N1 Mathematics Lecturer Guide

MATHEMATICS
N1
Mathematics Lecturer Guide
Hands-On!
Jolandi Daniels & Maria Kropman
© Future Managers 2014
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ISBN 978-1-920671-99-0
First edition 2014
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Contents
Module 1 Exponents and logarithms

Answers to activities ....................................................................................... 1
Answers to summative assessment ............................................................. 12
Module 2 The four basic algebraic operations
Answers to activities ..................................................................................... 15
Module 3 Factorisation and fractions
Module 4 Equations, word problems and manipulation of technical formulae
Answers to summative assessment ............................................................. xx
Module 5 Algebraic graphs
Module 6 Triangles
Module 7 Trigonometry
Module 8 Mensuration and percentages
MODULE
1 Exponents and logarithms

Answers to activities
Activity 1.1
1. Expression Base Exponent of x Coeffient of x Power
a) –x4 x 4 –1 x4
b) x x 1 1 x
c) 2x–3 x –3 2 x–3
1 1 1
d) –3x− 4 x 4 –3 x− 4
e) 3ax a and x 1 3a a and x
f) – 12 a2x3 a and x 3 1 2
–2a a2 and x3
2. Expression Operation Answer

a) 27 2×2×2×2×2×2×2 128
b) 105 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 100 000
c) 17 1×1×1×1×1×1×1 1
d) (–1)5 (–1)(–1)(–1)(–1)(–1) –1
e) (–1)6 (–1)(–1)(–1)(–1)(–1)(–1) 1
f) (–2)3 (–2)(–2)(–2) –8
g) (3x)3 (3x)(3x)(3x) 27x3
h) (–2x)4 (–2x)(–2x)(–2x)(–2x) 16x4
i) (a2)3 (a2)(a2)(a2) a6
3. a) 33 b) 2a4 c) x2y3 d) 3xy
4. a) 42 b) 43 c) 4–2 d) 44
5. a) 3 b) x c) 2 d) –2
e) –7
6. a) 3 b) a; x and y c) –2 d) – 12 ay
e) constant f) coefficient g) 2
Activity 1.2
1. x3 × x4 = x7 2. a3 × a4 × a2 = a9 3. (a4)(a2) = a6
a6
4. a2n.b.a3n.b2 5. = a3 6. 34 ÷ 3 = 33
a3
= a5nb3 = 27
2 N1 Mathematics Lecturer Guide
6x 6
7. 3xy2 × 2x2y = 6x3y3 8. 333–2 = 3 9.
2x 2
= 3x4
2x 3 y 6
10. 4a10 × 3a–4 11. a3 × a5 ÷ a–2 12.
8xy 3
a8
= 12a6 = a−2 = 14 x2y3
= a10
a9 a9 48x10
13. = 14. (x2y3)(x3y3) = x5y6 15. = 8x16
a2 × a4 a6 6x −6
= a3
16. –3x3y × 2xy3 × –2x5y5
= 12x9y9
Activity 1.3
1. (a3)4 = a12 2. (23)2 = 26 = 64
3. (x2)4 × x6 = x8.x6 = x14 4. (–x)8 = x8
5. –(x)8 = –x8 6. (xy)3 = x3y3
7. (5d5)3 = 53d15 8. (3ab3)2 = 32a2b6
= 125d15 = 9a2b6
9. (a2)3.(a4)3 10. (–3x3y2z)3
= a6.a12 = –33x9y6z3
= a18 = –27x9y6z3
3 2 4 6 4
11. (x )2 .x4 = x .x8 12. (3x + 1)3 = 33x + 3
(x ) x
10
= xx 8
= x2
Activity 1.4
2
4 a4 2 a4
1. 1 ba 2 =
b4
2. 1 ab3 2 = b6
3x 2 3 33x 6 1
3. 1 2y 2 2 =
23 y 6
4. b–7 = b7
27x 6
= 8y 6
1 x −3 x −3 1
5. = 23 6.
x5
= x–3–5 or x5
= x 5.x 3
2−3
1
= 8 = x–8 = x8
1
= x8
Module 1 • Exponents and logarithms 3
a−4 b3 2 3 43a6b3
7.
b−3
= a4
8. 1 24xya b2 2 =
23x 3 y 6
= 64a6b3
8x 3 y 6
= 8a6b3
x 3y 6
–1
9. (b6)–5 = b–30 10. 1 43 2 = 4
3 or 1 13
= 130
b
2 x 2 y −1 x 2.x 3
11. 1 23a 2–2 = 1 2a3 2 12.
x −3 y 2
=
y 2.y
32 x5
= = y3
22a2
= 9
4a2
6 –3 2 3 3
13. 1 x2 2 = 1 x6 2 1
14. (2x)–3 = 1 2x 2
x6 1
= 63
= 23x 3
x6 1
= 216 = 8x 3
4−1 –2
15. 1 y −1 2
y –2
=142
2
= 1 4y 2
16
= y2
Activity 1.5
3
1. x3 = x 2. a2 = a
4
3. a16 = a8 4. 81x 4 = 4 34x 4
= 3x
32a15
5. 3 27x 3 y 9 = 3 33x 3 y 9
6. 5
a5
5
= 3xy3 = 32a10
= 5 25a10
= 2a2
7. a0 = 1 8. –(xy)0 = –1
9. 3a0 = 3 10. x3 × x2 × x0
= x5
11. (2a – b)0 = 1 12. 3(a – 3b)0 = 3
13. –4a0b2c3 = –4b2c3 14. –x0 = –1

0
15. (–x)0 = 1 16. 1 43 2 =1
0 a−2b0 1
17. x4 = 14 18. 32
= 9a2
Activity 1.6
3x 2 y 4 y2
1. 15x0 – 6y0 = 15 – 6 2. =
6x 4 y 2 2x 2
=9
(−3x 3)(2x 2 y)(6y 4) (a2b3)4 × (8ab−2)2
3. 4.
(9x 2 y)(2xy 3) 2a5 × 12a9b7
−36x 5 y 5 a8b12 × 82a2b−4
= 3 4 =
18x y 24a10 × b12
64a10b8
= –2x2y = 24a10b12
= 8 4
3b
x −5 2 –1 –1
5. 18x–8 ÷ 3x–2 × 2 6. 31 14 2 4 1
= 3 16 4
18x −8 x −5
= × 2 = 16
3x −2
= 18x 2 × 1
3x 8 2x 5
18x 2
=
6x13
3
= x11
x 6 y 4 –2 5 2 –2
7. [(–3x3)2]–2 = [32x6]–2 8. 1 3xy 2 2 = 1 x 3y 2
2 3 2
= 3 9x1 6 4 = 1 x5y 2 2
1 9
= 81x12
= x10 y 4
27x 7 y13
9. 3 64x 6 y 9 = 3 43x 6 y 9 10. 3
xy
= 3 27x 6 y12
= 4x2y3 = 3 33x 6 y12
= 3x2y4
x 2(a − b)2 x 2(a − b)2 (xy 3)2
11. 9 = 2 12. −2 × (x3y–2)3
3 x y
x(a − b) x 2y6 9 –6
= 3 = x −2 y × x y
= x4y5 × x9y–6
= x13y–1
x13
= y
4 6 4 2 6
81a6b
13. (−2x−)2 × 16−4x = 16x × −64 x 14. –(6a3)0 × 4
2x × 2x 4x 256a−2b5
16x 4 × 4x 3 34a8
= 4x −6
= –1 × 4
4 4b 4
64x 7 3a2
= 4x −6
= –1 × 4b
2
= 16x13 = – 34ab
3
20 27x 33 (−3x)3
15. 6(d 0e0)4 × 5 32a5 16. × 3x
a 3x 2
3 3 33
5 5 15 3x x3
= 6(1)4 × 2 a = 2 × −27
3 x
3x
3x11 −27x 3
= 6 × 2a3 = 3x 2 × 3x
= 12a3 = x9 × –9x2
= –9x11
10(x 3 y)2 2
17. [(–a)4]2 = [a4]2 5 × xy × y−418.
x
10x 6 y 2 2
= a8 = 5 × xy × y−4
x
10x 7 y 4
= 5x −4 y
= 2x11y3
5 2
19. 2(3xy4)3 × (3xy3)–2 20. a4b–3 × a b7 × a4b–2
ab
4 −3 5 2 4 −2
= 2(27x3y12) × 3–2x–2y–6 = a b × a b × a b
ab7
3 12 13 −3
54x y a b
= =
9x 2 y 6 ab7
12
a
= 6xy6 = b10
x 2 y 4 –2 3 4
21 (2x–3y2)4 × 1 3 2
22. 5ab0 × 3 27a b4
2xy 64b
xy –2 3 3
= 16x y × 2 = 5a × 3 a3
–12 8
1 2 3
4
2 2
= –12 8
16x y × xy = 5a × 41 2 3a
16y 8 2
= × x 24y 2 = 154a
x12
64 y 8
=
x14 y 2
64 y 6
=
x14
4 6 –1 4 6 3 –1
23. 1 aa−3bb7 2 = 1 a b 7.a
b
2 24. 2x10 + 7x10
7 –1
= 1 ab 2 = 9x10
= b
a7
= 32x10
= 3x5
6ab−2 –2
25. 1 18a−2c 2 26. (4an – 1)2
3 –2
= 1 a2 2 = 42a2(n – 1)
3b c
2 2
= 1 3b3c 2 = 16a2n – 2
a
= 9b 4c 2
a6
Activity 1.7
1. a) log10 100 = 2 b) log2 32 = 5 c) log3 81 = 4
d) logb a = y e) log10 0,001 = –3 f) loge 20,086 = 3
2. a) 52 = 25 b) 27 = 128 c) 103 = 1 000
1
d) 30 = 1 e) 1 000 = 10
3
f) e2 = 7,389
Activity 1.8
1. log3 27 = x 2. log2 x = 7
3x = 27 27 = x
3x = 33 ∴ x = 128
x=3
3. x = log10 10 4. logx 36 = 2
x
10 = 10 x2 = 36
1
∴ x = 1 x2 = 62
∴x=6
1
5. logx 4 = –2 6. log 0,001 = x
1
x–2 = 4 10x = 0,001
1 1
x–2 = 22
10x = 1 000
1
x–2 = 2–2 10x =
103
∴ x = 2 10x = 10–3
∴ x = –3
1
7. x = log3 81 8. log4 64 =x
1
3x = 81 4x = 64
3x = 34 4x = 4–3
∴ x = 4 ∴ x = –3
9. logx 25 = 2 10. x = log100 102
x2 = 25 100x = 102
x2 = 52 102x = 102
∴ x = 5 ∴ 2x = 2
x = 1
Activity 1.9
1. a) log 5 + log 8 b) log 600 – log 6
= log (5)(8) = log 600
6
= log 40 = log 100
= log 102
= 2log 10
=2
c) log2 16 + log2 32 d) log3 81 – log3 27
= log2 24 + log2 25 = log3 34 – log3 33
= 4 log2 2 + 5 log2 2 = 4 log3 3 – 3 log3 3
= 9 =4–3
=1
e) log x + log y + log z f) log x + log y – log z
xy
= log xyz = log z
g) log 6 + log 5 – log 3 h) log 8 – log 4 + log 2
= log 63.5 = log 8 + log 2 – log 4
30 8.2
= log 3 = log 4
16
= log 10 = log 4
= 1 = log 4
or
= log 22
= 2log 2
i) log 100 + log2 32 + loge e2 j) log 20 – log2 8 + log 5
= log 102 + log2 25 + loge e2 = log 20 + log 5 – log2 23
= 2log 10 + 5log2 2 + 2loge e = log (20)(5) – 3log2 2
= 2 + 5 + 2 = log 100 – 3
= 9 = log 102 – 3
= 2log 10 – 3
=2–3
= –1
k) log3 92 l) log 1 0002
= 2log3 32 = 2log 1 000
= 4log3 3 = 2log 103
= 4 = 6log 10
=6
m) log2 64 – 4loge e
1
= log2 26 – 4loge e 2
= 6log2 2 – 41 12 2loge e
= 6 – 2
= 4
n) log3 81 – 5log10 1 000 – 3loge e 3
= log3 34 – 5log10 103 –( 3)( 3)loge e
= 4log3 3 – 15log10 10 – 3loge e
= 4 – 15 – 3
= –14
o) log 50 – log2 32 + log 20 – log3 81
= log 50 + log 20 – log2 25 – log3 34
= log (50 × 20) – 5 – 4
= log 1 000 – 9
= 3log 10 – 9
= –6
4 log e e 4 × log 2 128
p) log2 1 8x6 2 q) log 10 000
= log2 8x4 – log2 6
4 × log 2 27
= log2 8 + log2 x4 – log2 6 = log 104
= log2 23 + 4log2 x – log2 6
4×7
= 3 + 4log2 x – log2 6 = 4
=7
r) (log3 81)(log2 16) s) log2 1 – 3log2 4 + log2 128 – log2 16
= (log3 34)(log2 24) = log2 20 – 3log2 22 + log2 27 – log2 24
= (4log3 3)(4log2 2) = 0log2 2 – 6log2 2 + 7log2 2 – 4log2 2
= (4)(4) =0–6+7–4
= 16 = –3
t) log8 64 + 12 loge e
1
= log8 82 – 12 loge e 2
= 2 log8 8 – 12 1 12 2 loge e
= 2 – 14
= 1 43
2. a) log a2bc b) log (a + b) = log (a + b)

= log a2 + log b + log c
= 2log a + log b + log c
c) log x2 d) log y
y4 1
= log x2 – log y4 = log y 2
= 2log x – 4log y = 12 log y
e) log a.x
1
= log a 2 + log x
= 12 log a + log x
f) log (x – y) = log (x – y)
g) log (xy) = log x + log y
xy
h) log z = log x + log y – log z
i) log ab
cd = log a + log b – (log c + log d)
= log a + log b – log c – log d
Activity 1.10
1. Let x = 1,4 × 26,2 2. Let x = 0,341 ÷ 2,3
log x = log 1,4 + log 26,2 log x = log 0,341 – log 2,3
= 0,146 + 1,418 = –0,829
= 1,564 ∴ x = 0,148
∴ x = 36,644
3. Let x = (1,23)5 4. Let x = 2,5 × 4,1 × 3,1
5
∴ log x = log (1,23) log x = log 2,5 + log 4,1 + log 3,1
= 5log 1,23 = 0,398 + 0,613 + 0,491
= 5(0,09) = 1,502
= 0,45 ∴ x = 31,769
∴ x = 2,818
1
5. Let x = (16,3) 5
1
∴ log x = log (16,3) 5
= 51 log (16,3)
= 0,242
∴ x = 1,747
6. Let x = 3,24 × 2,5 ÷ 1,123

∴ log x = log 3,24 + log 2,5 – log 1,123
= 0,511 + 0,398 – 0,05
= 0,859
∴ x = 7,228
1
7. x= 3, 14 × 0, 78 8. x = (25,12 × 12,3) 4
231
log x = log 3,14 + log 0,78 – log 231 log x = 14 log 25,12 + 1
4 log 12,3
= 0,497 + (–0,108) – 2,364 = 0,35 + 0,273
= –1,975 = 0,623
x = 0,011 x = 4,198
Activity 1.11
1. a) x = 315 × 0, 176
ln x = ln 315 + 12 ln 0,176
= 5,753 + (–0,869)
= 4,884
∴ x = 132,158
(4, 5)3
b) x= (0, 621)2
ln x = 3ln 4,5 – 2 ln 0,621
= 4,512 – (–0,953)
= 5,465
∴ x = 236,276
0, 36 × 4, 53
c) x= 3 0, 18
ln x = 12 ln 0,36
+ ln 4,53 – 13 ln 0,18
= –0,511 + 1,511 – (–0,572)
= 1,572
∴ x = 4,816
0, 48 × 3 0, 35
d) x= 0, 12 × 1, 3
ln x = ln 0,48 + 13 ln 0,35 – (ln 0,12 + ln 1,3)
= –0,734 + (–0,35) – (–2,12) – 0,262
= 0,774
∴ x = 2,168
1
e) x = (25,14 × 12,3) 4
ln x = 14 ln 25,14 + 14 ln 12,3
= 0,806 + 0,627
ln x = 1,433
∴ x = e1,433
= 4,191
2, 6e
2. a) x= 0, 54
ln x = ln 2,6 + ln e – 12 ln 0,54
= 0,956 + 1 – (–0,308)
= 2,264
∴ x = 9,621
4, 323 × 5 431, 62
b) x= 0, 381
ln x = 3 ln 4,32 + 51 ln 431,62 – ln 0,381
= 4,39 + 1,214 – (–0,965)
= 6,569
∴ x = 712,657
0, 4382 × 4 136, 415
c) x= 0, 326
ln x = 2 ln 0,438 + 14 ln 136,415 – ln 0,326
= –1,651 + 1,229 – (–1,121)
= 0,699
∴ x = 2,012
0, 2152 × 3 121, 3
d) x= 0, 2153 × 0, 416
ln x = 2 ln 0,215 + 13 ln 121,3 – [3 ln 0,215 + ln 0,416]
= –3,074 + 1,599 – [(–4,611) + (–0,877)]
= –3,074 + 1,599 + 4,611 + 0,877
= 4,013
∴ x = 55,313
Module 1: Summative assessment answers
Question 1
5 15
1.1 8(xy)0 × 3210x
x
5
25x15
= 8(1) ×
x10
2x 3
=8×
x10
16
= x7
(3)
1.2 (5a0 – 4a0)3

