1.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this experiment is to observe and explain effects of process parameters for
rough cut and finish cut machining on a stainless steel AISI 303 sample in a CNC turning
center [1].

Machining is a manufacturing technique where a sharp cutting tool is employed to remove

material, shaping it into the desired form. This process is illustrated in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. Machining process [2]

(a) A cross-sectional view of the machining process (b) Tool with negative rake angle

Machining is one of the most important manufacturing processes. The Industrial Revolution
and the growth of the manufacturing-based economies of the world can be traced largely to the
development of the various machining operations. Machining is important commercially and
technologically for several reasons. These can be listed as follows:

1. Variety of work materials

2. Variety of part shapes and geometric features
3. Dimensional accuracy
4. Good surface finishes

On the other hand, certain disadvantages are associated with machining and other material
removal processes. These can be listed as follows:

1. Wasteful of material
 2. Time consuming

Machining typically follows preceding manufacturing processes like casting or bulk

deformation, which establish the initial shape of the workpiece. These prior processes lay the
foundation, while machining refines the geometry, dimensions, and surface finish to achieve the
desired final product.

Machining encompasses a variety of processes rather than a single method. What they share is
the utilization of a cutting tool to shape the workpiece by removing material in the form of
chips. In these operations, the tool and workpiece require relative motion, typically achieved
through primary motion known as cutting speed and secondary motion known as feed. By
manipulating the shape of the tool and its interaction with the work surface along with these
motions, the desired geometry of the resulting work surface is achieved.

There are many kinds of machining operations, each of which is capable of generating a certain
part geometry and surface texture. It is appropriate to define the three most common types:
turning, drilling, and milling. The three most common types of machining processes are given
in Figure 2. below [2].

Figure 2. The three most common types of machining processes [2]

(a) turning, (b) drilling, (c) peripheral milling, (d) face milling
In turning, a single-edged cutting tool is employed to remove material from a rotating
workpiece, producing a cylindrical shape. The rotational motion in turning is imparted by the
spinning workpiece, while the feed motion is achieved as the cutting tool moves gradually along
a path parallel to the workpiece's axis of rotation.

Turning stands out as one of the pivotal machining operations in manufacturing processes and
has garnered significant attention from researchers worldwide. However, the machining of soft
metals such as lead alloys remains relatively underexplored. Various process parameters,
including cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, influence the machining process, with
response parameters such as surface roughness, material removal rate, and chip-tool contact
temperature being of interest.

In this study, the focus lies on investigating the impact of process parameters on surface
roughness during the turning of commercially available alloys [2].

Effective machining necessitates relative motion between the tool and the workpiece. The
primary motion is achieved at a specific cutting speed vv. Additionally, the tool is laterally
traversed across the workpiece at a much slower rate, termed the feed ff. Another critical
dimension of the cut is the penetration of the cutting tool beneath the original work surface,
known as the depth of cut dd. Collectively, cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut constitute the
cutting conditions, forming the three essential dimensions of the machining process. These
parameters can be utilized to calculate the material removal rate for the operation, as represented
by Equation (1.1) below.

𝑅𝑀𝑅 = 𝑣 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝑑 (1.1)
Where 𝑅𝑀𝑅 = material removal rate, mm 3 /s; 𝑣 = cutting speed, m/s, which must be converted
to mm/s; 𝑓 = feed, mm; and 𝑑 = depth of cut, mm.

The cutting conditions for a turning operation are given in Figure 3. below. Typical units used
for cutting speed are m/s. Feed in turning is expressed in mm/rev, and depth of cut is expressed
in mm.
 Figure 3. Cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut for a turning operation [2]
Machining operations usually divide into two categories, distinguished by purpose and cutting
conditions: roughing cuts and finishing cuts.

Roughing cuts are used to remove large amounts of material from the starting workpart as
rapidly as possible, in order to produce a shape close to the desired form, but leaving some
material on the piece for a subsequent finishing operation. Finishing cuts are used to complete
the part and achieve the final dimensions, tolerances, and surface finish.

In production machining tasks, it's customary to conduct one or more roughing cuts on the
workpiece, followed by one or two finishing cuts. Roughing operations involve high feed rates
and depths of cut. Conversely, finishing operations are characterized by lower feed rates and
depths of cut. Moreover, cutting speeds tend to be lower during roughing compared to finishing
operations.

