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Learning Method

Case Processing Summary

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Learning Method N Percent N Percent N Percent
Time to Complete Control 30 100.0% 0 0.0% 30 100.0%
Instruction and Practice 30 100.0% 0 0.0% 30 100.0%
Instruction Only 30 100.0% 0 0.0% 30 100.0%

Descriptives
Learning Method Statistic Std. Error
Time to Complete Control Mean 21.43 .565
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 20.28
Mean
Upper Bound 22.59
5% Trimmed Mean 21.56
Median 22.00
Variance 9.564
Std. Deviation 3.093
Minimum 15
Maximum 26
Range 11
Interquartile Range 3
Skewness -.887 .427
Kurtosis -.021 .833
Instruction and Practice Mean 17.23 .544
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 16.12
Mean
Upper Bound 18.35

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 Descriptives
Learning Method Statistic Std. Error
5% Trimmed Mean 17.24
Median 17.00
Variance 8.875
Std. Deviation 2.979
Minimum 12
Maximum 22
Range 10
Interquartile Range 6
Skewness .126 .427
Kurtosis -1.143 .833
Instruction Only Mean 19.13 .573
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 17.96
Mean
Upper Bound 20.30
5% Trimmed Mean 19.04
Median 18.00
Variance 9.844
Std. Deviation 3.137
Minimum 14
Maximum 26
Range 12
Interquartile Range 5
Skewness .442 .427
Kurtosis -.580 .833

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 Tests of Normality
a
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Shapiro-Wilk
Learning Method Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Time to Complete Control .178 30 .017 .896 30 .007
*
Instruction and Practice .128 30 .200 .942 30 .103
Instruction Only .174 30 .021 .953 30 .197
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

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Time to Complete

Histograms

Histogram
for Method= Control

Mean = 21.43
Std. Dev. = 3.093
N = 30

Frequency
2

0
15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0

Time to Complete

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 Histogram
for Method= Instruction and Practice

6
Mean = 17.23
Std. Dev. = 2.979
N = 30

Frequency
2

0
12 14 16 18 20 22

Time to Complete

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 Histogram
for Method= Instruction Only

6
Mean = 19.13
Std. Dev. = 3.137
N = 30

Frequency
2

0
15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0

Time to Complete

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Normal Q-Q Plots

Normal Q-Q Plot of Time to Complete

for Method= Control

-1

Expected Normal
-2

-3

15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5

Observed Value

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 Normal Q-Q Plot of Time to Complete
for Method= Instruction and Practice

-1

Expected Normal
-2

-3

10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5

Observed Value

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 Normal Q-Q Plot of Time to Complete
for Method= Instruction Only

Expected Normal
-1

-2

15 20 25

Observed Value

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Detrended Normal Q-Q Plots

Detrended Normal Q-Q Plot of Time to Complete

for Method= Control

0.4

0.2

0.0000

-0.2

Dev from Normal

-0.4

-0.6

15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0

Observed Value

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 Detrended Normal Q-Q Plot of Time to Complete
for Method= Instruction and Practice

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0000

-0.1

Dev from Normal

-0.2

-0.3

12 14 16 18 20 22

Observed Value

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 Detrended Normal Q-Q Plot of Time to Complete
for Method= Instruction Only

0.4

0.2

0.0

Dev from Normal

-0.2

15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0

Observed Value

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 25.0

22.5

20.0

17.5

Time to Complete
30 28
15.0

12.5

Control Instruction and Practice Instruction Only

Learning Method

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Oneway

Descriptives
Time to Complete

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum
Control 30 21.43 3.093 .565 20.28 22.59 15 26
Instruction and Practice 30 17.23 2.979 .544 16.12 18.35 12 22
Instruction Only 30 19.13 3.137 .573 17.96 20.30 14 26
Total 90 19.27 3.493 .368 18.54 20.00 12 26

Tests of Homogeneity of Variances

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

Time to Complete Based on Mean .119 2 87 .888
Based on Median .125 2 87 .882
Based on Median and with .125 2 81.901 .882
adjusted df
Based on trimmed mean .123 2 87 .885

ANOVA
Time to Complete

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 265.400 2 132.700 14.076 <.001
Within Groups 820.200 87 9.428
Total 1085.600 89

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 a
ANOVA Effect Sizes
95% Confidence Interval
Point Estimate Lower Upper
Time to Complete Eta-squared .244 .094 .374
Epsilon-squared .227 .073 .359
Omega-squared Fixed-effect .225 .072 .357

Omega-squared Random- .127 .037 .217

effect
a. Eta-squared and Epsilon-squared are estimated based on the fixed-effect model.

Robust Tests of Equality of Means

Time to Complete
a
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
Welch 14.202 2 57.972 <.001
a. Asymptotically F distributed.

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Post Hoc Tests

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Time to Complete
Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval
(I) Learning Method (J) Learning Method (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
*
Tukey HSD Control Instruction and Practice 4.200 .793 <.001 2.31 6.09
*
Instruction Only 2.300 .793 .013 .41 4.19
*
Instruction and Practice Control -4.200 .793 <.001 -6.09 -2.31
*
Instruction Only -1.900 .793 .049 -3.79 -.01
*
Instruction Only Control -2.300 .793 .013 -4.19 -.41
*
Instruction and Practice 1.900 .793 .049 .01 3.79
*
Games-Howell Control Instruction and Practice 4.200 .784 <.001 2.31 6.09
*
Instruction Only 2.300 .804 .016 .37 4.23
*
Instruction and Practice Control -4.200 .784 <.001 -6.09 -2.31
Instruction Only -1.900 .790 .050 -3.80 .00
*
Instruction Only Control -2.300 .804 .016 -4.23 -.37
Instruction and Practice 1.900 .790 .050 .00 3.80
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

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Homogeneous Subsets

Time to Complete
Subset for alpha = 0.05
Learning Method N 1 2 3
a
Tukey HSD Instruction and Practice 30 17.23
Instruction Only 30 19.13
Control 30 21.43
Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 30.000.

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Means Plots

22

21

20

19

Mean of Time to Complete

18

17

Control Instruction and Practice Instruction Only

Learning Method

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