= (5 – 4)3
= 1 (2)
2 5
4x y
1.3 12x 4 y 2
y3
= 3x 2
(2)
1.4 9x8 × 2x2 ÷ 3x–5

18x10
= 3x −5
= 6x15(1)
−5
1.5 18x–9 ÷ 3x–3 × x2
18x −9 x −5
= 3x −3 × 2
6 −5
= x6
× x2
6x −5
=
2x 6
3
= (3)
x11
(x 2)4(xy)2(x 2 y)3
1.6 (x 3 y 3)2(xy)2
x 8.x 2 y 2. x 6 y 3
= x 6 y 6. x 2 y 2
x16 y 5
=
x8y8
x8
= y3
(4)
2 –3
1.7 31 12 2 4
–3
= 3 14 4
= 43
= 64 (3)
3
27x 36 (−3x)3
1.8 ×
3x −3 (3x 2)2
3 3 36
3x −27x 3
= 3x −3
× (3x 2)2
3x12 × (−27x 3)
= 3x −3 × 9x 4
−27x15
= 9x
= –3x14(5)
27a11
1.9 5b2(a2b4)0 × 3 125a2b6
33a9
= 5b2(1) × 3
53b6
3
= 5b2 × 53ba2
= 3a3(4)
81a9b 4
1.10 3ab0 × 4
256a
34a8b 4
= 3a × 4
44
3a2b
= 3a × 4
9a3b
= 4 (3)
[30]
Question 2
2.1 2.1.1 log3 81 = x
3x = 81
3x = 34
∴ x = 4 (2)
2.1.2 logx 125 = 3
x3 = 125
x3 = 53
∴ x = 5 (2)
2.2 2.2.1 log 20 – log3 9 + log 5 + log2 64
= log 20 – log3 32 + log 5 + log2 26
= log 20 + log 5 – 2log3 3 + 6log2 2
= log (20 × 5) – 2 + 6
= log 100 + 4
= log 102 + 4
=2log 10 + 4
=2+4
= 6 (4)
2.2.2 log3 81 – 4log10 1 000 – 5 loge e 5
= 4log3 3 – 4log10 103 – 5loge e

= 4 – 12 – 5
= –13 (4)
2.2.3 log2 1 – 3log2 8 + log2 128 – log2 16
= log2 20 – 3log2 23 + log2 27 – log2 24
=0–9+7–4
= –6 (4)
2.2.4 (log3 27)(log2 64)
= (3log3 3)(6log2 2)
= (3)(6)
= 18 (3)
3 5
2.3 x = 4, 31 0×, 241321, 14
log x = 3log 4,31 + 51 log 321,14 – log 0,241
= 1,903 + 0,501 – (–0,618)
= 3,022
∴ x = 1 051,962 (6)
e
2.4 2.4.1 x = 350, ,315
ln x = ln 5,3 + ln e – 13 ln 0,15
= 1,668 + 1 – (–0,632)
= 3,3
∴ x = 27,113 (5)
2.4.2 x = 0, 45 ×2 0, 35
0, 12 × 1, 5
1
ln x = ln 0,45 + 2 ln 0,35 – (2 ln 0,12 + ln 1,5)
1
= ln 0,45 + 2 ln 0,35 – 2 ln 0,12 – ln 1,5
= –0,799 + (–0,525) – (–4,241) – 0,405
= 2,512
∴ x = 12,33 (5)
[35]
Total [65]
MODULE
2 The four basic algebraic operations

Activity 2.1
1. 138,661 2. 6,659
3. 352 302,250 4. 94,326
5. 422,610 6. –185,376
7. –58 150,129 8. –2 075
9. –5,350 10. 3 747,807
Activity 2.2
1. 3 + (+2) 2. –4 + 6
=3+2 =2
=5
3. 28 – (–7) 4. 31 + (–9)
= 28 + 7 = 31 – 9
= 35 = 22
5. –14 – 19 6. –3 – (–12) + (–6)
= –33 = –3 + 12 – 6
=9–6
=3
7. 42 – (+11–5) + (–10) 8. –22 – 34 – –4
= 42 – (6) – 10 = –22 – 34 + 4
= 36 – 10 = –56 + 4
= 26 = –52
9. 63 + –5 + –7 – –4 10. – 8 + (–4) – (–6 – 3)
= 63 – 5 – 7 + 4 = –8 – 4 – (–9)
= 58 – 7 + 4 = –8 – 4 + 9
= 51 + 4 = –12 + 9
= 55 = –3
Activity 2.3
1. –5f + 14e – 3e + 10f
= (–5f + 10f ) + (14e – 3e) • Identify and group like terms
= 5f + 11e and add.
2. –14b – 7 + 9 – 3b
= (–14b – 3b) + (–7 + 9) • Identify and group like terms
= –17b + 2 and add.
3. 12x2 + 3x – 4x2 – 5x
= (12x2 – 4x2) + (3x – 5x) • Identify and group like terms
2
= 8x – 2x and add.
4. 7t – 3t2 – 3t – 6t2 + 4
= (7t – 3t) + (–3t2 – 6t2) + 4 • Identify and group like terms
2
= 4t – 9t + 4 and add.
2 2 2 2
5. –2ab – 4a b + 6ba – 3ab
= (–2ab2 – 3ab2) + (–4a2b + 6ba2) • Identify and group like terms
2 2
= –5ab + 2a b and add.
2 2
6. yxz – 4xyz + 3x yz – 2zxy
= (yxz – 4xyz) + 3x2yz – 2zxy2 • Identify and add like terms.
= –3xyz + 3x2yz – 2xy2z
7. –ab2 + 3a2b – 4b2a – 2ab2 – 3a2b
= (–ab2 – 4b2a – 2ab2) + (3a2b – 3a2b) • Identify and add like terms.
= –7ab2 + 0
= –7ab2
8. 4x2y + 2xy2 – 7x2y – 3x2y + xy2 – 2yx2
= (4x2y – 7x2y – 3x2y – 2yx2) + (2xy2 + xy2) • Identify and add like terms.
= –8x2y + 3xy2
9. –4x2y2 + 5x2y – 3xy2 – 7x2y – 2xy2 + 4x2y2 + xy2 – 10x2y
= (–4x2y2 + 4x2y2) + (5x2y – 7x2y – 10x2y) + (–3xy2 – 2xy2 + xy2)
= 0 – 12x2y – 4xy2
= –12x2y – 4xy2
10. –1 + 4x2yz – 3 – 7x2yz2 + x2y2z – 3x2yz – 2yx2z2 – 5
= (–1 – 3 – 5) + (4x2yz – 3x2yz) + (–7x2yz2 – 2yx2z2) + x2y2z
= –9 + x2yz – 9x2yz2 + x2y2z
Activity 2.4
1. 3 + (y – 4) 2. –2a + 2(–5 + 3a)
=3+y–4 = –2a – 10 + 6a
= –1 + y = 4a – 10
3. –4x – (x – 6) 4. –2 (3a – 2) – (4 + 3a)
= –4x – x + 6 = –6a + 4 – 4 – 3a
= –5x + 6 = –9a
5. a – 2b – c – (a – 2b + 3c) 6. 3x – [2y – (x + 3y) + y]
= a – 2b – c – a + 2b – 3c = 3x – [2y – x – 3y + y]
= –4c = 3x – [–x]
= 3x + x
= 4x
Module 2 • The four basic algebraic operations 17
7. 9 – 3[x – (3x + 2)] + 4 8. –y + 3{–1 –3[–3x(2) + 4] – 2}

= 9 – 3[x – 3x – 2] + 4 = –y + 3 {–1 – 3[–6x + 4] – 2}
= 9 – 3[–2x – 2] + 4 = –y + 3 {–1 + 18x – 12 – 2}
= 9 + 6x + 6 + 4 = –y + 3 {–15 + 18x}
= 19 + 6x = –y – 45 – 54x
9. 3 – {a – 2[a – (2a + 4)]} 10. 5 + 2 {[3 + (2x – 1) + x] – 2}
= 3 – {a – 2[a – 2a – 4]} = 5 + 2{[3 + 2x – 1 + x] – 2}
= 3 – {a – 2 [–a – 4]} = 5 + 2{3 + 2x – 1 + x – 2}
= 3 – {a + 2a + 8} = 5 + 2(3x)
= 3 – {3a + 8} = 5 + 6x
= 3 – 3a – 8
= –5 – 3a
11. 2 – 3{y – 3[4 – (2 + 2y – 1) + x]} 12. 2a + {3b – 4[a + 3(b – a – b)]}
= 2 – 3{y – 3.[4–(2 + 2y – 1) + x]} = 2a + {3b – 4[a + 3(b – a + b)]}
= 2 – 3{y – 3.[4 – (1 + 2y) + x]} = 2a + {3b – 4[a + 3(2b – a)]}
= 2 – 3{y – 3.[4 – 1 – 2y + x]} = 2a + {3b – 4[a + 6b – 3a]}
= 2 – 3{y – 3[3 – 2y + x]} = 2a + {3b – 4[–2a + 6b]}
= 2 – 3{y – 9 + 6y – 3x} = 2a + {3b + 8a – 24b}
= 2 – 3{7y – 9 – 3x} = 2a + {–21b + 8a}
= 2 – 21y + 27 + 9x = 2a + 21b – 8a
= 29 – 21y + 9x = 10a – 21b
Activity 2.5
1. 3a + 4b – 2c – (2a – 3b + 4c)
= 3a + 4b – 2c – 2a + 3b – 4c
= a + 7b – 6c
2. 2xy + 2x2 – 3y – (–xy – 3x2 + 2y)
= 2xy + 2x2 – 3y + xy + 3x2 – 2y
= 3xy + 5x2 – 5y
3. –12x2y – 11xy2 + 8xy – (16x2y – 8xy + 4xy2)
= –12x2y – 11xy2 + 8xy – 16x2y + 8xy – 4xy2
= –28x2y – 15xy2 + 16xy
4. –2a – b + 4 – (–4a + b)
= –2a – b + 4 + 4a – b
= 2a – 2b + 4
5. x – 2x2 – 2x3 – (5x2 – 3x3 + x)
= x – 2x2 – 2x3 – 5x2 + 3x3 – x
= –7x2 + x3
6. 7a3b – 10 – 15a2b2 – (–8a3b + 3a2b2 – 2)
= 7a3b – 10 – 15a2b2 + 8a3b – 3a2b2 + 2
= 15a3b – 8 – 18a2b2
7. 0 – (3x2 – 2xy – 4y2)

= 0 – 3x2 + 2xy + 4y2
= –3x2 + 2xy + 4y2
8. 5a – 6b
– +
3a – 4b
2a – 2b
9. –7a3b – 10a2b – 7ab
+ + –
–8a3b – 6a2b + 8ab
a3b – 4a2b – 15ab
10. 11x2 – 14xy – 6y2
– – –
9x2 + 3xy + 4y2
2x2 – 17xy – 10y2
Activity 2.6
1. 6a3b 2. –12x5
3. –10a2b2 4. 3a2 – 8a2 = –5a2
5. 21x5y4 6. –a5b2
7. –8x3y3 8. –5cb2a3 – 6cb2a3 = –11cb2a3
9. 3x + 2x2 + 4x2 = 3x + 6x2 10. 8a2 + 3a
Activity 2.7
1. 8(3 + 2y) 2. 7(–x + y)
= 24 + 16y = –7x + 7y
3. –7(–x + y) 4. –(3 + 2x)
= 7x – 7y = –3 – 2x
5. –(3 + 2x) 6. –(–3 – 2x)
= –3 + 2x = 3 + 2x
7. x(x + 1) 8. 15(x + y)
= x2 + x = 15x + 15y
9. 15(xy) 10 11(m + 3n)
= 15xy = 11m + 33n
11. –2(4a – 3b) 12. xy × 2xy – (4x2y2)
= –8a + 6b = 2x2y2 – 4x2y2
= –2x2y2
13. 4a(3b – 4c + a) 14. (6r – 2t)rt
= 12ab – 16ac + 4a2 = 6r2t – 2rt2
15. –3x(4x – 2y2) – (x2 – 3xy2)
= –12x2 + 6xy2 – x2 + 3xy2
= –13x2 + 9xy2
Activity 2.8
1. –x2(–2x + 3xy) 2. (2a + 3b)(6a + 2b)
= +2x3 – 3x3y = 2a(6a + 2b) + 3b(6a + 2b)
= 12a2 + 4ab + 18ab + 6b2
= 12a2 + 22ab + 6b2
3. (3x + 2y)(x – y) 4. (–x – a)(x + a)
= 3x(x – y) + 2y (x – y) = –x(x + a) – a(x + a)
= 3x2 – 3xy + 2xy – 2y2 = –x2 – xa – ax – a2
= 3x2 – xy + 2y2 = –x2 – 2ax – a2
5. (2a – 5b)2 6. (x + 2)(x2 – 2x + 3)
= (2a – 5b)(2a – 5b) = x(x2 – 2x + 3) + 2(x2 – 2x + 3)
= 2a(2a – 5b) – 5b(2a – 5b) = x3 – 2x2 + 3x + 2x2 – 4x + 6
= 4a2 – 10ab – 10ab + 25b2 = x3 – x + 6
= 4a2 – 20ab + 25b2
7. (x – y)(x2 +xy + y2) 8. (2a – 3)(4a2 – 2a – 1)
= x(x2 + xy + y2) – y(x2 + xy + y2) = 2a(4a2 – 2a – 1) – 3(4a2 – 2a – 1)
= x3 + x2y + xy2 – yx2 – xy2 – y3 = 8a3 – 4a2 – 2a – 12a2 + 6a + 3
= x3 – y3 = 8a3 – 16a2 + 4a + 3
9. (–3xy)(–2x + 4y – 2) 10. (3 – 2x)(1 – 3x + 2x2)
= –3xy(–2x + 4y – 2) = 3(1 – 3x + 2x2) – 2x(1 – 3x + 2x2)
= 6x2y – 12xy2 + 6xy = 3 – 9x + 6x2 – 2x + 6x2 – 4x3
= 3 – 11x + 12x2 – 4x3
11. (–3)(a + 2b) – (1 – a)2 12. (6b – c)(5b2 – bc + 2c2)
= –3(a + 2b) – (1 – a)(1 – a) = 6b(5b2 – bc + 2c2) – c(5b2 – bc + 2c2)
= –3a – 6b – [1(1 – a) – a (1 – a)] = 30b3 – 6b2c + 12bc2 – 5cb2
= –3a – 6b – [1 – a – a + a2] + bc2 – 2c3
= –3a – 6b – [1 – 2a + a2] = 30b3 – 11b2c + 13bc2 – 2c3
= –3a – 6b – 1 + 2a – a2
= –a – 6b – 1 – a2
Activity 2.9
4x 24xy
1. 2x = 2 2. 4x = 6y
−15ab3 7a2
3. 3ab 2
= –5b 4. =1
7a2
3 2
−144x y 6b 2c b
5. = –12xy 6. 12bc = 2
12x 2 y
3bc −2x 3
7.
−6bc 2
= −12c or – 2c1 8. −2x = x2
3a4 + 6a3 − 9a2 + 12a 3 2
9. 3 10. −16x + 44xx − x + 8
3a4 3 2
−16x 3 4x 2
= 3 + 6a3 – 9a3 + 12a
3 = 4x + 4x – x 8
4x + 4x
1 2
= a4 + 2a3 – 3a2 + 4a = –4x2 + x – 4 + x
Activity 2.10
1. x–3
x = 2 x2 − x − 6
x2 + 2x
–3x – 6
–3x – 6
2. 2x + 1
2x – 3 4x 2 − 4x − 3
4x2 – 6x
2x – 3
2x – 3
3. p2 + 7p + 9
p + 1 p3 + 8p 2 + 16p + 9
p3 + p2
7p2 + 16p
7p2 + 7p
9p + 9
9p + 9
4. –2y + 3
–2y – 1 4 y 2 − 4 y + 10
4y2 + 2y
–6y + 10
–6y – 3
13
∴ remainder is 13
5. 4q2 + q – 2
4q – 1 16q3 + 0q 2 − 9q − 2
16q3 – 4q2
4q2 – 9q
4q2 – 9q
–8q – 2
–8q + 2
–4
6. 2a + 3b
9a – b 18a 2 + 25ab − 3b 2
18a2 – 2ab
27ab – 3b2
27ab – 3b2
7. 4x + y
x + 3y 4x 2 + 13xy + 3y 2
4x2 + 12xy
xy + 3y2
xy + 3y2
8. 4a2 – 3a
a + 2 4 a 3 + 5a 2 − 6a + 2
4a3 + 8a2
–3a2 – 6a
–3a2 – 6a
2
9. x2 + 2x + 4
x – 2 x 3 + 0x 2 + 0x − 8
x3 – 2x2
2x2 + 0x
2x2 – 4x
4x – 8
4x – 8
10. a2 + ab – 2b2
3 2 2 3
2a + 2b 2a + 4a b − 2ab − 4b
2a3 + 2a2b
2a2b – 2ab2
2a2b + 2ab2
–4ab2 – 4b3
–4ab2 – 4b3
11. (3a – 2)(6a3 – 7a2 + 8a)

