefore, B is excluded
-If the pathogen enters, it faces the swelling of the cell wall as a response to the
entry, then if it releases toxins, the plant produces detoxifying enzymes. Answer D
is excluded.
-The correct answer is C, as the thickening of the cell wall by lignin (pre-existing
structural defense) precedes the production of antimicrobial proteins (biochemical
immunity).

83) Answer is B.
-The spinal fig (‫ )التين الشوكي‬has a characteristic epidermis that
has numerous thorns emerging from it. Therefore, giving it
a characteristic resistance.
-Therefore, the correct answer is B.

84) Answer is D.
-As in the opposite figure structure (X) are thorns that
covered the epidermis to avoid being eaten by grazing animals.

85)
1-Answer is C.
-As (1): tyloses—> prevent the movement and spreading of pathogens to other
parts of the plant.
-As (3): hypersensitive response—> the plant (kills) gets rid of some tissues
(infected tissues) to prevent the pathogen from spreading to the surrounding
healthy tissues.
-As (6): surrounding the mycelium—>which attacks the plant with an insulator
cover, to prevent the transmission of the fungus from one cell to another.

2-Answer is B.
-As (2): Cork—> cork is formed to isolate the plant areas exposed to cut or tearing
and that prevents the entry of the pathogen to the plant.
-As (4): cellulose —> The cell wall represents the outer protection of the cells,
especially the epidermal layer ; which consists mainly of cellulose that prevents the
entry of pathogens.
-As (5): gums—>The infected plants by wounds or cuttings secrete the gum
around the locus (site) of infection to prevent the entry of microbes.

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3-Answer is A.
-As these substances are from the First line of defence to prevent pathogens from
entering and spreading inside the plant, so they are structural immunity (pre-
existing and induced).

86) Answer is C.
-As the Biochemical Immunity is the response of the plant to secrete chemical
compounds against the pathogens.

87) 1) Answer is C.
-Since the graph shows the concentration of Canavanine which is —> Induced
biochemical immunity —> which represents the second line of defense.
-B is wrong, as canavanine is not a protein, it is a non-protein amino acid.
-A & D are incorrect, because they indicates structural immunity.

87) 2) Answer is B.
-Stage (M)—> indicates its presence BEFORE infection because canavanine is one
of the antimicrobial chemicals which may be found in healthy plants (=before
infection) OR formed due to infection.

87) 3) Answer is E.
-Since Canavanine concentration is increased in (N) it means that the plant shifted
to the second line of defense due to failure of the first line of defense.
-A is correct, as if the plant can prevent the pathogens penetration using the first
bulwark (epidermal cells), canavanine concentration will not be increased.
-B is correct, as outer protection is the cell wall which represents failure of the first
line of defense.
-C is correct, as innate immunity includes the structural immunity and pathogens
succeeded in overcoming it.
-D is correct, as the plant FIRSTLY uses its first line of defense (Structural immunity)
THEN IF IT fails —> it uses the second line of defense (Biochemical immunity) to
get rid of this pathogen.

88) 1) Answer is C.
-(X, Y): Can be Canavanine and phenols as they may be present in healthy plant
(before infection) so they are present from Day (1) —> and their concentration
increases due to infection to work on eliminating the pathogens —> then after
they finish their they return gradually to their normal concentration —> that’s why
their concentration decreases after they finish AFTER DAY (7).
-(Z): Receptors —> Found before infection to recognize pathogens and their
concentration increases after infection —> to stimulate the innate immune system
BUT their concentration remains high AND does not return to NORMAL after DAY (7).
-(L): Detoxifying enzymes —> NOT present before infection that’s why their
concentration is zero from DAY 1 —> only induced due to infection —> they
appear on DAY (10).

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88) 2) Answer is A.
-As concentration of receptors increases AT DAY (3) because they recognized the
presence of pathogens.

88) 3) Answer is B.
-We will find that after DAY (7) phenols and canavanine concentration decreased
WHILE Receptors concentration is increased as THE pathogen show resistance by
producing TOXINS that’s why Detoxifying enzymes are secreted at DAY (7).

