1.

ROOF
 The structure forming the upper covering of a building or
vehicle.
 The rain woke him, hammering on the roof"

1.TIMBER ROOF
 Timber has been the traditional material for building roofs as
far back as early Saxon times and beyond. It is still the roof
material of choice for house builders and self-builders,
irrespective of whether they are building in traditional or
contemporary styles, or whether they are creating pitched or
flat roofs.
 The popularity of timber as a roofing material is because it has
been hitherto widely available, is generally light and easy to
work with, has an excellent strength-to-weight ratio, can be an
economic choice, usually has pleasing looks and can be an
environmentally-friendly option when sustainably sourced. It is
also bio-degradable.

Element of Roof:
 1. Truss · 2. Covering · 3. Rafters · 4. Fascia · 5. Ridge · 6. Ridge
Tile · 7. Eaves · 8. Valley.

Function of Roof:
Weather Resistance:
 The roof covering should have adequate resistance to resist the
effect of weather elements such as the wind, rain, sun, snow,
etc.
Strength and Stability:
 The roof structure should be strong and stable enough to take up
the anticipated loads safely including wind load.
Heat Protection:
 The roof structure should provide adequate protection against
heat. Both to occupant and material used for construction.
Sound Insulation:
 The roof construction for all buildings should provide adequate
degree of insulation against sound from external sources.
Fire Resistance:
 The roof should offer the adequate degree of fire resistance in
order to give protection against the spread of fire from any
adjacent building and to prevent early collapse of the roof. The
form of construction should also be such that the spread of fire
from its source to other parts of the building by way of a roof
cannot occur.
Day Lighting:
 The roof designed according to may if provide daylight in
buildings with large floor area.
Skylights Roof
  Skylights more commonly refer to windows that are installed
on traditional style pitched roofs but can also indicate bespoke
units installed on flat roofs. These glazed units are often
extremely different depending on the type of roof that they are
to be installed on. This is why the term skylight is often
considered as very broad.

1. Single roof
In single roofs, common rafters are provided for each
slope without intermediate support. It is suitable where
the span of the roof is less than 5m. Ideally, suits
smaller spans.

Types of the single roofs are as follows:

 Lean to roof
 Couple roof
  Couple close roof
 Couple beam roof
 Collar and scissors roof

1. Lean to Roof
 This is the simplest form of the pitched roof; it is also called the
Pent roof or Aisle roof. In the lean-to roof, one wall is carried
up sufficiently higher than the roof to give the required slope to
the roof.
 The rafters are suitably secured on the wall plates and eaves
boards, battens, and roof covering. A lean-to roof is generally
preferred for sheds, out-houses, main buildings, and verandahs,
etc. It is suitable for a maximum span of 2.4m.

2. Couple Roof
Edges of common rafters are connected by a tie bar. This tie beam helps in preventing the
rafters from spreading out and avoids the danger of overturning walls. The tie beam can be
wooden or a steel rod. It can be adopted to a span of 4.2m.
3. Couple Close Roof
This roof is just similar to a ‘couple roof’ but the edges of common rafters
are connected by a tie bar. This tie beam helps in preventing the rafters from
spreading out and avoids the danger of overturning walls. It can be adopted
to a span of 4.2m.
4. Couple Beam Roof
 This roof is a variation of a couple-close roof. The tie beam is raised
to be placed at a higher level. The tie beam is known as the collar
beam. When the span increases or the load is high the rafters of the
couple closed roof have a tendency to bend.
 This is avoided by raising the tie beam fixing it at one-third to one-
half of the vertical height from the wall plate to the ridge. The height
between roof and floor will be increased with a ‘couple beam roof’.
 So, that space will be free to use. These types of roofs can be adopted
up to a span of 4.8m.
5. Collar and Scissors Roof

This roof is similar to the collar beam roof except that two beams are placed
in a way to look like scissors. When the span is more these scissors will give
additional support to rafters. These types of roofs are called Collar and
Scissors roofs.