The Orthogonal Cutting Model:

The geometry of most practical machining operations is somewhat complex. A simplified

model of machining is available that neglects many of the geometric complexities, yet
describes the mechanics of the process quite well. It is called the orthogonal cutting model and
shown in Figure 4. below.
Figure 4. Orthogonal cutting [2]
(a) three-dimensional process (b) how it reduces to two dimensions in the side view
Orthogonal cutting employs a wedge-shaped tool where the cutting edge is perpendicular to the
direction of cutting speed. As the tool penetrates the material, shear deformation along a plane
called the shear plane, oriented at an angle ∅ with the work surface, forms the chip. Material
failure and chip separation occur solely at the sharp cutting edge of the tool, while plastic
deformation predominates along the shear plane, where the majority of the mechanical energy is
consumed.

In orthogonal cutting, the tool geometry comprises two key elements: (1) the rake angle and (2)
the clearance angle. The rake angle 𝛼 determines the direction of chip flow as it forms from the
workpiece, while the clearance angle provides a slight gap between the tool flank and the newly
generated work surface [2].

During cutting, the cutting edge of the tool is positioned a certain distance below the original
work surface. This corresponds to the thickness of the chip prior to chip formation, to As the
chip is formed along the shear plane, its thickness increases to t c. The ratio of to to tc is called
the chip thickness ratio r and the chip thickness ratio is given as Equation (1.2) below [2].

𝑟 =𝑡𝑜 / 𝑡𝑐
(1.2)

In addition to to, the orthogonal cut has a width dimension w, as shown in Figure 4. above,
even though this dimension does not contribute much to the analysis in orthogonal cutting.

The orthogonal cutting model's geometry provides a crucial connection between the chip
thickness ratio, the rake angle, and the shear plane angle. This relationship is represented by
Equation (1.3) below.

sin ∅
(1.3)
𝑟=
cos(∅ − 𝛼)
 This can be rearranged to determine ∅ as follows and is given as Equation (1.4) below.

𝑟 cos 𝛼
tan ∅ =
1 − 𝑟 sin 𝛼 (1.4)

Chip Formation:

For the material to behave in a realistic way, the shear deformation must occur within a thin
shear zone. This more realistic model of the shear deformation process in machining is shown
in Figure 5. below.

Figure 5. More realistic view of chip formation [2]

Formation of the chip depends on the type of material being machined and the cutting
conditions of the operation. Four basic types of chip formation can be shown in Figure 6.
below.
 Figure 6. Four types of chip formation in metal cutting [2]
(a) discontinuous, (b) continuous, (c) continuous with built-up edge, (d) serrated.

Forces in Metal Cutting:

When analyzing the forces acting on the chip during orthogonal cutting, as depicted in Figure 7
below, the forces exerted by the tool on the chip can be divided into two perpendicular
components: the friction force and the normal force to friction. The friction force FF acts in the
direction opposing the movement of the chip along the rake face of the tool, while the normal
force to friction NN acts perpendicular to this friction force. These components play a role in
defining the coefficient of friction between the tool and the chip. The coefficient of friction can
be
expressed by Equation (1.5) below [2].
𝜇=F/N (1.5)
The friction force and its normal force can be added vectorially to form a resultant force R,
which is oriented at an angle β, called the friction angle. The friction angle is related to the
coefficient of friction and can be given as Equation (1.6) below.

𝜇 = tan 𝛽 (1.6)

In addition to the tool forces acting on the chip, there are two force components applied by the
workpiece on the chip: shear force and normal force to shear. The shear force F s is the force
that causes shear deformation to occur in the shear plane, and the normal force to shear F n is
perpendicular to the shear force. Based on the shear force, we can define the shear stress that
acts along the shear plane between the work and the chip and can be given as Equation (1.7)
below [2].

𝐹𝑠
𝜏= (1.7)
𝐴𝑠

Where 𝐴𝑠 = area of the shear plane. This shear plane area can be calculated as Equation (1.8)
below.