= 18a4 – 21a3 + 24a2 – 12a3 + 14a2 – 16a
= 18a4 – 33a3 + 38a2 – 16a
12. x2 – 2xy + y2
2x – 2y 2x 3 − 6x 2 y + 6xy 2 − 2y 3
2x3 – 2x2y
–4x2y + 6xy2
–4x2y + 6xy2
2xy2 – 2y3
2xy2 – 2y3

1. 12,747(1)
2. 2.1 3 and 1 (2)
2.2 coefficient (1)
2.3 x(1)
2.4 –7(1)
2.5 3(1)
3. 14x2y + 4xy2 – 5xy + 3xy – 7x2y – 8xy2

= 7x2y – 4xy2 – 2xy(3)
4. 14x2 – 10a + 7x
– + +
2
20x – 12a – 8x
–6x2 + 2a + 15x(3)
5. 3(x – y) – [4x + 2(x – y)]
= 3x – 3y – [4x + 2x – 2y]
= 3x – 3y – [6x – 2y]
= 3x – 3y – 6x + 2y
= –3x – y(4)
6. (m – 3)(m2 – 2m – 11)
= m(m2 – 2m – 11) – 3(m2 – 2m – 11)
= m3 – 2m2 – 11m – 3m2 + 6m + 33
= m3 – 5m2 – 5m + 33 (4)
2
7. 7.1 4x −2x2x + 8
2
= 42xx – 22xx + 2x
8
= 2x – 1 + x4 (3)
7.2 y2 + 9y – 3
y + 1 y 3 + 10 y 2 + 6 y − 3
y3 + y2
9y2 + 6y
9y2 + 9y
–3y – 3
–3y – 3
0 0 (6)
Total [30]
MODULE
3 Factorisation and fractions

Activity 3.1
1. a) 16 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 24
b) 98 = 2 98 c) 175 = 5 175
7 49 5 35
7 7 77
1 1
98 = 2 × 72 ∴ 175 = 52 × 7
d) 144xy2 = 2 144 e) 360a3b2 = 2 360

2 72 2 180
3 36 3 90
2 12 3 30
3 6 5 10
2 2 22
1 1
144xy2 = 24 × 32 × x × y2 360a3b2 = 23 × 32 × 5 × a3 × b2
2. a) 12: 2 × 2 × 3 b) 128: 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
14: 2 × 7 24: 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
16: 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 40: 2 × 2 × 2 × 5
HCF = 2 HCF : 2 × 2 × 2 = 23
=8
c) 32x3y3: 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x3 × y3
48x2y: 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × x2 × y
70xy: 2 × 5 × 7 × x × y
HCF = 2xy
d) 28a3b3: 2 × 2 × 7 × a3 × b3 e) 64x2y4z4: 26 × x2 × y4 × z4
49ab3: 7 × 7 × a2 × b3 81x2y3z2: 34 × x2 × y3 × z2
14a2b4: 2 × 7 × a2 × b4 25xy2z5: 52 × x × y2 × z5
HCF = 7 a2b3 HCF = xy2z2
f) 108mn2 = 2.2.3.3.3.mn2 g) (2xyz)2 = 2.2x2y2z2

80m2n2 = 2.2.2.2.5m2.n2 4xy2z2 = 2.2xy2z3
72mn = 2.2.2.3.3mn 8xz3 = 2.2.2xz3
HCF = 2.2.mn HCF = 2.2.xz2
= 4mn = 4xz2
Activity 3.2
1. a) 32 = 25
12 = 22 × 3
LCM = 25.3
= 96
b) 18 = 2 × 3 × 3
15 = 3 × 5
10 = 2 × 5
LCM = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
= 90
c) 24x2y = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × x2y
16x4y2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x4y2
6x3y4 = 2 × 3 × x3y4
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 2 × x4y4
= 48x4y4
d) 81abc = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × abc
12a2bc = 2 × 2 × 3 × a2bc
21ab2c = 3 × 7 × ab2c
LCM = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 7a2b2c
= 34.22. 7a2b2c
= 2 268a2b2c
e) 54x2y4z5 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × x2y4z5
48x4y5z2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × x4y5z2
63x5y2z3 = 3 × 3 × 7 × x5y2z3
LCM = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7x5y5z5
= 24 × 33 × 7 × x5y5z5
= 3 024 x5y5z5
f) 120p6q3r2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × p6q3r2
105p3q4r3 = 3 × 5 × 7 × p3q4r3
45p3q2r3 = 3 × 3 × 5 × p3q2r3
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 3 × p6q4r3
= 2 520 p6q4r3
Module 3 • Factorisation and fractions 25
2. a) 14x2y3z3 = 2 × 7 × x2y3z3
28x3y4z5 = 2 × 2 × 7 × x3y4z5
35x2y3z4 = 5 × 7 × x2y3z4
LCM = 2 × 7 × 2 × 5 × x3y4z5
= 140 x3y4z5
HCF = 7x2y3z3
b) 36a4b6c4 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × a4b6c4
64a2b4c3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × a2b4c3
49a4b3c = 7 × 7 × a4b3c
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7 × a4b6c4
= 26 × 32 × 72 × a4b6c4
= 28 224a4b6c4
HCF = a2b3c
c) 48x4y3z2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × x4y3z2
80x5y4z3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × x5y4z3
112x3y2z4 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × x3y2z4
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × x5y4z4
= 1 680 x5y4z4
HCF = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x3y2z2
= 16x3y2z2
d) 108x3y = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × x3y
72xy3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × xy3
90x3y3 = 2 × 5 × 3 × 3 × x3y3
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 5 × x3y3
= 1 080x3y3
HCF = 2 × 3 × 3 × x × y
= 18xy
e) 42p3q4r6 = 2 × 3 × 7 × p3q4r6
72p6q3r4 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × p6q3r4
81p2q2r3 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × p2q2r3
LCM = 2 × 3 × 7 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × p6q4r6
= 23 × 34 × 7 × p6q4r6
= 4 536p6q4r6
HCF = 3p2q2r3
Activity 3.3
1. c)
2. b)
3. a) 12xy – 6x = 6x(2y – 1)
b) 5a2 + 10b2 = 5(a2 + 2b2)
c) –4x2 – 8x = –4x(x + 2) or 4x(–x – 2)
d) –2xy – 4x – 8y = –2(xy + 2x + 4y) or 2(–xy – 2x – 4y)
e) –mn + mq = –m(n – q) or m(–n + q) or m(q – n)
4. a) 5xy – 15xz + 25xyz b) 2x2y – 14x3y2 + 12x4y3

= 5x(y – 3z + 3yz) = 2x2y(1 – 7xy + 6x2y2)
c) 54ab – 18ac – 90ad d) 24pqa – 36pq + 20pqb
= 18a(3b – c – 5d) = 4pq(6a – 9 + 5b)
e) x2(x – 1) + (x – 1) f) 2a(x – y) + 3x(x – y) – (x – y)
= (x – 1)(x2 + 1) = (x – y)(2a + 3x – 1)
g) 3x(x – y) + a(y – x) h) 5y(x – 1) + (–x + 1)
= 3x(x – y) – a(x – y) = 5y(x – 1) – (x – 1)
= (x – y)(3x – a) = (x – 1)(5y – 1)
i) 4a2(a – b) – 8b(a – b) j) (2x – 3y)2 – 2x + 3y
= (a – b)(4a2 – 8b) = (2x – 3y)2 – (2x – 3y)
= 4(a – b)(a2 – 2b) = (2x – 3y)(2x – 3y – 1)
2 3 1 2 1
k) 3x2(6y – 7) – 4x(7 – 6y) l) 3 x y – 3 x y – 3 xy
2
= 3x2(6y – 7) + 4x(6y – 7) = 13 xy(2x2 – x – y)

= (6y – 7)(3x2 + 4x)
= x(6y – 7)(3x + 4)
m) 2x – y + (2x – y)(2x – y) n) (m + n)(3a – 4b) + 4b – 3a
= (2x – y)(1 + 2x – y) = (m + n)(3a – 4b) + (–3a + 4b)
= (m + n)(3a – 4b) – (3a – 4b)
= (3a – 4b)(m + n – 1)
Activity 3.4
1. mp + pl + 2m + 2l 2. x + 8y – 8ay – ax
= (mp + pl) + (2m + 2l) = (x – ax) + (8y – 8ay)
= p(m + l) + 2(m + l) = x(1 – a) + 8y(1 – a)
= (m + l)(p + 2) = (1 – a)(x + 8y)
3. ms + 3mt2 – ns – 3nt2 4. ax – ay + b(–x + y)

= (ms – ns) + (3mt2 – 3nt2) = a(x – y) + b(–x + y)
= s(m – n) + 3t2 (m – n) = a(x – y) – b(x – y)
= (m – n)(s + 3t2) = (x – y)(a – b)
5. x3 – xy – 2x2 + 2y
= x(x2 – y) + 2(–x2 + y)
= x(x2 – y) – 2(x2 – y)
= (x2 – y) (x – 2)
6. 18x – 30y – 6px + 10py or 2[9x – 15y – 3px + 5py]
= (18x – 6px) + (–30y + 10py) = 2[(9x – 3px) + (–15y + 5py)]
= 6x(3 – p) + 10y(–3 + p) = 2[3x(3 – p) + 5y(–3 + p)]
= 6x(3 – p) – 10y(3 – p) = 2[3x(3 – p) – 5y(3 – p)]
= (3 – p)(6x – 10y) = 2[(3 – p)(3x – 5y)]
= 2(3 – p)(3x – 5y) = 2(3 – p)(3x – 5y)
7. 20a2b3 – 8ap2 – 6p2 + 15ab3 8. 3x + 12y – xt – 4yt
= (20a2b3 + 15ab3) + (–8ap2 – 6p2) = (3x + 12y) + (–xt – 4yt)
= 5ab3(4a + 3) + 2p2(–4a – 3) = 3(x + 4y) + t(–x – 4y)
= 5ab3(4a + 3) – 2p2(4a + 3) = 3(x + 4y) – t(x + 4y)
= (4a + 3)(5ab3 – 2p2) = (x + 4y)(3 – t)
9. 3ab – abc + 12a – 4ac or a[3b – bc + 12 – 4c]
= (3ab – abc) + (12a – 4ac) = a[(3b – bc) + (12 – 4c)]
= ab(3 – c) + 4a(3 – c) = a[b(3 – c) + 4(3 – c)]
= (3 – c)(ab + 4a) = a[(3 – c)(b + 4)]
= a(3 – c)(b + 4) = a(3 – c)(b + 4)
10. 8a2 + 20a – 2a – 5
= (8a2 + 20a) + (–2a – 5)
= 4a(2a + 5) – (2a + 5)
= (2a + 5)(4a – 1)
Activity 3.5
3x 2 y 4 y2 22a4b3c5 2a2c 4
1. = 4x 2. =
12x 3 y 2 11a2b 4c b
52.32 p 4q 3p 3 36x 3 y 5z 4 yz
3. = 52q 2
4. = 3
54.3pq3 27x 3 y 4
3p 3
=
25q 2
2 + 12x 2(1 + 6x) a2 + a a(a + 1)

5. 2 = 2 6. a = a
=a+1
= 1 + 6x
12x 2 y 4 − 8x 3 y 3 4x 2 y 3(3y − 2x) 6y 4 + 2y 2y(3y 3 + 1)

7.
6x 2 y 5
= 2 5 8. 2y = 2y
6x y
2(3y − 2x)
= 3y 2
= 3y3 + 1
5a2 − 20a + 35 5(a2 − 4a + 7) 18xyz − 27x 2 y 4z 9xyz(2 − 3xy 3)

9. 5 = 5 10. 81xyz = 81xyz
2 − 3xy 3
= a2 – 4a + 7 = 9
2
2 3
− 21ab 2c 3 3abc(2 − 7bc 2)
11. 21x − 287xx + 35x = 7x(3 − 74xx + 5x ) 12. 6abc63abc = 63abc
2 − 7bc 2
= 3 – 4x + 5x2 = 21
−7 p − 21 7(−p − 3) 2
13. 7 = 7 14. 8x−−2x2x = 2x(−42−x x)
4−x
= –p – 3 = −1
= –4 + x or x – 4
Activity 3.6
3 2 3 4 10
1. 4 × 5 2. 8 × 20 × 9
3 1
= 10 = 12
1 3 3 3
3. 8× 2 × 4 4. 4 ÷ 8
3 8
=3 = 4 × 3
=2
1 2 1 8
5. 6÷ 3 6. 3 × 4 ÷ 3
6 3 2 1 3
= 1 × 1 = 3 × 4 × 8
1
= 18 = 16
2 3 2 1 15 1
7. 7 ÷ 14 × 4 8. 1 2
5 8 ÷ 4
2 14 2
= 7 × 3 × 4 = 83 × 14
2
= 3 = 32 or 1 12
3a2 b2 2x 3 y 6a2 y a
9. b × 6a 10. × ×
a2 x2 8y 3
ab
= 2 or 12 ab = 3ax
2y
2xy xy 3 8a2b 2ac 3

3
11. 3z ÷ 12. 3 3 × 3 ÷ 5ca3
4z 2 10a b ac
3
2xy 4z 2 8a2b 3
= 3z × xy 3 = 10a3b3 × 2ac3 × 5ca3
ac
8z 8
= =
3y 2 b 2c
−6xy 6x 3 2 12x 3 4y 2
13. 2 × –7xy2 ×
−9x 3 yz 2
14. 1 63xy 2 ÷
3y 3 ×
3x 2
−6xy −7xy 2 6x 3 36x 2 3y 3
4y 2
= 2 × 1 × = 9y 2
× 3 × 3x 2
−9x 3 yz 2 12x
−14x 2 y 2 4y 3
= = 3x 3
z2
2 3
15. a 3 ÷ bc2 ÷ b 3c
bc a a
a2 a2 a3
= bc 3
× bc × b3c
a7
= b5c5
Activity 3.7
13x 3 + 39x 8 25m3 − 50m5
1. 2.
13x 3 25m3
13x 3(1 + 3x 5) 3 2
= = 25m (1 −32m )
13x 3 25m
= 1 + 3x5 = 1 – 2m2
56a5 − 7a4 12x 4 + 18x 2 + 15x − 9
3. 4. 3x 2
7a4
4
3(4x 4 + 6x 2 + 5x − 3)
= 7a (78aa4− 1) =
3x 2
4x 4 + 6x 2 + 5x − 3)
= 8a – 1 =
x2
9a2 − 3a 4a 7 p 2 − 21p3 2p − 6p2