89) Answer is B.
-The red structure represents the fungus while the blue one represents the
insulator cover.
-In figure(B), it shows success in stopping the fungus by completely surrounding it
with an insulator cover AFTER its penetration to prevent its transmission from one
cell to another.
-A & C are incorrect, as they are not completely surrounding the fungus.
-D is incorrect, as the fungus has not penetrated yet.

90) Answer is C.
-In plant A, B and D the pathogen managed to invade the plant's outer barrier and
also spread inside the plant›s cells.
-In plant C the pathogen couldn't enter nor spread, so it's the most resistant to
pathogens.

91) 1) Answer is B.
Labels:
1→swelling of cell wall 2→tyloses
3→swelling of cell wall and tyloses 4→no penetration
-If an injury reaches the plant's vascular system, this will stimulate the formation of
tyloses, which can be seen in plant 2 and 3.
-A, C and D are incorrect for the reasons above.

91) 2) Answer is D.
-If the cutin is injured, and no pathogen reached the cell membrane, no receptors
will be activated so there will be no induced structural defence.
-A, B and C are incorrect for the reasons above.

92) Answer is C.
-Please watch Dr.Daif's HW explanation video .

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93) Answer is A.
-As Chitosan stimulates the immune response of potato, the Receptors also
recognize the presence of the pathogen and activate the plant defenses.
-B is incorrect because Cephalosporins include toxic chemical compounds to the
pathogens.
-C is incorrect because Inducible Post infection increases the strength of plant
defences after the infection to protect themselves from any new infection.
-D is incorrect because Detoxifying enzymes interact with the toxins produced by
the pathogens and stop their toxicity.

94) Answer is B.
-Please watch Dr. Daif’s HW explanation video.

95) Answer is B.
-cuticle layer because it is innate structural immunity that prevents accumulation
of water on the plant surface to prevent the growth of the bacteria, so it isn't
affected by the receptors because receptors stimulate plant defense after the entry
of the pathogen, while the cutin defense happened before the entrance of the
pathogen.

96) Answer is A.
-The non-protein amino acids such as canavanine and cephalosporins act as a
protective substance for the plant, they include toxic chemical compounds to the
pathogens.
-C and D are incorrect, as the question mentioned the word “protect the plant” so
we have to choose a substance that has toxic effect to the pathogen and also a
“protective” substance to the plant which is canavanine.

97) Answer is D.
-Labels:
(1) → upper epidermal cells (2) → palisade mesophyll
(3) → spongy mesophyll (4) → lower epidermal cells
-This question will be answered by excluding as the cutin is deposited on the
surface of the epidermal cells which are cells (1) and (4) so choices A, B and C will
be excluded.

98) Answer is C.
-As shown in the table that the water flow is not affected by the infection (the
second day after infection has more water flow than the time of infection). By
deducing, tylosis is not formed so choices A and B are excluded.
-After infection the number of receptors increases and stimulates the plant
immunity.
-As a response that the plant was subjected to a CUT so it will form cork or gums.
-D is wrong, as the waxy layer (cutin) is a pre-existing structural defense to protect
the plant so it will not be activated after infection.

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99) -Please watch Dr. Daif’s HW explanation video.

essay
1)
1-Epidermis. 2-Cell wall.
3-Cork formation 4-Gums deposition
5-Swelling of the epidermal cells during the penetration of the pathogen
(morphological changes) "cellular immune structue".

2)
1-Tylosis formation. 2-Hypersensitivity.
3- Surrounding the mycelium with an insulator cover (morphological changes)
"cellular immune structue".

3) The concentration of receptors that work on activating the innate immunity

increases and fatal chemical substances (for the bacteria) are produced (e.g.,
phenols and glycosides). Also, the plant produces detoxifying enzymes that react
with the bacterial toxins and deactivate their effect.

4)
1-Structural immunity that already exists in plants.
2-(1) Hairs. (2) Cutin. (3) Cell walls.

5) Both are similar in that they formed in the plant as a result of an infection
(induced immunity means).
- They differ in; gums are a structural mean of immunity, while detoxifying
enzymes are a biochemical mean of immunity + difference in their function.

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