Figure 7. Forces in metal cutting [2]

(a) forces acting on the chip in orthogonal cutting, (b) forces acting on the tool that can be
measured
 Figure 8. Force diagram showing geometric relationships between F, N, 𝐹𝑠 , 𝐹𝑛 , 𝐹𝑐 and 𝐹𝑡 [2]

Equations can be derived to relate the four force components F, N, Fs and Fn that cannot be
measured to the two forces that can be measured. Using the force diagram in Figure 8. above
and the following trigonometric relationships can be derived:

𝐹 = 𝐹𝑐 sin 𝛼 + 𝐹𝑡 cos 𝛼
(1.9)

𝑁 = 𝐹𝑐 cos 𝛼 − 𝐹𝑡 sin 𝛼
(1.10)

𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑐 cos ∅ − 𝐹𝑡 sin ∅
(1.11)

𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐 sin ∅ + 𝐹𝑡 cos ∅
(1.12)

𝐹𝑠 cos(𝛽 − 𝛼) (1.13)
𝐹𝑐 =cos(∅ + 𝛽 − 𝛼)

𝐹𝑠 sin(𝛽 − 𝛼)
(1.14)
= cos(∅ + 𝛽 − 𝛼)
𝐹𝑡

𝛼 𝛽
∅ = 45 + −
2 2 (1.15)
The interpretation of cutting conditions is different in the two cases. The chip thickness before
the cut to in orthogonal cutting corresponds to the feed f in turning, and the width of cut w in
orthogonal cutting corresponds to the depth of cut d in turning. In addition, the thrust force Ft
in the orthogonal model corresponds to the feed force Ff turning. Cutting speed and cutting
force have the same meanings in the two cases. Table 1. summarizes the conversions and can
be given below [2].

Table 1. Conversion key: Turning Operation and Orthogonal Cutting [2]

Turning Operation Orthogonal Cutting Model

Feed f Chip thickness before cut to
Depth d Width of cut w
Cutting speed v Cutting speed v
Cutting force 𝐹𝑐 Cutting force 𝐹𝑐
Feed force 𝐹𝑓 Thrust force 𝐹𝑡

Power and Energy Relationships in Machining:

A machining operation requires power. The product of cutting force and speed gives the power
required to perform a machining operation and can be given as Equation (1.16) below.
𝑃 𝑐 = 𝐹𝑐 ∗ 𝑣 (1.16)

𝑃total = Pcutting ∗+Pair (1.17)

Where 𝑃𝑐 = cutting power, N-m/s; 𝐹𝑐 = cutting force, N; and 𝑣 = cutting speed, m/s.

Surface Roughness:

Surface texture consists of the repetitive and/or random deviations from the nominal surface of
an object; it is defined by four features: roughness, waviness, lay, and flaws, shown in Figure
9. below. Roughness refers to the small, finely spaced deviations from the nominal surface that
are determined by the material characteristics and the process that formed the surface [2].
Surface Roughness Types:

Figure 9. Surface texture features [2]

Surface Roughness Measurement Types:

Sample profiles for surface roughness measurement are given in Figure 10. and Figure 11.
below and defined separately.

Ra: The arithmetical mean of the absolute values of the profile deviations from the mean line
of the roughness profile [1].

Figure 10. The mean line of the roughness profile [1]

 Rz: Mean value of the five Rzi values from the five sampling lengths Lri within the evaluation
length ln [1].

Figure 11. Mean value of the five values from the five sampling lengths [1]

Waviness & Roughness:

Waviness and roughness in a piece example are schematically given in Figure 12. below

Figure 12. Waviness & roughness schematic representation [1]

Theoretical Roughness Calculation:

The most commonly used measure of surface texture is surface roughness. Surface roughness
is a measurable characteristic. Equations required for surface roughness calculation can be
given as Equation (1.17) and Equation (1.18) below.

𝑓 (1.17)
𝑅𝑖 =
2

32𝑟

𝑙
1
𝑅𝑎 = ∫|𝑍(𝑥)| 𝑑𝑥 (1.18)
𝑙
0

Where 𝑅𝑖 = ideal average surface roughness, mm; f = feed, mm/rev; r = tip radius, mm. 𝑅𝑎 =
Arithmetic average deviation, mm.

Surface roughness significantly influences the interaction between a real object and its
surroundings. In tribology, surfaces with rough textures typically experience accelerated wear
and exhibit higher friction coefficients compared to smoother surfaces. Roughness serves as a
reliable indicator of a mechanical component's performance, as surface irregularities can serve
as initiation points for cracks or corrosion.