5.
6a
× 12a − 4 6. 8p ÷ 16p
3a(3a − 1) 4a 7 p 2(1 − 3p) 16p
= 6a × 4(3a − 1) = 8p × 2p(1 − 3p)
a
= 2 = 7p
54x 2 − 162x 3 18x − 54x 2 ab − a2b 2 3 − 3ab

7. 7x ÷
63x 2
8. ab ÷ 21
54x 2(1 − 3x) 63x 2 ab(1 − ab) 21
= 7x × 18x(1 − 3x) = ab × ( − ab)
31
= 27x2 =7
9. 6x 2 − 2x ÷ 18x − 6
10.
36s + 4qr − 4qs − 36r
6x 6x s−r
2x(3x − 1) 6x (36s − 4qs) + (4qr − 36r)
= 6x × 6(3x − 1) = s−r
x 4s(9 − q) + 4r(q − 9)
= 3 = s−r
4s(9 − q) − 4r(9 − q)
= s−r
(9 − q)(4s − 4r)
= s−r
4(9 − q)(s − r)
= s−r
= 4(9 – q)
3k − m + 6kp − 2mp 1 + 2p 15x 2 − 3xy 5xy − y 2

11. m+6 ÷ 2m + 12 12. 4y ÷ 8y 2
(3k + 6kp) + (−m − 2mp) 2(m + 6) 3x(5x − y) 8y 2
= (m + 6) × 1 + 2p = 4y × y(5x − y)
3k(1 + 2p) + m(−1 − 2p) 2(m + 6)
= (m + 6)
× 1 + 2p = 6x
3k(1 + 2p) − m(1 + 2p) 2(m + 6)
= (m + 6)
× (1 + 2p)
(1 + 2p)(3k − m) 2(m + 6)
= (m + 6)
× (1 + 2p)
= 2(3k – m)
3 3
a4b3 12x 3 − 24x 2
13. −42a b +2 35
2 14 x 2 − 2x
−7a b
7a3b3(−6 + 5a) 12x 2(x − 2)
= −7a2b 2
= x(x − 2)
= ab(−6 + 5a) = 12x
−1
= –ab(–6 + 5a) or ab(6 – 5a)
2
15. a b(bb − 2) ÷ (ab – 2a)
a2b(b − 2) 1
= b × a(b − 2)
=a
Activity 3.8
3 1 3 1 2
1. 8 + 4 2. 8 – 4 + 3
3+ 2 9 − 6 + 16
= 8 = 24
5 19
= 8 = 24
5 2 3x 4y
3. x – x 4. y – x
5−2 3x 2 − 4 y 2
= x = xy
3
= x
x+2 x+3 2 5
5. 5 – 2 6. 2+ 3x – 2x 2
= 2(x + 2) − 5(x + 3)
= 12x 2 + 4x − 15
10 6x 2
2x + 4 − 5x − 15
= 10
−3x − 11
= 10
x−2 x+2 a + 1 – 2a − 1
7. 3x + 2x 8. 3b
4a2
2
= 2(x − 2) + 3(x + 2)
6x = 3b(a + 1) − 42a (2a − 1)
12a b
= 2x − 4 + 3x + 6
= 3ab + 3b − 8a3 + 4a2
6x 12a2b
5x + 2
= 6x
3y 2 2
9. 15x – 4x 10. 4x 2+ 1 – 3x
x
15x 3y 3(4x 2 + 1) − 2x
= 1 – 4x = 3x 2
60x − 3y 12x 2 + 3 − 2x
= 4x = 3x 2
11. x 4− 2 – 2(x3− 1) – 2x12− 5 12. 2x5− 1 – x15

−4
+ 23 (x + 3)
3(x − 2) − 8(x − 1) − (2x − 5) 3(2x − 1) − (x − 4) + 10(x + 3)
= 12 = 15
3x − 6 − 8x + 8 − 2x + 5 6x − 3 − x + 4 + 10x + 30
= 12 = 15
−7x + 7 15x + 31
= 12 = 15
3
13. 2a2−a b – 3 −22b + a4−ab 14. 6x 3−x 3x – (2x – 1)
a
2a(2a − b) − 4(3 − 2b) + a(a − b) 3x(2x 2 − 1) (2x − 1)
= = 3x
– 1
4a2
4a − 2ab − 12 + 8b + a2 − 2ab
2
= 4a2
= (2x2 – 1) – (2x – 1)
5a2 − 3ab − 13 + 8b
= 4a2
= 2x2 – 1 – 2x + 1
= 2x2 – 2x

1. 3 729
3 243
3 81
3 27
39
33
1
∴ 729 = 36(1)
2. 2.1 54x4y5z3 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × x4y5z3

63x2y4z5 = 3 × 3 × 7 × x2y4z5
24x5y2z3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × x5y2z3(3)
2.2 LCM = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 2 × 2 × x5y5z5
= 1 512x5y5z5(2)
2.3 HCF = 3x2y2z3(2)
3. 3.1 63xy – 56xz + 7xt
= 7x(9y – 8z + t)(2)
3.2 a – b – (a – b)(a – b)
= (a – b)[1 – (a – b)]
= (a – b)[1 –a + b](3)
3.3 6ax – 15bx + 10by – 4ay
= (6ax – 15bx) + (10by – 4ay)
= 3x(2a – 5b) + 2y(5b – 2a)
= 3x(2a – 5b) – 2y(2a – 5b)
= (2a – 5b)(3x – 2y)(4)
3.4 (4p – 3q)2 – 4p + 3q
= (4p – 3q)2 – (4p – 3q)
= (4p – 3q) (4p – 3q – 1) (3)
32x 2 y 3z 2 z
4. 4.1 64x 4 y 3z
= 2x 2
(2)
15x 4 − 18x 3 + 21x − 9

4.2 3x
3(5x 4 − 6x 3 + 7x − 3)
= 3x
5x 4 − 6x 3 + 7x − 3
= x (3)
14abc − 21a2bc
4.3
56a2b 2
= 7abc (2 − 3a)
56a2b 2
c(2 − 3a)
= 8ab (2)
18x 2 − 3x 5x
4.4 5x × 30x − 5
3x(6x − 1) 5x
= 5x × 5(6x − 1)
3x
= 5 (3)
8x 2 − 2x 20x − 5
4.5 4x ÷ 6x
2x(4x − 1) 6x
= 4x × 5(4x − 1)
3x
= 5 (4)
48m5n 2 − 24m2n 2
4.6
−12m2n2
24m2n 2(2m3 − 1)
=
−12m2n 2
= –2(2m3 – 1) (2)
3a − 5 4a − 2
4.7 9 – 6
2(3a − 5) − 3(4a − 2)
= 18
6a − 10 − 12a + 6
= 18
−6a − 4
= 18
−2(3a + 2)
= 18
−(3a + 2) −3a − 2
= 9 or 9 (5)
a −1 a+3 4 + a2
4.8 3a + 4a –
6a2
4a(a − 1) + 3a(a + 3) − 2(4 + a2)
=
12a2
= 4a2 − 4a + 3a2 + 9a − 8 − 2a2

12a2
2
5a + 5a − 8
= (5)
12a2
2 3x − 7
4.9 3 (3x – 2) – 6
2(3x − 2) 3x − 7
= 3 – 6
4(3x − 2) − (3x − 7)
= 6
12x − 8 − 3x + 7
= 6
9x − 1
= 6 (4)
Total [50]
MODULE
4 Equations, word problems and

manipulation of technical formulae
Activity 4.1
1. x – 7 = 14 2. 6 – x = 8
x = 14 + 7 –x = 8 – 6
x = 21 –x = 2
x = –2
b
3. 7y = 49 4. 4 = 13
49
y= 7 b = 13 ×4
= 7 = 52
5. 2a – 13 = 21 6. 1 – 13 y = 6
2a = 21 + 13 – 13 y = 6 – 1
2a = 34 – 13 y = 5
34
a= 2 y = 5 × –3
= 17 y = –15
7. –2x + 6 = 14 8. –2b + 7b = –15

–2x = 14 – 6 5b = –15
–2x = 8 b = −15
5
x = −82 = –3
= –4
9. 6a – 10 = 2a + 6 10. 3(y – 4) = y – 24
6a – 2a = 6 + 10 3y – 12 = y – 24
4a = 16 3y – y = –24 + 12
a = 16
4 2y = –12
= 4 y = −12
2
= –6
11. 2(2b – 1) – 3b = 4 – b 12. 2 – 3(a – 8) = 4(2 – a)

4b – 2 – 3b = 4 – b 2 – 3a + 24 = 8 – 4a
b–2=4–b –3a + 26 = 8 – 4a
b + b = 4 + 2 –3a + 4a = 8 – 26
2b = 6 a = –18
6
b= 2
=3
N1 Mathematics|The Easy Way! 35
13. 3(x – 3) – (4x – 5) + 2 = 9 14. 4 – x2 + 3 (2x – 1) = 12

x
3x – 9 – 4x + 5 + 2 = 9 4– 2 + 6x – 3 = 12
–x – 2 = 9 5 12 x + 1 = 12
–x = 9 + 2 5 12 x = 12 – 1
–x = 11 5 12 x = 11
11
x = –11 x= 5 12
=2
15. 3(2 – 2a) – 7(2 – a) = –(a + 4) + 3
6 – 6a – 14 + 7a = –a – 4 + 3
a – 8 = –a – 1
a + a = –1 + 8
2a = 7
a = 72
= 3 12
16. 2(b + 3) + b – 7b = 2(3b – 2) + 6 – 4b

2b + 6 + b – 7b = 6b – 4 + 6 – 4b
–4b + 6 = 2b + 2
–4b – 2b = 2 – 6
–6b = –4
b = −−46
2
= 3
Activity 4.2
1. Let the number be x.
Then x + 14 = 35
∴ x = 35 – 14
= 21
2. Let the brother be x years old.

Six years ago he was x – 6
∴x–6=9
= 15
He is now 15 years old.

4x – 2 = 26
4x = 28
x=7
36 Module 4 • Equations, word problems and manipulation of technical formulae
4. Let Thabo be x years old.

7x = 217
x = 31
Thabo is 31 years old.
5. Let the one number be x. Then the other number is 16 – x.

x – (16 – x) = 8
x – 16 + x = 8
2x = 8 + 16
2x = 24
x = 12
∴ The numbers are 12 and 4 respectively.
6. Let the price of a CD be x.

5x = R600 – R20
= R580
x = R116
The CDs cost R116 each.
7. Let the one number be x. Then the other number is 8x.

8x – x = 42
7x = 42
x=6
8. Let the son’s mass be x. Then the father’s mass is x + 35.

x + x + 35 = 121
2x + 35 = 121
2x = 86
x = 43
∴ The son’s mass is 43 kg and the father’s mass is 78 kg.
9. Let the length be x. Then the breadth is x – 3.

P = 2l + 2b
2x + 2(x – 3) = 46
2x + 2x – 6 = 46
4x – 6 = 46
4x = 52
x = 13 cm
The length is 13 cm and the breadth is 10 cm.
10. Let the numbers be x, x + 1 and x + 2 respectively.

x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) = 93
x + x + 1 + x + 2 = 93
3x + 3 = 93
3x = 90
x = 30
The numbers are 30, 31 and 32 respectively.
∴ The biggest number is 32.
11. Let the bread cost x. Then the milk will cost 2x.
∴ 2x + 3(2x) = R64
2x + 6x = R64
8x = R64
x = R8
The bread costs R8 and the milk costs R16.
12. Let the first odd number be x. Then the next odd number will be x + 2.
∴ x + x + 2 = 268
2x + 2 = 268
2x = 266
x = 133
13. Let the one number be x, and the other number 40 – x.

4(40 – x – x) = 64
160 – 8x = 64
–8x = 64 – 160 = – 96
x = −−96
8 = 12
14. Let the son be x years old. Zukile is x + 20 years old.

Four years ago his son was x – 4 years old. Then Zukile was x + 16 years old.
∴ x + 16 = 2(x – 4)
x + 16 = 2x – 8
x – 2x = –8 – 16
–x = –24
x = 24
The son is 24 and Zukile is 44 years old.
15. Let the number of adults be x. Then the number of children is 280 – x.
∴ 80x + 20(280 – x) = R17 000
80x + 5 600 – 20x = R17 000
60x = R17 000 – 5 600
60x = R11 400
x = 190
There were 190 adults and 90 children.
16. Let the number of bags containing 12 oranges be x.

∴ bags containing 11 oranges 30 – x
∴ number of oranges is 12x + 11(30 – x) = 337
12x + 330 – 11x = 337
x + 330 = 337
x=7
∴ 7 bags contained 12 oranges.
17. Let my brother be x, I am 3x and my sister is 3x + 4 years old.

∴ x + 3x + 3x + 4 = 46
7x + 4 = 46
7x = 42
x=6
∴ My brother is 6 years old, I am 18 and my sister is 22.
18. Let the speed be x.

After 4 h, the man has travelled 4x km.
Then the speed is x + 10.
So, for 3 h he travels 3(x + 10) = 3x + 30 km.
Distance: 4x + 3x + 30 = 660
7x + 30 = 660
7x = 630
x = 90 km/h
Activity 4.3
These are technical formulae. Students may recognise them and hence not always
put a ± in front of .
1. W = VI
VI = W
V = WI
d
2. t= s
ts = d
d
s= t
3. a – b = cd + e
cd + e = a – b
cd = a – b – e
a−b−e
d= c
4. A = 4πr2
4πr2 = A
A
r2 = 4π
r= A • Radius cannot be negative.
4π
5. A = 12 θr2
1 2
2 θr =A
θr2 = 2A
θ= 2A
r2
pl
6. R= a
pl
a =R
pl = Ra
Ra
l= p
7. a2 – b2 = c2
–b2 = c2 – a2
b2 = –c2 + a2
= a2 – c2
b = ± a2 − c 2
P
8. I= R
P
I2 = R
RI2 = P
P
R=
I2
9. A = π(R2 – r2)
A = πR2 – πr2
A + πr2 = πR2
πr2 = πR2 – A
πR 2 − A
r2 = π
r= πR 2 − A • Radius cannot be negative.

π
10. A = P(1 + in)

P(1 + in) = A
P + Pin = A
Pin = A – P
A−P
i= Pn
WV 2
11. T= g
WV 2
g =T
WV2 = Tg
Tg
V2 = W
Tg
V=± W
4
12. V= 3 πr3
4
3 πr3 = V
4πr3 = 3V
3V
r3 = 4π
r= 3 3V
4π
x+y
13. z =t
x + y = zt
x = zt – y
14. T = a + (n – 1)d
a + (n – 1)d = T
a + nd – d = T
nd = T – a + d
T−a+d
n= d
15. v = u + at
u + at = v
at = v – u
v −u
t= a
16. S = ut + 12 at2
ut + 12 at2 = S
1 2
2 at = S – ut
at2 = 2(S – ut)
2(S − ut)
a=
t2
17. A = πr h 2 + r 2
πr h 2 + r 2 = A
h2 + r 2 = A
πr
A 2
h2 + r2 = 1 πr 2
2
A
h2 + r2 = π 2r 2
A2
h2 = – r2
πr 2
h= A2
πr 2
− r2 • Height cannot be negative
18. T = 2π l
g
l
2π g =T
l T
g = 2π
l 2
g = 1 2Tπ 2
l T2
g =
4π 2
T 2g
l= 4π 2
n
19. S= 2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
n
2 [2a + (n – 1)d] = S
n[2a + (n – 1)d] = 2S
2an + n (n – 1)d = 2S
2an = 2S – n(n – 1)d
2S − n(n − 1)d
a= 2n
S (n − 1)d
or = n – 2
kL2
20. E= v(n − 1)
Ev(x – 1) = kL2
Evx – Ev = kL2
Evx = kL2 + Ev
x= kL2+ Ev
Ev
kL2
or = Ev +1
Activity 4.4
1. v = u + at
= 30,2 + (20,4)(14,7)
= 330,08
2. D=h+ x2
4h
(7, 28)2
= 9,42 + 4(9, 42)
= 10,827
V
3. I=
R + wL2
2
120
=
(5, 6)2 + (0, 2)(24)2
= 9,912
4. V = 13 πr2h
1 2
3 πr h =V
πr2h = 3V
3V
r2 = πh
r=± 3V
πh
=± 3(203, 45)
π(10,2)
= 4,364 • Radius is never negative.
5. a2 + b2 = c2
b2 = c2 – a2
b = ± c 2 − a2
= ± (12,51)2 − (8,42)2
= ±9,252
Accept 9,252. Students may think it is Pythagoras.
6. S = 12 gt2
1 2
2 gt =S
gt2 = 2S
2S
g= t2
2(706, 32)
=
122
= 9,81
V
7. I= R
RI = V
V
R= I
120
= 8,2
= 14,634
8. Pv = nRT
nRT = Pv
Pv
T= nR
(250)(14)
= (11)(27, 3)
= 11,655
9. WL = I2 − R 2
W2L2 = I2 – R2
W2L2 + R2 = I2
R2 = I2 – W2L2
= ± I2 − W 2L2
2 2 2
= ± (108,4) − (12,8) (3,5)
= ±98,709
10. A = 12 θr2
2A = θr2
θr2 = 2A
2A
r2 = θ
2A
r=± θ
2(128)
=± 2,7
= 9,737 • Radius is never negative.
11. S = ut + 12 at2
ut + 12 at2 = S
ut = S – 12 at2
S − 12 at 2
u= t
888,4 − 12 (6)(12,4)2
= 12,4
= 34,445
12. D=h+ x2
4h
x2
h+ 4h =D
x2
4h =D–h
x2 = 4h(D – h)
x = ± 4h(D − h)
= ± 4(11,3)(13,2 − 11,3)
= 9,267 • Chord is never negative.
l
13. T = 2π g
T l
2π = g
2 l
1 2πT 2 = g
T2 l
= g
4π 2
gT2 = 4π2l
4π 2l
g=
T2
4π 2(2 484,902)
= (100)2
= 9,81
14. A = 2πr[h – r]
A = 2πrh – 2πr2
2πrh – 2πr2 = A
2πrh = A + 2πr2
A + 2πr 2
h= 2πr
315 + 2π(4,2)2
= 2π(4,2)
= 16,137
Activity 4.5
1. 53 min. = 52
60 h
= 0,867 h
2. 0,15 h = 0,15 of 60 min.

= 0,15 × 60
= 9 min.
56
3. 56 s = 3 600
= 0,016 h
4. 14 min. = 14 × 60 s
= 840 s
5. 0,17 h = 0,17 × 60 min.

= 10,2 min.
0,2 min. = 0,2 × 60 s
= 12 sec
∴ 0,17 h = 10 min. 12 s
48
6. 8 h 48 min. = 8 60
= 8,8 h
7. 6,24 h = 6 h and 0,24 × 60 min.

= 6 h 14,4 min.
= 6 h 14 min. and 0,4 × 60 s
= 6 h 14 min. 24 s
8. 108 km/h = 108 ÷ 3,6

= 30 m/s
9. 0,5 m/s = 0,5 × 3,6 km/h

= 1,8 km/h
10. 10,68 m/s = 10,68 × 36

= 38,448 km/h
11. 364 km/h = 364 ÷ 3,6

= 101,111 m/s
12. Distance = speed × time

50
= 110 × 60
= 91,667 km
13. Time = distance

speed
1 024
= 95
= 10,779 h
= 10 h and 0,779 of 60 = 10 h 46,74 min.
= 10 h 46 min. and 0,74 of 60 s
= 10 h 46 min. 44,4 s
14. Speed = distance

time
104
= 3 h 15 min.
104
= 3 15
60
104
= 3,25
= 32 km/h
48
15. 48 min. = 60 h = 0,8
distance
Speed = time
52
= 0, 8
= 65 km/h
distance
Time = speed
364
= 65
= 5,6 h
= 5 h and 0,6 × 60 min.
= 5 h 36 min.
16. at 92 km/h
at 42 km/h
45
Distance father travelled after 45 min. (45 min. = 60 = 0,75 h)
Distance = speed × time
= 92 × 0,75
= 69 km
Distance son travelled: distance = speed × time
= 42 × 0,75
= 31,5 km
∴ They will be 69 + 31,5 = 100,5 km apart.
Activity 4.6
1. In 1 revolution the point travels the distance of the circumference
= 2πr
= 2 010,62 mm
In 15 revolutions = 2 010,62 × 15 mm
= 30 159,289 mm (without switching off calculator)
or = 30,159 m
2. Convert rotational frequency to rps. • 95 rpm = 95
60 rps = 1,583 rps
v = πDn • 230 mm = 0,23 m
= π(2 × 0,23) × 1,583 D = 2r
= 2,288 m/s = 2(0,23)
= 0,46 m
3. v = 90 km/h = 25 m/s • Divide by 3,6
= 2πrn
25 = 2π 0,27 n • 270 mm = 0,27 m;
25
n = 2π × 0,27 must be in the same unit.
= 14,737 rps
4. v = πDn
= π(500 mm) 150 (rpm)
= π × 0,5 m × 150 • 1 000 mm = 1 m
= 235,619 m/min.
distance
Time = speed
30
= 235,619
= 0,127 min. or 7,639 s
5. n = 400 rpm
v = 32 m/s
400
400 rpm = 1 min.
400
n= 60 rps = 6,667 rps
v = 32 m/s = πDn
32 = πDn
32
πn =D
32
π × 6,667 =D
1,528 m = D
distance
6. a) Time = speed
255
= 85
= 3 hours
v
b) n= πD • v = πDn
23,611
= π × 0,54 • 85 km/h = 23,611 m/s (÷ 3,6)
= 13,918 rps • 540 mm = 0,54 m
7. v = πDn • 680 mm = 0,68 m

880 r 880
= π × 0,68 × 14,667 • min = 60 = 14,667 rps
= 31,332 m/s
= 112,796 km/h
8. a) In one revolution the hoist rises the length of the circumference.

Circumference = πD
= π1,5
= 4,712 m
210
To move 210 m = 4,712 revolutions
= 44,563 revolutions
distance
b) v= speed
= 3210 m
min.
= 3210 m
× 60 s
= 1,167 m/s
distance
c) v = πDn v= speed
v 210 m
n = πD = 3 min.
70
= π × 1,5 = 70 m/min.
= 14,854 rpm
9. T1n1 = T2n2
250 × 15 = 140 × n2
250 × 15
140 = n2
26,768 m/s = n2
10. D1n1 = D2n2 • 600 mm = 0,6 m

0,6 × n1 = 0,4 × 320
0,4 × 320
n1 = 0,6
= 213,333 rpm

1. 7x – 3(–2 + 5x) = –6x + 18
7x + 6 – 15x = –6x + 8
–8x + 6 = –6x + 8
–8x + 6x = 8 – 6
–2x = 2
x = −22
= –1 (6)

5x + 36 = 71
5x = 71 – 36
5x = 35
x = 35
5
= 7 (3)
3. Let the son be x years old. Then the mother is 2x years old.
Ten years ago the son was x – 10 and the mother was 2x – 10 years old.
2x – 10 = 3(x – 10)
2x – 10 = 3x – 30
2x – 3x = –30 + 10
–x = –20
x = 20
The son is 20 and the mother is 40 years old. (4)
4. 16 m/s = 16 × 3,6 km/h

= 57,6 km/h (2)
5. Distance = speed × time

25
= 120 × 2 60 • Convert to hours
= 290 km (3)
6. v = 32 m/s
1 200
n = 1 200 rpm = 60 = 20 rps
v = πDn
V
D= πn
32
= π(20)
= 0,5093 m
= 50,93 cm (3)
distance
7. Speed = time
50 m
= 80 s
= 0,625 m/s
Distance = speed × time
= 0,625 × 4 × 60 • Convert to same unit: s
= 0,625 × 240
= 150 m (4)
8. T1n1 = T2n2
180 × 8 = 80 × n2
180 × 8
n2 = 80
= 18 rpm (2)
9. V = 13 πr2h
1 2
3 πr h =V
πr2h =3V
3V
h=
πr 2
3(34)
= π(5)2
= 1,299 (4)
l
10. T = 2π g
T l
2π = g
2 l
1 2πT 2 = g
T2 l
= g
4π 2
gT2 = 4π2l
4π 2l
g= (4)
T2
Total [35]
MODULE
5 Algebraic graphs
Activity 5.1
1. A(1; 0), B(–2; 2), C(0; 4), D(3; –3), E(0; –4), F(–2; 0), G(4; 3), H(–3; –2)
2.
y
(–2; 4)
4
3 (0; 3)
2 (5; 2)
(0; 1)
1 (1; 1)
(–4; 0) (0; 0) (2; 0)

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1 (0; –1) (3; –1)
–2
(–5; –3) –3 (3; –3)
–4
Activity 5.2
1. a) f(x) = 3x – 1
f(–2) = 3(–2) – 1 = –7 f(–1) = 3(–1) – 1 = –4
f(0) = 3(0) – 1 = –1 f(1) = 3(1) – 1 = 2
f(2) = 3(2) – 1 = 5
b) x –2 –1 0 1 2
y –7 –4 –1 2 5
c) (–2; –7), (–1; –4), (0; –1), (1; 2), 2; 5)
Module 5 • Algebraic graphs 53
x
2. a) y= 2 +3
f(x) = 12 x + 3
f(–3) = 12 (–3) + 3 = 1 12 | 1,5
f(–2) = 12 (–2) + 3 = 2
f(–1) = 12 (–1) + 3 = 2 12 | 2,5
f(0) = 12 (0) + 3 = 3
f(1) = 12 (1) + 3 = 3 12 | 3,5
f(2) = 12 (2) + 3 = 4
b) (–3; 1,5), (–2; 2), (–1; 2,5), (0; 3), (1; 3,5), (2; 4)
g(x) = 2x – 4
3.
a) g(–2) = 2(–2) – 4 b) g(0) = 2(0) – 4
= –8 = –4
c) g(a) = 2a – 4 d) g(–a) = 2(–a) – 4
= –2a – 4
4. a) y = –x – 3
f(x) = –x – 3
f(–1) = –(–1) – 3 = –2 f(0) = –(0) – 3 = –3
f(1) = –(1) – 3 = –4 f(2) = –(2) – 3 = –5
f(3) = –(3) – 3 = –6
x –1 0 1 2 3
y –2 –3 –4 –5 –6
5. y = 4x – 3
f(x) = 4x – 3
f(–2) = 4(–2) – 3 = –11 f(–1) = 4(–1) – 3 = –7
f(0) = 4(0) – 3 = –3 f(1) = 4(1) – 3 = 1
f(2) = 4(2) – 3 = 5
x –2 –1 0 1 2
y –11 –7 –3 1 5
6. a) xy = 6
∴ y = x6
f(x) = x6
6 6
f(–2,5) = −2, 5 = –2,4 f(–2) = −2 = –3
f(–1) = −61 = –6 f(1) = 6
1 =6
6 6
f(2) = 2 = 3 f(2,5) = 2,5 = 2,4
b) x –2,5 –2 –1 1 2 2,5
y –2,4 –3 –6 6 3 2,4
c) (–2,5; –2,4), (–2; –3), (–1; –6), (1; 6), (2; 3), (2,5; 2,4)
7. a) y= −2
x
f(x) = −2
x
f(–2) = −−22 = 1 −2
f(–1) =
−1 = 2
−2
f(0,5) = 0, 5 = –4 f(2) = −2 2 = –1
1
f(5) = −2 5 f(6) = −2 6 = –3
b) (–2; 1), (–1; 2), (0,5; –4), (2; –1), (5; – 52 ), (6; – 13 )
Activity 5.3
Equation y-form Gradient y-intercept
1 y = –2x + 4 y = –2x + 4 –2 4
2 2y = 6x + 8 y = 3x +4 3 4
3 3y + 2x – 6 = 0 3y = –2x + 6
∴ y = – 23 x + 2 – 23 2
4 y – 2x = 0 y = 2x 2 0
5 y+3=0 y = –3 0 –3
6 4y – 3 – 7x = 0 4y = 7x + 3
∴ y = 74 x + 43 7
4 or 1 43 3
4
1 1
7 3x + 4 y=2 4 y = –3x + 2
y = –12x + 8 –12 8
8 –x = y – 3 y = –x + 3 –1 3
y 3 y 3
– 2x – =0 2 = 2x + 2
9
2 2
y = 4x + 3 4 3
10 x y 2 x–y=2
3 – 3 = 3
y=x–2 1 –2
11 4x = –2y + 8 2y = –4x + 8
y = –2x + 4 –2 4
12 – y = 12 x 1
2
0
13 – y = –5x – 3 –5 –3
14 – y=4 0 4
15 – y = 2x – 1
3 2 – 13
Activity 5.4
1. f(x) = –3x + 1
f(–3) = –3(–3) + 1 = 10 f(–2) = –3(–2) + 1 = 7
f(–1) = –3(–1) + 1 = 4 f(0) = –3(0) + 1 = 1
f(1) = –3(1) + 1 = –2 f(2) = –3(2) + 1 = –5
f(3) = –3(3) + 1 = –8
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y 10 7 4 1 –2 –5 –8
2. a) f(x) = 2x – 4 y
f(–2) = 2(–2) – 4 2
4
–
2x
= –8
y=
f(–1) = 2(–1) – 4 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
= –6
f(0) = 2(0) – 4 –2
= –4
–4
f(1) = 2(1) – 4
= –2
–6
f(2) = 2(2) – 4
=0 –8
f(3) = 2(3) – 4
=2 –10
b) m=2
c) c = –4
d) (0; –4)
e) x=2
f) (2; 0)
3. a) 6x – 2y = 2 y
–2y = –6x + 2 5
y = 3x – 1
f(x) = 3x – 1 4
x–1
f(–2) = 3(–2) – 1
y=3
= –7 3
f(–1) = 3(–1) – 1
2
= –4
f(0) = 3(0) – 1
1
= –1
f(1) = 3(1) – 1
=2 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
f(2) = 3(2) – 1
–1
=5
b) m=3 –2
c) c = –1
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
4. a) y