On the other hand, roughness may promote adhesion. Generally speaking, rather than scale
specific descriptors, cross-scale descriptors such as surface fractality provide more meaningful
predictions of mechanical interactions at surfaces including contact stiffness and static friction.

Although a high roughness value is often undesirable, it can be difficult and expensive to
control in manufacturing. Decreasing the roughness of a surface usually increases its
manufacturing cost. This often results in a trade-off between the manufacturing cost of a
component and its performance in application [3].

The importance of surface roughness in metal cutting, briefly increased friction, increased
tendency to corrosion and can be given as increased possibility of surface cracks.

Also, there are many factors that affect the surface roughness of a turning operation. These
factors mainly include depth of cut, feed, spindle speed, cutting fluid, tool type, tool condition,
material type, and dynamic parameters of the machine tool [1].

Cutting Fluid:

The application of a cutting fluid to machining operations serves to cool and lubricate the
cutting tool. Deciding whether to use a cutting fluid and selecting the appropriate one falls under
the realm of cutting conditions. These conditions, chosen based on the work material and
tooling, significantly impact the outcome of a machining operation [2].

Lubricants, typically oil-based fluids, are formulated to decrease friction at the tool-chip and
tool-work interfaces. Lubricant cutting fluids function through extreme pressure lubrication, a
specialized lubrication form involving the formation of thin solid salt layers on hot, clean metal
surfaces through a chemical reaction with the lubricant.

Machining processes like drilling and tapping often benefit from lubricants. They help retard
built-up edge formation and decrease torque on the tool.

While the primary purpose of lubricants is friction reduction, they also lower operation
temperatures through various mechanisms. Firstly, the specific heat and thermal conductivity of
the lubricant aid in heat removal from the operation, thereby lowering temperatures. Secondly,
reduced friction leads to less heat generation from friction. Lastly, a lower coefficient of friction
results in a lower friction angle [2]
2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
This experiment shall be performed on a CNC turn-mill machine using a stainless steel AISI 303
stainless steel. Firstly, the raw workpart is placed to CNC turn-mill machine and lubricated in
lower temperatures. After that the operation will begin. There will be two main processes will be
applied to workpart. First one is rough cutting and the second one is finish cutting process.
Rough Cutting:
 This stage involves swiftly removing substantial material to approximate the desired
shape while retaining some material for subsequent finishing.

 The resulting workpiece shape is depicted in Figure 2.1(a).

 High feeds and depths are utilized during this phase.

Finish Cutting:
 The objective is to achieve the final desired geometry, ensuring accurate dimensions,
tolerances, and surface finish.

 The completed workpiece form is shown in Figure 2.1(b).

 Low feeds and depths are employed here.

In summary; For roughing operations, high feeds and depths are used. Conversely, finishing
operations employ lower feeds and depths. Cutting speeds are adjusted accordingly, with
roughing typically featuring lower speeds than finishing. Diameter, feed, and revolutions are
adjusted as necessary for both rough and finish cuts.
 2.1 (a) 2.1 (b)

Belove at Table 2.1 and 2.2 is shown that optimal cutting speeds, feeds, depths, and revolutions
are determined to achieve the desired geometrical form in the workpiece. After all operations
finished, the workpart measured by micrometer and caliper. The measured values of surface of
roughness is shown at tables belove as well.

Table 2.1

α- Measured tc - Last chip Ptotal - Pair - Air Ra

Rake process time thickness Measure total Cutting
(µm)
angle (min) (mm) power (W) (W)

Rough First Cut 0 0.54 0.38 7070 6637 1. 2.532

Cut
Second 0 0.53 0.44 7511 6637 2. 2.538
Cut
3. 2.535
1. 0.638
Finish First Cut 5 0.61
2. 0.629
Cut
Second 5 0.58 3. 0.635
Cut

D- L- N- d - Depth
of cut f - Feed (mm/rev)
Diameter Length Revolution
(mm) (mm) (rev/min) (mm)

First
50 40 400 1 0.2
 Cut
Rough Cut Second
48 40 400 2 0.2
Cut

First
44 40 600 0.25 0.12
Cut
Finish Cut Second
48 40 1200 0.25 0.06
Cut

Table 2.2

3. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
3.1 Rough Cut Machining
3.1.1 First Cut
1)
Process control parameters used in our experiment are depth of cut, cutting speed, rake angle,
feed rate and tool geometry. For the first rough cut, our process control parameters are given in
Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Control parameters for first rough cut.
Diameter(D) Length(L) Revolution(N) Depth of cut(d) Feed rate(f)
First (mm) (mm) (rev/mm) (mm) (mm/rev)
Cut 50 40 400 1 0.2

Figure 3.1 Non-scaled diagram of the specimen for the rough cutting

The given parameters d1 and b (in figure 3.1) is equal to 50mm diameter and 40mm in length.