12
10
8
y=
–2
x
6
+
8
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–2
f(x) = –2x + 8
f(–2) = –2(–2) + 8 = 12
f(–1) = –2(–1) + 8 = 10
f(0) = –2(0) + 8 = 8
f(1) = –2(1) + 8 = 6
f(2) = –2(2) + 8 = 4
b) negative
c) c=8
5. a) y
3
f(x) = 2x + 2
2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
g(x) = –2x + 2
–1
b) Same y-intercept: c = 2
c) The gradients are the same but have opposite signs.
6. a) y
5
+2
–1
= 3x
= 3x
4
g(x)
f(x)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
–2
–3
–4
b) y-intercept of f(x) = –1 and of g(x) = 2

c) Different y-intercepts
d) Gradient of f(x) = 3 and of g(x) = 3
e) Gradients are the same and the lines are parallel.
7. f(x) = 23 x – 1
f(3) = 23 (3) – 1 = 1 f(6) = 23 (6) – 1 = 3
f(9) = 23 (9) – 1 = 5
y f(x)
5
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
–1
8. a) y
3
x=0
x=3
x
y=
2
y=
–x
y=0
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
y = –2
–2
–3
b) Straight-line graph m c
x=3 ∞ none
y = –2 0 –2
y=x 1 0
y = –x –1 0
9. f(x) = x + 2
f(–2) = –2 + 2 = 0
f(–1) = –1 + 2 = 1
f(0) = 0 + 2 = 2
f(1) = 1 + 2 = 3
f(2) = 2 + 2 = 4
x –2 –1 0 1 2
y 0 1 2 3 4
y
4
2
x+
3
y=
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
Activity 5.5
1. a) m = 5; c = 5
b) m = –2; c = –6
c) m = 2; c = 4
d) m = 43 ; c = 0
e) m = 0; c = 2
f) m = –2; c = 4
y 2 − y1 y 2 − y1
2. m= x 2 − x1 3. m= x 2 − x1
−2 − 1 −3 − 3
= −4 − 3 = 1 − (−2)
−3 −6
= −7 = 3
3
= 7 = –2
4. a) m = 42 = 2
b) c=4
c) x = –2
d) straight-line graph
e) y = 2x + 4
5. a) x=2
b) c=4
c) m = – 42 = –2
d) y = –2x + 4
Activity 5.6
1. a) Rectangular hyperbola
b) Quadrants 1 and 3
c) no y-intercept
2. a) f(x) = – x4 y
4
f(–4) = −−44 = 1
f(–3) = −−43 3
4
= 3 2
= 1 13
1
f(–2) = −−42 = 2
f(–1) = −−41 = 4 0 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
f(0) = −4
0 –1
= undefined
−4
y= x
f(1) = −4
1 = –4
–2
f(2) = −4
2 = –2 –3
1
f(3) = −4
3 = –1 3
–4
f(4) = −4
4 = –1
x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 1 1 13 2 4 undefined –4 –2 –1 13 –1
b) Rectangular hyperbola
c) No y-intercept
d) Quadrants 2 and 4
3
y
3. a) f(x) = x 1
3
f(–0,25) = −0, 25
= –12 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 x
3
f(–0,5) = −0, 5 –1
= –6
–2
f(–1) = −31 3
f(x) = x
= –3 –3
3
f(–1,5) = −1, 5
–4
= –2
f(–2) = −32 –5
= –1 12
–6
f(–3) = −33
= –1 –7
f(–4) = −34
–8
= – 43
–9
b) Quadrant 3
–10
–11
–12
4. xy = –1
y
y = – x1
1
f(x) = – x1
f(0,25) = – 0,125 = –4 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
f(0,5) = – 01, 5 = –2
–1
f(1) = – 11 = –1 xy = –1
f(1,5) = – 11, 5 = – 23 –2
f(2) = – 12 –3
f(3) = – 13
–4
f(4) = – 14
x 0,25 0,5 1 1,5 2 3 4
y –4 –2 –1 – 23 – 12 – 13 – 14
5. a) y = 2x + 1 b) Rectangular hyperbola
c) Positive d) m=2
e) 1 f) Second and fourth
6. a) – 43 b) y-intercept = 4
c) x-intercept = 3 d) y = – 43 x + 4
e) straight line f) Rectangular hyperbola
g) Second y
9
9
7. a) x= y
∴ xy = 9 8
9
∴ y = x
9 7
f(x) = x y = x9
f(–4) = −94 6
= –2 14
f(–3) = −93 5
= –3
4
f(–2) = −92
= –4 12 3
f(–1) = −91
2
= –9
f(1) = 19 1
=9
f(2) = 92 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
= 4 12
–1
f(3) = 93
=3 –2
9
f(4) = 4
–3
= 2 14
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8
–9
x –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
y –2 14 –3 –4 12 –9 9 4 12 3 2 14
Activity 5.7
1. a) Directly proportional
b) Inversely proportional
c) Inversely proportional
d) Directly proportional
e) Directly proportional
f) Inversely proportional
2. a) Rectangular hyperbola
b) Second and fourth
c) No y-intercept
d) Inversely proportional
3. a) y = – 12 x + 3
b) Negative
c) – 12
d) Rectangular hyperbola
e) 1st and 3rd
f) y-intercept: 3
g) y = – 12 x + 3
6
h) y= x
Question 1
1.1 Equation y-form Gradient y-intercept
(m) (c)
1.1.1 3y = –6x + 9 y = –2x + 3 –2 3
1.1.2 –y + 2x – 5 = 0 y = 2x – 5 2 –5
1.1.3 y – 3x = 0 y = 3x 3 0
y 2
1.1.4 3 – 2x – 3 = 0 y = 6x + 2 6 2
(12)
1.2 y = 3x – 1 y
f(–2) = 3(–2) – 1 = –7 5
f(–1) = 3(–1) – 1 = –4
f(0) = 3(0) – 1 = –1 4
x–1
f(1) = 3(1) – 1 = 2
y=3
f(2) = 3(2) – 1 = 5 3
x –2 –1 0 1 2 2
y –7 –4 –1 2 5
1
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
(6)
–7
1.3 1.3.1 Rectangular hyperbola (1)

1.3.2 (1; –4) or (4; –1) or (–2; 2) or (2; –2), and so on (2)
1.3.3 No y-intercept(1)
1.3.4 Second and fourth (1)
Question 2
2.1 m = 32 (2)
2.2 (0; 3) (1)
2.3 x = –2 (1)
2.4 y = 32 x + 3 (2)
2.5 Straight-line graph (1)
2.6 Rectangular hyperbola (1)
2.7 Third(1)
2.9 Rectangular hyperbola (1)
Question 3
xy = 2
2 y
y= x 2
2 xy = 2
f(x) = x
2
f(–4) = −4
= – 12
1
f(–3) = −23
= – 23
f(–2) = −22
= –1 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
2
f(–1) = −1
= –2
2 –1
f(1) = 1
=2
2
f(2) = 2
= 1 –2
f(3) = 23
f(4) = 42
= 12 (5)
x –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
y – 12 – 23 –1 –2 2 1 2
3
1
2
Question 4
y
4.1 4.1.1 19
19
4.1.2 –3
4.1.3 7 18
4.1.4 3
4.1.5 1 16
4.1.6 3
4.1.7 –13 14
12
10

6
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–2
–4
y=
–4x
–6
+3
–8
–10
–12
–14
(9)
Total [50]
MODULE
6 Triangles
Activity 6.1
1. a) Right angle b) Acute angle
c) Reflex angle d) Obtuse angle
e) Acute angle f) Supplementary angle
g) Opposite angles h) Complementary angles
i) Obtuse angle j) Revolution
k) Acute angle l) Reflex angle
2. a) x + 80° = 180° • Supplementary angles/adjacent

x = 180° – 80° angles on a straight line add
∴ x = 100° up to 180°
b) x + 110° = 360° • Revolution
x = 360° – 110°
∴ x = 250°
c) ∴ x = 50° • Opposite angles
d) x + 30° = 90° • Right angle/complementary angles
x = 90° – 30°
x = 60°
e) x + 70° = 180° • Supplementary angles
∴ x = 180° – 70°
x = 110°
f) x + 38° + 50° = 180° • Supplementary angles
x = 180° – 88°
∴ x = 92°
g) 2x + 3x + x = 180° • Supplementary angles
6x = 180°
∴ x = 30°
h) x + 110° = 180° • Supplementary angles
x = 180° – 110°
∴ x = 70°
Activity 6.2
Obtuse-angled
Right-angled
Equilateral
Isosceles
triangle
triangle
triangle
triangle
triangle
Scalene
Description
One angle is 90° 3
Two sides are equal 3
Three sides are equal 3
Three angles are equal 3
No sides are equal 3
Two angles are equal 3
All angles are different sizes 3
One angle is greater than 90° 3
Activity 6.3
1. a) x + 10° + 70° = 180° • The sum of the interior angles
x = 180° – 80° of a triangle= 180°
∴ x = 100°
b) x + 90° + 40° = 180° • The sum of the interior angles
x = 180° – 130° of a triangle = 180°
∴ x = 50°
c) x + 30° + 95° = 180° • The sum of the interior angles
x = 180° – 125° of a triangle = 180°
∴ x = 55°
d) x + 83° = 180° • Supplementary angles
x = 180° – 83°
∴ x = 97°
e) 35° + 70° + AĈB = 180° • The sum of the interior angle
AĈB = 180° – 105° of a triangle = 180°
∴ AĈB = 75°
∴ x = 180° – 75°
= 105° • Supplementary angles
f) AĈB = x • Isosceles 3ABC; AB = AC
∴ x + x + 70° = 180° • The sum of the interior angle
2x = 180° – 70° of a triangle = 180°
2x = 110°
∴ x = 55°
Module 6 • Triangles 69
g) 3x + 2x + 5x = 180° • The sum of the interior angle

10x = 180° of a triangle = 180°
∴ x = 18°
h) AĈB = 180° – 110° • Supplementary angles

∴ AĈB = 70°
AB̂C + 70° + 70° = 180° • The sum of the interior angle
AB̂C = 180° – 140° of a triangle = 180°
∴ AB̂C = 40°
∴ AB̂C + x = 180° • Supplementary angles
40° + x = 180°
x = 180° – 40°
x = 140°
i) 75° + x + 55° = 180° • Supplementary angles

x = 180° – 75° – 55°
∴ x = 50°
j) AĈB = 85° • • Isosceles 3ABC
∴ x = 85° • • Opposite angles
2. a) x = y = z = 60° • Equilateral triangle

• All the sides and angles are equal
so, each angle = 60°
b) x = 35° • Isosceles triangle
x + y + 35° = 180° • The sum of the interior angles
35° + y + 35° = 180° of a triangle = 180°
y = 180° – 70°
∴ y = 110°
c) x = 50° • Opposite angles
50° + y = 180° • Supplementary angles
∴ y = 130°
z = 130° • Opposite angles
d) y = 80° • Isosceles triangle
x + 80° + 80° = 180° of a triangle = 180°
x = 180° – 160°
∴ x = 20°
z + y = 180° • Supplementary angles
z + 80° = 180°
∴ z = 100°
e) x + 80° = 180° • Supplementary angles

x = 100°
80° + y + z = 180° • The sum of the interior angles
y + z = 180° – 80° of a triangle = 180°
y + z = 100°
y = z • Isosceles triangle
∴ y = 50° • y + z = 100°
and z = 50° • 50° + 50° = 100° ∴ y = z
f) x = 50° • Opposite angles
z + x = 180° • Supplementary angles
z + 50° = 180°
∴ z = 130°
of a triangle = 180°
50° + y + 40° = 180°
y = 180° – 90°
y = 90°
g) ∠ADB = 180° – 105° • Supplementary angles
∴ ∠ADB = 75°
x = 75° • Isosceles 3ABD; AD = AB
3. ∠ACB = 80° • Isosceles 3ABC

∠ACB + ∠ACD = 180° • Supplementary angles
80° + ∠ACD = 180°
∠ACD = 100°
4. a) ∠ADB = 90° • ∠ADC = 90°; supplementary angles

b) ∠BAD + ∠ADB + ∠ABD = 180° • The sum of the interior angles
40° + 90° + ∠ABD = 180° of a triangle is equal to 180°
∠ABD = 50°
c) ∠ACD = 50° • Isosceles 3ABC
5. ∠ACB + 153° = 180° • Supplementary angles

∠ACB = 180° – 153°
∴ ∠ACB = 27°
∠BAC = 27° • Isosceles 3ABC
∠ABC = 27° + 27° • The sum of the interior angles of
= 180° a triangle is equal to 180°
∴ ∠ABC = 180° – 54°
= 126°
6. a) Isosceles triangle
b) ∠EBA + y = 90° • Right angle
25° + y = 90°
y = 65°
c) z = 65° • Isosceles 3ABC
d) x + y + z = 180° • The sum of the interior angles
x + 65° + 65° = 180° of a triangle = 180°
x = 50°
e) z + w = 180° • Supplementary angles
65° + w = 180°
w = 115°
Activity 6.4
1. a) x = 40° + 32° • Exterior angle of a triangle
x = 72° = sum of the opposite interior angle
b) 160° = x + 55° • Exterior angle of a triangle
x = 160° – 55° = sum of the opposite interior angle
x = 105°
c) 120° = x + 50° • Exterior angle of a triangle
x = 120° – 50° = sum of the opposite interior angle
x = 70°
d) ∠ABC = x • Isosceles 3ABC; AB = AC
∴ x + x = 135°
2x = 135° • 67,5° + 67,5° = 135°; exterior angle
x = 67,5° of triangle = sum of opposite
interior angles
e) ∠BAC = 80° • Isosceles 3ABC; AB = BC
∴ x = 80° + 80° • Exterior angle of triangle
∴ x = 160° = sum of opposite interior angles
2. a) ∠ACD = 90° + 35° • Exterior angle of triangle

= 125° = sum of opposite interior angles
b) ∠ACB = 180° – 125° • Supplementary angles
= 55°
3. ∠BAC = ∠ACB = x • Isosceles 3ABC; AB = BC

∠BAC + ∠ACB + 80° = 180° • The sum of the interior angles
∴ x + x + 80° = 180° of a triangle = 180°
2x = 100°
∴ x = 50°
∴ ∠ACB = 50° • Isosceles 3ABC
∠ACD = 180° – 50° • Supplementary angles
∴ ∠ACD = 130°
4. 133° = B̂ + Â • Exterior angle of triangle

133° = 92° + Â = sum of opposite interior angles
Â = 133° – 92°
∴ Â = 41°
Activity 6.5
1. SSS; S∠S or SAS; ∠∠S or AAS or ASA; RHS
2. a) C D
70° 70°
4 4 3
3
A 60° 50° B F 50° 60° E

6 6
b) Yes, the corresponding sides and angles are equal. SSS or SAS or AAS.
3. a) No, ∠∠∠ is not a condition for congruency.

b) Yes, ∠∠S.
c) Yes, ∠∠S is a condition for congruency.
4. a) ∠ACB + 40° + 90° = 180° • Interior angles of a triangle = 180°

∠ACB = 180° – 130°
∴ ∠ACB = 50°
b) ∠DCE = 50° • Opposite angles; ∠ACB = DCE
c) ∠CDE = 40° • 3ABC ≡ 3DEF: given
5. a) ∠S∠ or ASA • Given

or S∠S • Sharing a side
b) S∠S or SAS • AĈB = EĈD; opposite angles
c) RHS • Common side AC
Activity 6.6
1. 3QRS /// 3OMN • Q̂ = Ô
R̂ = M̂ ∴ 3 angles of one triangle
= 3 angles of the other triangle
QR OM
RS = MN • ∴ 3QRS /// 3OMN
14 10
11 = MN
14 × MN = 10 × 11
10 × 11
MN = 14
= 7,857
2. a) 3DEF /// 3PQR • D̂ = P̂

Ê = Q̂
F̂ = R̂ ∴ 3 angles of one triangle
= 3 angles of the other triangle.
DE PQ
∴ EF = QR ∴ 3DEF /// 3PQR
12 8
14 = QR
QR × 12 = 8 × 14
8 × 14
QR = 12
= 9,333
DF PR
b) DE = PQ
9
DF = 8
12
9
DF = 8 × 12
= 13,5
3. a) 3DAB /// 3DEC • Â = DÊC (corresponding ∠s)
• D̂ = D̂ (common)
• B̂ = DĈE (corresponding ∠s)
∴ ∠.∠.∠ = ∠.∠.∠
∴ 3DAB /// 3DEC
DB DC
DAb) = DE
DB
9 = 5
4
5
DB = 4 × 9
= 11,25 m
∴ BC = (DB – DC)
= 11,25 – 5
= 6,25 m
DA DE
AB c) = EC
79 = 4
EC
9 × EC = 4 × 7
EC = 4 ×9 7
= 3,111 m
4. 3RST /// 3RPQ • R̂ = R̂ common

RT RQ
ST = PQ • RP̂Q = Ŝ (corresponding)
15 12
9 = PQ • RQ̂P = T̂ (corresponding)
PQ × 15 = 12 × 9 • ∠.∠.∠ = ∠.∠.∠
12 × 9
PQ = 15 ∴ 3RST /// 3RPQ
= 7,2
5. a) 3BAC /// 3BDE • B̂ = B̂ common

AB BD
AC = DE • BÂC = BD̂E corresponding
AB
60 = 18
30 • BĈA = BÊD corresponding
AB = 18
30 × 60 • ∴ ∠∠∠ = ∠∠∠
= 36 m ∴ 3BAC /// 3BDE
b) AD = AB – BD
= 36 – 18
= 18 m
6. In 3ABC and 3EDC

AB 4 BC 8 AC 6
ED 5 1 2= 1 2=
DC 10 1 2 = 54
EC 7, 5
These ratios are all equal, so the two triangles are similar.
or
AĈB = DĈB • Vertically opposite angles
DC CB
EC = CA
10 8 4
7, 5 = 6 = 3
As two pairs of sides are in the same ratio and the included angles are equal, the
two triangles are similar.
7. In 3ABC and 3XYZ

Â = X̂ (given = 75°)
AB XY
AC = XZ as 1 15
21 =
10
14 2 = 57
As two sides are in the same ratio and the included angles are equal, the two
triangles are similar.
Activity 6.7
1. a) AB2 = BC2 + AC2 b) DF2 = DE2 + EF2
702 = BC2 + 212 = 122 + 232
BC2 = 702 – 212 = 144 + 529
= 4 900 – 441 = 673
= 4 459 DF = 673
BC = 4 459 = 25,942
= 66,776
c) YX2 = XZ2 + YZ2 d) QR2 = PR2 + QP2

222 = 182 + YZ2 122 = 112 + QP2
YZ2 = 222 – 182 QP2 = 122 – 112
= 484 – 324 = 144 – 121
= 160 = 23
YZ = 160 QP = 23
= 12,649 = 4,796
e) AB2 = AD2 + BD2 f) PQ2 = PO2 + OQ2

AD2 = AB2 – BD2 212 = 162 + OQ2
= 242 – 102 OQ2 = 212 – 162
= 576 – 100 = 441 – 256
= 476 = 185
AD = 476 OQ = 185
= 21,817 = 13,601
2 2 2
AC = AD + DC
= 476 + 32
= 485
AC = 485
= 22,023
2.
90 m
80 m
Diagonal2 = 902 + 802

= 8 100 + 6 400
= 14 500
Diagonal = 14 500
= 120,416
3. b2 = a2 + c2 A
a2 = b2 – c2 20
15 cm
= 202 – 152 cm
= 400 – 225
B C
= 175
a = 175
= 13,229 cm
4. 302 = 142 + x2
x2 = 302 – 142
= 900 – 196 m
= 704 30
14 m
x = 704
= 26,533 m
?x
5. a) x2 = 62 + 42
= 36 + 16
= 52
x = 52
= 7,211 m
b) Draw DC ⊥ BE. A 20 m D
DE2 = 152 + CE2
CE2 = DE2 – 152
17 m
15 m
15 m
= 172 – 152
= 289 – 225 B x E
C
= 64
CE = 64
=8m
∴ x = BC + CE
= 20 + 8
= 28 cm
6. 332 = 182 + h 2
h 2 = 332 – 182
= 1 089 – 324
= 765
h = 765
= 27,659 m
7. PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 P

= 72 + 182
= 49 + 324
7 cm
= 373
PR = 373 Q R
18 cm
= 19,313 cm
Activity 6.8
1. E
A 3 cm B 3 cm F
6 cm
2. AE = 10 cm
3. EF = 8 cm
Question 1
1.1 1.1.1 (1)
1.1.2 (1)
1.1.3 (1)
1.1.4 (1)
1.2 SSS S∠S

∠∠S RHS

(4)
1.3 ∠DFE = 180° – 90° – 55°

• Sum of the angles of a triangle
= 35° = 180°
∠DFG = 90° + 55° • Exterior angle of triangle = sum
= 145° of opposite interior angles. (3)
1.4 Â + B̂ + AĈB = 180°

∴ 80° + 2x = 180° • Isosceles triangle ∴ B̂ = Ĉ = x
2x = 100°
x = 50°
∴ Â + B̂ = AĈD • Exterior angle of triangle
80° + 50° = AĈD = sum of opposite interior angles
∴ AĈD = 130°
or AĈB + AĈD = 180° • Supplementary angles

∴ 50° + AĈD = 180°
AĈD = 180° – 50°
∴ AĈD = 130° (3)
1.5 AĈB = 180° – 150° • Supplementary angles

= 30°
∴ Â + AB̂C + AĈB = 180° • Interior angles of a triangle
25° + AB̂C + 30° = 180° add up to 180°
∴ AB̂C = 125°
∴ x = 125° • Opposite angles (3)
1.6 AB = AC • Given
AD̂B = 90° = AD̂C • Supplementary angles;
AD̂B + AD̂C = 180°
B̂ = Ĉ • Isosceles triangle ABC
∴ 3ABD ≡ 3ACD • ∠∠S (4)
1.7 AĈB = 180° – 165° • Supplementary angles

= 15°
AĈB = BÂC = 15° • AB = BC: given isosceles triangle
∴ AB̂C + 15° + 15° = 180° • Interior angles of triangle
∴ AB̂C = 150° add up to 180° (4)
1.8 1.8.1 40° + 90° + Ê = 180° • Interior angles of triangle

∴ Ê = 50° add up to 180° (1)
1.8.2 F̂ = 50° • DE = DF
Isosceles triangle DEF (1)
Question 2
2.1 2.1.1 3ABC /// 3DEF (∠.∠.∠) • Â = D̂ = 50°
B̂ = Ê = 60°
Ĉ = F̂ = 70° (2)
EF MJ 5 2
2.1.2 3EFG /// 3MJN • EG = MN = 3 10
15 = 7 12 = 3 4
Two sides are in the same proportion and the included angle is equal. (2)
AB ED BC DF
2.1.3 3ABC /// 3EDF
AC = EF = CB = ED •
12 2 8 1 13 2

18 = 3 = 12 = 2 = 3
Three sides of the one triangle is in the same ratio as the three sides of the
other triangle. (2)
2.2 3ABC /// 3EFG

AB EF
BC = FG
7 10
5 = FG
FG × 7 = 10 × 5
10 × 5
FG = 7
= 7,143 (3)
2.3 2.3.1 3MNO /// 3PNQ • M̂ = P̂ = corresponding

• Ô = Q̂ = corresponding
PN
∴ MN NO = NQ • N̂ is common
8 6
NO = 10
∴ ∠.∠.∠
NO × 6 = 8 × 10
NO = 8 ×610
= 13,333
2.3.2 OQ = NO – NQ
= 13,333 – 10
= 3,333 (4)
2.4 3DEF /// 3ABC

AC DF AB DE
∴ BC = EF AC = DF
110 150 AB 90
50 = EF 110
= 150
90 × 110
EF × 110 = 150 × 50 AB = 150
150 × 50 = 66
EF = 110
= 68,1̇8̇ (3)
2.5 AC2 = AB2 + AC2

= 112 + 62
= 121 + 36
= 157
∴ AC = 157
= 12,53 mm (3)
2.6 EF2 = FG2 + GE2

GE2 = EF2 – FG2
= 182 – 132
= 324 – 169
= 155
GE = 155
= 12,45 mm (3)
2.7
6 cm
92 cm
12
x2 = 1262 – 922
= 15 876 – 8 464
= 7 412
x = 7 412
= 86,093 cm (3)
2.8 L
m
m
53
M N
32 mm
m2 = n2 – l2
= 532 – 322
= 2 809 – 1 024
= 1 785
m = 1 785
= 42,249 mm (4)
2.9 552 = (height)2 + (10)2

(height)2 = 552 – 102
= 3 025 – 100
= 2 925
Height = 2 925
= 54,083 m (4)
Total [60]
MODULE
7 Trigonometry
Activity 7.1
opp adj
1. a) sin Â = hyp b) cos Â = hyp
CB AB
= AC = AC
6 8
= 10 or 0,6 = 10 or 0,8
opp opp
c) tan Â = adj d) sin Ĉ = hyp
CB AB
= AB = AC
6 8
= 8 or 0,75 = 10 or 0,8
adj opp
e) cos Ĉ = hyp f) tan Ĉ = adj
CB AB
= AC = CB
6 8
= 10 or 0,6 = 6
= 1,333
2. a) DE2 = DF2 – FE2
= 324 – 196
= 128
DE = 11,314 (= 128 )
opp opp
b) tan F = adj c) sin D = hyp
DE FE
= FE = DF
11,314 14
= 14 = 18
= 0,808 = 0,778
adj
d) cos D = hyp
DE
= DF
11,314
= 18
= 0,629
3. 2 cos 45° + 3 tan 30° – 3 sin 60°
1 1 3
= 2. 2 + 3. 3 – 3. 2
3
=1+1– 2
1
= 2
Module 7 • Trigonometry 83
opp opp
4. a) sin A = hyp in 3ACD b) tan A = adj in 3ACD
CD CD
= AC = AD
200 200
= 447, 2 = 400
= 0,447 = 0,5
adj opp
c) cos C = hyp in 3ACD d) sin C = hyp in 3ACD
CD 400
= AC = 447, 2
200
= 447, 2 = 0,894
= 0,447
adj
e) cos AD̂B = hyp in 3ADB
BD
= 400
In 3ADB AD2 = AB2 + BD2
∴ BD2 = AD2 – AB2
BD2 = (400)2 – (357,8)2
= 31 979,16
BD = 31 979,16
= 178,827
BD
∴ cos AD̂B = 400
178,827
= 400
= 0,447
opp opp
f) tan AĈD = adj in 3ADC g) sin AD̂B = hyp in 3ADB
AD 357,8
= CD = 400
400
= 200 = 0,895
=2
opp adj
h) tan AD̂B = adj in 3ADB i) cos BD̂C = hyp in 3BDC
AB BD
= DB = 200
357, 8 178, 827
= 178, 827 = 200
= 2,001 = 0,894
Activity 7.2
20 10
1. cos Ê = 32 2. sin x° = 15
= 0,625 = 0,667
∴ Ê = cos–1 (0,625) x° = sin–1 (0,667)
= 51,318° = 41,81°
FE
3. cos 50° = 75
FE = 75 cos 50°
= 48,209 mm
AB
4. a) tan 48° = BC
AB
= 30
AB = 30 tan 48°
= 33,318 cm
b) AC2 = AB2 + BC2
= (33,318)2 + (30)2
= 2 010,089 cm2
AC = 2 010,089
= 44,834 cm
5. a) cos A = 53 b) cos 68,3° = A

–1 3
∴ A = cos 5 ∴ A = cos 68,3°
= 53,13° = 0,37
c) tan A = 2,43
A = tan–1 2,43
= 67,632°
PR
6. a) tan Q̂ = PQ b) Ŝ = 90° – 35,538°
25
= 35 = 54,462°
= 0,714
Q̂ = tan–1 (0,714)
= 35,538°
PR
c) sin 54,462° = SP
SP sin 54,462° = PR
PR
SP = sin 54,462°
25
= sin 54,462°
= 30,723 cm
7. a) sin 30° + cos 60° = 12 + 12 b) 3 tan 45° = 3 × 11

= 1 =3
3 sin 60°. tan 2 60° 3× 3 × ( 13)2
8. cos 30° = 2
3
2
=3×3
=9
Activity 7.3
1. cos 27°45' = 0,885
2. sin 37°15' = 0,605
3. tan 68°25'12'' = 2,528
4. cos 70°12'50'' = 0,339
5. sin A = 0,567
A = sin–1 (0,567)
= 34,541°
= 34°32'28,65''
6. cos A = 0,845
A = cos–1 (0,845)
= 32,328°
= 32°19'41,03''
7. tan A = 3,215
A = tan–1 3,215
= 72,722°
= 72°43'19,61''
8. sin A = 0,48
A = sin–1 0,48
= 28,685°
= 28°41'7,45''
Activity 7.4
y
1 • y = sin x
• •
• •
30° 0•
30° 60° • 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
90° 120° 150° 180° •
• •
–1
• • •

3
1. a) sin 53° = B b) sin B = 2
3
∴ B = 0,799 B = sin–1 2
= 60°
c) cos B = 0,375 d) tan 28°35' = B
B = cos–1 (0,375) B = 0,545
= 67,976° or 67°58'32,47''
GF
2. a) tan 43° = EF b) GE2 = EF2 + GF2
EF tan 43° = GF = (65,951)2 + (61,5)2
GF
EF = tan 43° = 8 131,784
61,5
= tan 43° GE = 8 131,784
= 65,951 mm = 90,176 mm
c) Ĝ = 90° – 43° = 47°
opp opp
3. a) tan C = adj b) sin B = hyp
AB AC
= AC = BC
1 1
= 1 = 2
=1
opp adj
c) sin F = hyp or any other ratio d) cos D = hyp
3 DE
= 2 = FD
F= sin–1 23
1 2 = 2
3
= 60°
2 cos 45° + 1 2 × 12 + 1
4. a) 3 tan 60°
= 3 × 13
b) 3 tan 45° + 2 cos 60° – (sin 60)2
1+1 1 1 3 2
= 3 =3× 1 +2× 2 –1 2 2
2 3
= 3 =3+1– 4
3
=4– 4
= 3 14
5. a) In 3ABD
BD
cos 40°38' = AB
AB cos 40°38' = BD
∴ BD = 8 cos 40°38'
= 6,071 cm
b) In 3BDC
∠DB̂C = 90° – 40°38'
= 49°22' or 49,367°
BD
cos 49°22' = BC
BC cos 49°22' = BD
BD
BC = cos 49°22'
6,071
= cos 49°22'
= 9,323 cm
c) ∠C = 90° – ∠DBC
= 90° – 49°22'
= 40°38'
6. C
56°45'
A B
16 cm
AB
a) tan 56°45' = CB
16
= CB
CB tan 56°45' = 16
16
CB = tan 56°45'
= 10,49 cm
b) Â = 90° – 56°45'
= 33°15'
MODULE
8 Mensuration and percentages
Activity 8.1
1. 2,1 km = 2,1 × 1 000 • 1 000 m = 1 km
= 2 100 m
2. 5,34 m = 5,34 × 1 000 • 1 m = 1 000 mm
= 5 340 mm
3. 170 mm = 170 ÷ 10 • 10 mm = 1 cm
= 17 cm
4. 250 cm = 250 ÷ 100 • 100 cm = 1 m
= 2,5 m
5. 6,3 km = 6,3 × 1 000 × 100 • 1 km = 1 000 m and 1 m = 100 cm
= 630 000 cm
6. 9 120 m = 9 120 ÷ 1 000 • 1 000 m = 1 km
= 9,12 km
7. 100 423 800 mm
= 100 423 800 ÷ 1 000 • 1 000 mm = 1 m
= 100 423,8 m
8. 28 m2 = 28 × 10 000 × 100 • 1 m2 = 10 000 cm2; 1 cm2 = 100 mm2
= 28 000 000 mm2
9. 806 cm2 = 806 ÷ 10 000 • 10 000 cm2 = 1 m2
= 0,0806 m2
10. 10 500 000 mm2
= 10 500 000 ÷ 100 ÷ 10 000 • 100 mm2 = 1 cm2; 10 000 cm2 = 1 m2
= 10,5 m2
11. 7,1 cm2 = 7,1 × 100 • 1 cm2 = 100 mm2
= 710 mm2
12. 734 005 mm2 = 734 005 ÷ 100 • 100 mm2 = 1 cm2
= 7 340,05 cm2
13. 52 m3 = 52 × 1 000 000 • 1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3
= 52 000 000 cm3
Module 8 • Mensuration and percentages 89
14. 400 cm3 = 400 × 1 000 • 1 cm3 = 1 000 mm3

= 400 000 mm3
15. 390 cm3 = 390 ÷ 1 000 000 • 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3
= 0,000 390 m3
16. 30 450 000 mm3
= 30 450 000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1 000 000 • 1 000 mm3 = 1 cm3 and
= 0,03045 m3 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3
17. 15 m3 = 15 × 1 000 • 1 m3 = 1 000 ℓ
= 15 000 ℓ
18. 423 ℓ = 423 × 1 000 • 1 ℓ = 1 000 cm3
= 423 000 cm3
19. 804 000 000 mm3
= 804 000 000 ÷ 1 000 ÷ 1 000 • 1 000 mm3 = 1 cm3 and
= 804 ℓ 1 000 cm3 = 1 ℓ
20. 85 ℓ = 85 ÷ 1 000 • 1 000 ℓ = 1 m3
= 0,085 m3
15 mm
m
15 mm
Activity 8.2
3m
2m m
23
1. Area of parallelogram = b × ⊥ h 46 mm
15 mm
46 mm
mm
= 46 × 15
23
= 690 mm2 46 mm
104 mm
2. Area of trapezium 104 mm
= 12 (sum of parallelogram sides)
65 mm
65 mm
104 mm
× ⊥ distance between
1
= 2 (104 + 138) 65
65 mm
138 mm
= 7 865 mm2 138 mm
= 78,65 cm2 • ÷ 100 as 100 mm2 = 1 cm2
138 mm
3. Area of annulus = area of large circle – area of small circle
= πR2 – πr2
20
= π(R2 – r2)
=30
1
D=32
= π(1602 – 1402) • D = 320 16 60