2)
theoretical time for the first rough cut:
Ttheo = L / fr = L / (Nxf)
Ttheo = 40/(400x0.2) = 0.5 min
Real process time: 0.54 min
Error times between theoretical and measured process:
[(0.54-0.5)/0.5] x 100 = 8%
3)
material removal rate of the first cut;
RMR = v x f x d
Cutting speed of first rough cut:
v=NxπxD
v = (400 x π x 50)/60 = 1047mm/s
RMR = 1047 x 0.2 x 1 = 209.4 mm3/s
4)
Calculation of average total power:
(7070+6637)/2 = 6853.5
Air cutting power: 6637W
Calculation of cutting force and power:
Pc = Pa – Pair
Fc = Pc / v
Pc = 6853.5 – 6637 = 216.5W
Fc = 216.5 / 1.047 = 206.78 N
5)
Estimation of theoretical cutting force in the first rough cut:
Shear strength of AISI 303 is equal to 430 MPa. [1]
W=1mm taken as equal to depth of cut
r = t0 / tc = f / tc
α=0
r = 0.2 / 0.38 = 0.526
ϕ = tan-1 ((r x cosα) / (1-r x sinα))
ϕ = tan-1 ((0.526 x cos0) / (1- 0.526 x sin0)) = 27.70
ϕ = 450 + α / 2 – β / 2
β = 34.60
Fs = S x As
As = (t0 x w)/sin Φ
Fct = (Fs x cos(β-α)) / (cos(ϕ+β-α))
Pct = Fct x v
As = (0.2 x 1)/sin(27.70) = 0.43mm2
Fs = (430 x 106) x 0.43 x 10-6 = 184.9 N
Fct = (184.9 x cos(34.60))/(cos(62.30))= 326.88 N
Pct = 326.88 x 1.047 = 342.2 W
6)
Error of theoretical and measured power and force:
Cutting force: (326.88-206.78)/ 326.88 x 100 = 36.75%
Cutting power: (342.2-216.5)/ 342.2 x 100 = 36.73%

3.1.2 Second Cut

7)
In the second cut only the parameters diameter and depth of cut are changed. The new parameters
have been given out in Table 3.2 below.
Table 3.2 Control parameters for second rough cut.
Diameter(D) Length(L) Revolution(N) Depth of cut(d) Feed rate(f)
First (mm) (mm) (rev/mm) (mm) (mm/rev)
Cut 48 40 400 2 0.2

8)
Material removal rate of second rough cut:
v = π x 48 x 400/60 = 1005 mm/s
RMR = 1005 x 0.2 x 2 = 402 mm3/s
9)Average total power:
(7511+6637)/2 = 7074 W
Pc = 7074 – 6637 = 437W
Fc = 437 / 1.005 = 434.8 N
10)
Theoretical cutting force of second rough cut:
r = 0.2 / 0.44 = 0.45
Rake angle: 00
ϕ = tan-1((0.45 x cos0)/(1- 0.45 x sin0)) = 24.20
β = 41.60
w=2mm
As = (0.2 x 2)/sin(24.20) = 0.98mm2
Fs = (430 x 106) x 0.98 x 10-6 = 421.4 N
Fct = (421.4 x cos(41.60))/(cos(65.80))= 768.73 N
Pct = 768.73 x 1.005 = 772.57 W
11)
Cutting force error: (768.73 -434.8)/ 768.73 x 100 = 43.44%
Cutting power error: (772.57-437)/ 772.57 x 100 = 43.44%
12)
Change of RMR: (402 -209.4)/ 209.2 x 100 = 91.9%
Change of Pc: (216.5-437)/216.5 x 100 = 101.8%

3.2 Finish Cut Machining

3.2.1 First Cut
1)
Process control parameters used in our finish cut experiment are depth of cut, cutting speed, rake
angle, feed rate and tool geometry. For the first finish cut, our process control parameters are
given in Table 3.3
Table 3.3 Control parameters for first finish cut.
Diameter(D) Length(L) Revolution(N) Depth of cut(d) Feed rate(f)
First (mm) (mm) (rev/mm) (mm) (mm/rev)
Cut 44 40 600 0.25 0.12
 Figure 3.1 Non-scaled diagram of the specimen for the rough cutting

The given parameters d4 and a (in figure 3.1) is equal to 44mm diameter and 40mm in length.

2)
Theoretical time for first finish cut:
T = 40/(600x0.12) = 0.55 min
Error times between theoretical and measured process:
(0.61-0.55)/0.61 = % 9.3
3)
Material removal rate of first finish cut:
v = (600 x π x 44)/60 = 1382mm/s
RMR = 1382 x 0.12 x 0.25 = 41.46 mm3/s
4)
Roughness measured for the first cut: 2.535 μm
5)
Theoretical roughness:
r = 0.4mm
Ri = f2 / 32r
Ri = 0.122 /(32 x 0.4) = 1.125 μm
6)
Error of theoretical and real roughness of the first cut:
(2.535-1.125)/1.125 x 100 = 125.3%

3.2.2 Second Cut

7)
In the second cut only the parameters, diameter, feed and rev are changed. The new parameters
have been given out in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4 Control parameters for second finish cut.
Diameter(D) Length(L) Revolution(N) Depth of cut(d) Feed rate(f)
First (mm) (mm) (rev/mm) (mm) (mm/rev)
48 40 1200 0.25 0.06
 Cut

8)
theoretical time for second finish cut:
T = 40/(1200x0.06) = 0.555 min
Error times between theoretical and measured process:
(0.58-0.55)/0.58 = % 5.2
9)
material removal rate of second finish cut:
v = (1200 x π x 48)/60 = 3016mm/s
RMR = 3016 x 0.06 x 0.25 = 45.24 mm3/s
10)
(Ra) measured for the second cut: 0.634μm
11)
Theoretical roughness:
Ri = 0.062 /(32 x 0.4) = 0.281 μm
12)
Error of theoretical and real roughness of the second cut:
(0.634-0.281)/0.281 x 100 = 125.6%
13)
Change of Roughness:
(2.535-0.634)/2.535 = 75%

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The experiment was conducted in two distinct stages: rough cutting and finish cutting. Both
stages applied for two different sections of our sample. In the first stage difference in chip
thickness has been observed. And in the second stage; with using different feed rate, RPM and
cutting depths changes effect on roughness. As previously known from studies, it is expected
from chip thickness increases as the cutting depth increases and compared to first rough cut in the
second cut of rough cutting there is more removal material, so it is needed to apply more total
power to accomplish the process. The air cutting power of the first and second cut does not
change because during air cutting the spindle does not interact with specimen. And for the second
part of the experiment, it is expected to calculate a higher surface roughness value in the low feed
rate part of the sample and lower surface roughness calculated with higher feed rate. Calculation
and measured shows a similar effect but a high error has been detected. Even though in both
cutting process theoretical calculations have the same behavior as in decrease, values are way
apart from each other. This error probably caused by the fact that our measurement has
inaccuracies possible calculation mistakes. To have a better result, both manufacturing devices
and measurement devices can be checked for accuracy. And after gathering new information
from renewed devices a more accurate conclusion can be found. If we are to make a summary for
this experiment, it is important to talk about different stages separately. For the first stage it has
been proven that deeper cutting depth causes thicker chips. And because of the assumptions
accepted and measurements made by hand have inaccuracies. Slightly big error propagation is
calculated. Additionally, variations in diameters between the first and second cuts have a minimal
effect on cutting speed and RMR (Removal Material Rate) values. Essentially, it can be inferred
that deeper cuts result in greater material removal and lower surface quality. For the second part
it has been seen that feed rate has a great effect on roughness. As the first part of the experiment,
to achieve more accurate results improvements in the system can be made.

5. REFERENCES
[1] https://www.makeitfrom.com (Access date:12.03.2024)