0
D
= π(6 000) ∴ R = 160 140

140
20
1
=3
= 18 849,556 mm2 d = 280

d = 280 d = 6280
0
D
∴ r = 140 140
d = 280
4. C = 2πr
42 cm = 2πr
42
=r
2π
6,685 cm = r
∴ A = πr2
= π(6,685)2
= 140,395 cm2
5. Area of floor = l × b Area of tile = l × b 250 cm = 0,25

= 7 × 4,5 = 0,25 × 0,3 300 mm = 0,3 m
= 31,5 m2 = 0,075 m2 needs to be in same unit
31,5
Number of carpet tiles = 0,075
= 420 tiles at R53,40 each
= 420 × R53,40 = R22 428,00
6. Shaded area = area of 3 – area circle

1
= 2 b × ⊥h – πr2
1
= 2 (46)(35) – π(7,5)2
= 805 – 176,716
= 628,284 cm2
7. a) • radius = 12 cm
1
4 circumference
12 cm
12 cm
1
i Circumference = 12 cm + 12 cm + 4 circumference of circle
1
= 12 + 12 + 4 (2π(12))
= 42,85 cm
1
ii Area = 4 area of circle
1 2 1 2
= 4 (πr ) = 4 (π(12) )
= 113,097 cm2
b) 7 cm
F
E
6 cm
1
A D
B C
5 cm
2
G 15 cm H
i Perimeter: EF + FC + CD + DH + GH + AG + AB + EB
= 7 + 6 + CD + 5 + 15 + 5 + AB + 6
= 44 + AB + CD • AB + EF + CD = 15 cm
= 44 + 8 ∴ AB + CD = 15 – EF = 15 – 7 = 8
= 52 cm
ii Area = area 1 + area 2
=l×b+l×b
= (7 × 6) + (15 × 5)
= 42 + 75
= 117 cm2
8. • Draw the problem

1
2,9
5,2 2,9
floor
3,6
Area to be covered = 2 × area 1 + 2 × area 2

= 2(5,2 × 2,9) + 2(3,6 × 2,9)
= 30,16 + 20,88
= 51,04 m2
51,04
One roll covers 4,5 m2 so number of rolls required = 4,5
= 11,342
= 12 full rolls
9. Area of trapezium = 12 (sum of parallelogram sides) × ⊥ distance between

32 = 12 (6,3 + x)4,1 • Let unknown side = x
1
32 = 2 × 4,1 (6,3 + x)
32 = 2,05 (6,3 + x)
32
2,05 = 6,3 + x
15,61 = 6,3 + x
15,61 – 6,3 = x
9,31 m = x
10. A Draw the problem.

Join AD where D is midpoint of BC.
AD̂C = 90° 3ABD ≡ 3ACD (SSS)
50
cm
cm
AD = AD
50
D 35 cm C
AB = AC = 50 cm given
B
BD = DC drawn
70 cm
1
∴ Area of triangle = 2 b × ⊥h
1
= 2 (70) × AD
= 12 (70)(35,707) • AD2 = AC2 – DC2 (Pythagoras)
= 1 249,745 cm2 = 502 – 352
= 1 275
AD = 1 275 = 35,707 cm
Activity 8.3
1. a) V = ℓ3
= (109 mm)3 or = (10,9 cm)3
= 1 295 029 mm3 = 1 295,029 cm3
3
= 1 295,029 cm
b) Surface area = 6(area of base)
= 6(10,9 cm)2
= 712,86 cm2
c) 1 000 cm3 = 1 ℓ
∴ 1 295,029 cm3 = 1,295 ℓ
2. V = 12 volume of cylinder
= 12 (πr2h) • r= 25
2 = 12,5 cm
= 12 [π(12,5)2 30]
= 7 363,108 cm3
Surface area = area 12 circle + area 12 circle + area rectangle + area 1
2 outside cylinder
1
= area circle + area rectangle + 2 area rectangle
= πr2 + l × b + 12 2πrh
= π(12,5)2 + (30 × 25) + 12 (2π 12,5 × 30)
= 2 418,971 cm2
3. Vcone = 13 πr2h
1 2
= 3 π1 42,3 2 6,1 cm3
= 29,528 cm3
4. Vprism = A base × ⊥R
2 800 = 14,0 × 24,1 × h • Work in same unit (cm)
2 800
h= 14,0 × 24,1
= 8,299 cm
5. Vcube = ℓ3
= (400)3
= 64 000 000 mm3
Vcylinder = area of base × ⊥ h
64 000 000 = πr2 × 550
64 000 000 = r2
π × 550
37 039,696 = r2
37 039,696 = r
192,457 mm = r
∴ D = 2r
= 384,914 mm
cm
6. 470 Area of annulus = πR2 – πr2
= π(R2 – r2)
= π (4,52 – 3,752)
5
9
7,
a) Volume = area of base × ⊥h

= π(4,52 – 3,752)470
= 9 136,144 cm3
b) 1 000 cm3 = 1 ℓ Inner volume = π.4,52 x 470
= 29 900 cm3
= 29,9 ℓ
4 4 48 + 12
7. Vold ball = 3 πr3 Vnew ball = 3 πr
3 r= 2
= 30
4 4
= 3 π(24)3 = 3 π(30)
3
= 57 905,836 cm3 = 113 097,336

Increase in volume: 55 191,5 cm3
8. Vof pyramid = 13 area of base × ⊥ h

= 13 (6 × 6) × 3 2
= 50,912 cm3
Surface area = 4 area of 3 + area base
9+
= 41 12 b × ⊥h2 + (6 × 6)
(3
3 2
2)
2
= 41 12 × 6 × 5,1962 + 36 This is ⊥h of sides 3
= 98,352 cm2 3
Activity 8.4
13 13
1. 20 = 20 × 100%
= 65%
85
2. 85% of 20 games = 17 games • 100 × 20
∴ They lost 20 – 17 = 3 games
11
3. 11% of 173 000 = 100 × 173 000
= R19 030 increase
∴ The Polo will cost R173 000 + R19 030 = R192 030,00
4. His crop yields 350 + 400 + 240 + 380 = 1 370 kg

400
The carrots comprise 1 370 × 100 = 29,197% of the crop.
5. There were 21 + 29 = 50 votes in total.

29 29
Thandi received 29, thus 50 = 50 × 100%
= 58% of the votes.
6. There is a 30% discouint.

70
∴ Jenny pays 70% of the price = 100 × R199,00
= R139,30
7. Doris currently earns 100%.

After the 7,5% increase she earns 107,5% = R9 342,00
∴ 1% = R9 342,00
107,5
∴ 100% = R9 342,00 × 100
107,5
= R8 690,23
8. 25% of the teachers = 30 teachers

30
1% = 25
30
∴ 100% teachers = 25 × 100
= 120 teachers
9. Copper = 70% of 700 Tin = 20% of 700

70 20
= 100 × 700 = 100 × 700
= 490 kg = 140 kg
Zinc = 8% of 700 Lead = 2% of 700
8 2
= 100 × 700 = 100 × 700
= 56 kg = 14 kg
10. Volume of old cube = 72 × 72 × 72

= 373 248 mm3
The sides are increased by 5%.
5
5% of 72 = 100 × 72
= 3,6 mm
∴ new sides are 75,6 mm
∴ Volume of new cube = 75,6 × 75,6 × 75,6
= 432 081,216 mm3
The increase is 432 081,216 – 373 248 = 58 833,216 mm3
58 833,216
and 58 833,16 = 373 248 × 100%
=15,763% increase in volume.

1. 12 500 000 mm2
= 125 000 cm2
= 12,5 m2 • 1 000 000 mm2 = 1 m2
2. 2,78 m3 = 2 780 ℓ
3. 1 ton = 1 000 kg
∴ 3 tons = 3 000 kg
4. a) P = 2l + 2b
= 2(400) + 2(125) • 1 250 mm = 125 cm;
= 800 + 250 work in the same units
= 1 050 cm
b) First convert: 400 cm = 4 m and 1 250 mm = 1,25 m
∴ A = l × b
= 4 × 1,25
= 5 m2
5. Volume of wall = l × b × h
= 4,4 × 1,5 × 1,8
= 11,88 m3
Volume of one brick
= 0,220 m × 0,180 m × 0,075 m • 1 000 mm = 1 m
= 0,00297 m3
11,88
∴ number of bricks = 0,00297
= 4 000 bricks required
6. Area of circle = πr2
32,17 = πr2
32,17 = r2
π
10,24 cm = r2
∴ r = 3,2 cm
∴ Circumference = 2πr
= 2π(3,2)
= 20,106 cm
7. Area to be tiled = 3,4 × 4,5 Area of one tile = 0,17 m × 0,225 m
2
= 15,3 m = 0,03825 m2
15,3
∴ number of tiles required = 0,03825
= 400
∴ Cost: 400 × R43,50 = R17 400
8. A AD ⊥ BC
40
m
m
40
m
B C
D
65 mm
AB = AC • Given
AD = AD
BD = DC • Draw AD, D midpoint BC
2
∴ AD2 = 402 – 1 65
2 2
= 402 – 32,52
= 543,75
AD = 543,75
= 23,318 mm
∴ Area of 3 = 12 b × ⊥h
= 12 (65) × 23,318
= 757,835 mm2
9. Vcylinder = πr2h • 0,742 m3 = 742 000 cm3
742 000 = πr2(83) • 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3
742 000
π × 83 = r2
2 845,614 cm2 = r2
2 845,614 = r
53,344 cm = r
∴ Diameter: 2r = 2(53,344)
= 106,688 cm
10. a) Vcone = 13 πr2h
2
= 13 π1 54
2 2 × 103
= 78 630,923 mm3
b) 78,631 cm3 • 1 000 mm3 = 1 cm3
= 0,079 ℓ 1 000 cm3 = 1 ℓ
11. a) 5 000 ℓ = 5 000 000 cm3

Vtrough = area of base × h
5 000 000 = area of base × 250 • 2,5 m = 250 cm
5 000 000 = area of base
250
20 000 = area of base
20 000 = 12 (πr2) • 2 × 200
40 000 = r2
π
12 732,395 = r2
12 732,395 = r
112,838 cm = r
∴ diameter = 2r = 225,676 cm
b) Surface area if trough is open = 12 circle + 12 circle + 12 rectangle
= area of circle + 12 (2πrh)
= πr2 + 12 (2πrh)
= π(112,838)2 + 12 (2π112,838 × 250 cm)
= 40 000,059 + 88 622,758
= 128 622,817 cm2
= 12,862 cm2
12. a) Surface area = 2(230 × 140) + 2(340 × 230) + 2(340 × 140)

= 64 400 + 156 400 + 95 200
= 316 000 cm2
b) 316 000 cm2 = 31,6 m2
Every tin contains 5 ℓ and covers 5 m2
∴ 31,6
5
= 6,32 tins are required
One cannot buy part of a tin, so 7 tins are required.
Cost: R105 × 7 = R735
13. You are allowed to get 15% wrong.

15
∴ 15% of 60 = 100 × 60
= 9 answers wrong
14. 7,5% discount on R730,00

7,5 × R730,00 = R54,75
100
∴ She will pay R730,00 – R54,75 = R675,25
15. Vold prism = l × b × h

=3×2×5
= 30 m2
Vnew prism = 4 × 3 × 6
= 72 m2
Difference in volume: 72 – 30 = 42 m2
42
∴ The increase = 30 × 100
= 140%
002

N1 Mathematics Lecturer Guide

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N1 Mathematics Lecturer Guide

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MATHEMATICS

First edition 2014

Module 1 Exponents and logarithms

1 Exponents and logarithms

2. Expression Operation Answer

13. –4a0b2c3 = –4b2c3 14. –x0 = –1

2. a) log a2bc b) log (a + b) = log (a + b)

6. Let x = 3,24 × 2,5 ÷ 1,123

Module 1: Summative assessment answers

1.2 (5a0 – 4a0)3

1.4 9x8 × 2x2 ÷ 3x–5

2.2.2 log3 81 – 4log10 1 000 – 5 loge e 5

= 4log3 3 – 4log10 103 – 5loge e

2 The four basic algebraic operations

7. 9 – 3[x – (3x + 2)] + 4 8. –y + 3{–1 –3[–3x(2) + 4] – 2}

7. 0 – (3x2 – 2xy – 4y2)

11. (3a – 2)(6a3 – 7a2 + 8a)

Module 2: Summative assessment answers

3. 14x2y + 4xy2 – 5xy + 3xy – 7x2y – 8xy2

3 Factorisation and fractions

d) 144xy2 = 2 144 e) 360a3b2 = 2 360

f) 108mn2 = 2.2.3.3.3.mn2 g) (2xyz)2 = 2.2x2y2z2

4. a) 5xy – 15xz + 25xyz b) 2x2y – 14x3y2 + 12x4y3

= 3x2(6y – 7) + 4x(6y – 7) = 13 xy(2x2 – x – y)

3. ms + 3mt2 – ns – 3nt2 4. ax – ay + b(–x + y)

2 + 12x 2(1 + 6x) a2 + a a(a + 1)

12x 2 y 4 − 8x 3 y 3 4x 2 y 3(3y − 2x) 6y 4 + 2y 2y(3y 3 + 1)

5a2 − 20a + 35 5(a2 − 4a + 7) 18xyz − 27x 2 y 4z 9xyz(2 − 3xy 3)

2xy xy 3 8a2b 2ac 3

9a2 − 3a 4a 7 p 2 − 21p3 2p − 6p2

54x 2 − 162x 3 18x − 54x 2 ab − a2b 2 3 − 3ab

3k − m + 6kp − 2mp 1 + 2p 15x 2 − 3xy 5xy − y 2

11. x 4− 2 – 2(x3− 1) – 2x12− 5 12. 2x5− 1 – x15

Module 3: Summative assessment answers

2. 2.1 54x4y5z3 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × x4y5z3

15x 4 − 18x 3 + 21x − 9

= 4a2 − 4a + 3a2 + 9a − 8 − 2a2

4 Equations, word problems and

7. –2x + 6 = 14 8. –2b + 7b = –15

11. 2(2b – 1) – 3b = 4 – b 12. 2 – 3(a – 8) = 4(2 – a)

13. 3(x – 3) – (4x – 5) + 2 = 9 14. 4 – x2 + 3 (2x – 1) = 12

16. 2(b + 3) + b – 7b = 2(3b – 2) + 6 – 4b

2. Let the brother be x years old.

3. Let the number be x.

4. Let Thabo be x years old.

5. Let the one number be x. Then the other number is 16 – x.

6. Let the price of a CD be x.

7. Let the one number be x. Then the other number is 8x.

8. Let the son’s mass be x. Then the father’s mass is x + 35.

9. Let the length be x. Then the breadth is x – 3.

10. Let the numbers be x, x + 1 and x + 2 respectively.

13. Let the one number be x, and the other number 40 – x.

14. Let the son be x years old. Zukile is x + 20 years old.

16. Let the number of bags containing 12 oranges be x.

17. Let my brother be x, I am 3x and my sister is 3x + 4 years old.

18. Let the speed be x.

r= πR 2 − A • Radius cannot be negative.

10. A = P(1 + in)

2. 0,15 h = 0,15 of 60 min.

5. 0,17 h = 0,17 × 60 min.

7. 6,24 h = 6 h and 0,24 × 60 min.

8. 108 km/h = 108 ÷ 3,6

9. 0,5 m/s = 0,5 × 3,6 km/h

10. 10,68 m/s = 10,68 × 36

1.3 1.3.1 Rectangular hyperbola (1)