SALALE UNIVERSITYCOLLEGE OF BUSINESS

AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE

Assessment of contemporary business communication

Name of student. HUNDESA TOLCHA

ID. ,,,,,,,2836

1, COMMUNICATION MODEL AND FUNCTI

INTRODUCTIONS

Communication model are the simplified representation of the process of communication.

Communication theory is provides away of talking and anlyzing key events,process ,and commitment
that together form communication.

Grapevine communication is method of informal and Unofficial form of communication held in

workplace.

There are five types of communication styles, aggressive, passive, passive _aggresive, manipulate and
assertive communication and four types of communication organization.

COMMUNICATION MODEL

The communication model refers to the visual representation of the communication process. The
communication model performs certain functions in developing communication skills and efficiency. The
communication process starts with the transmission of a message by communicator and ends with the
receiver’s feedback. These models are systematic representations of the process which helps in
understanding how communication works can be done. It helps to learn about sending and receiving of
messages and represents various pictorial aspects and forecasts about elements that are responsible for
success or failure.

There are 8 major models of communication, which can be divided into 3 categories:

1,Linear modelsof communication — They only look at one-way communication. The most prominent
linear models of communication are:

A, Aristotle’s communication model,

B, Laswell’s communication model,

C, The Shannon-Weaver communication model, and

D, Berlo’s S-M-C-R communication model.

2,Interactive models of communication — They analyze two-way communication. These are the
following:

A, The Osgood-Schramm communication model, and

B, The Westley and Maclean communication model.

3,Transactional modelsof communication — They illustrate two-way communication where the message
gets more complex as the communication event progresses. These include:

A, Barnlund’s transactional communication model, and

B, Dance’s Helical communication model.

Linear models of communication

What is a linear model of communication?

Linear communication models suggest that communication takes place only in one direction.

The main elements in these models are:

The channel,

The sender, and

The receiver.

Some linear models of communication also mention noise as one of the factors that have a role in the
communication process. Noise acts as the added (background) element that usually distracts from the
original message.

the basic elements of the linear communication model.

A,Aristotle’s model of communication

The oldest communication model that dates back to 300 BC, Aristotle’s model was designed to examine
how to become a better and more persuasive communicator.

What is Aristotle’s model of communication?

Aristotle’s model of communication primarily focuses on the sender (public speaker, professor, etc.)
who passes on their message to the receiver (the audience).

The sender is also the only active member in this model, whereas the audience is passive. This makes
Aristotle’s communication model a foolproof way to excel in public speaking, seminars, and lectures. .

B Laswell’s model of communication

The next linear model on our list is Laswell’s Model of mass communication.

What is Laswell’s model of communication?

Laswell’s communication model views communication as the transmission of a message with the effect
as the result.
The effect in this case is the measurable and obvious change in the receiver of the message that is
caused by the elements of communication.

If any of the elements change, the effect also changes. Laswell’s model of communicatio

C, the Shanon-Weaver communication model

diagram below shows, the main components of this model are:

Sender,

Encoder,

Channel,Decoder, and,Receiver.

4,Berlo’s S-M-C-R model of communication

Berlo’s model of communication was first defined by David Berlo in his 1960 book The Process of
Communication.

What is Berlo’s S-M-C-R model of communication?

Simply put, Berlo’s S-M-C-R communication model is a linear model of communication that suggests
communication is the transfer of information between 4 basic steps or key elements.

What are the main elements of Berlo’s Berlo’s S-M-C-R communication model?

Source,

Message,

Channel, and

Receiver

2.Interactive models of communication

Interactive models are used in internet-based and mediated communication such as telephone
conversations, letters, etc.

What is an interactive model of communication?

As more dynamic models, interactive communication models refer to two-way communication with
feedback.

What are the main elements of interactive communication models?

The main elements of these models, illustrated in the interactive communication model diagram,
include the following:

Sender,

Message,

Receiver,

Feedback, and

Field of experience.

5A, The Osgood-Schramm model of communication

In their book Communication Models for the Study of Mass Communications, Denis Mcquail and Sven
Windahl say that the emergence of this model “meant a clear break with the traditional linear/one-way
picture of communication.” What is the Osgood-Schramm model of communication?

The Osgood-Schramm model is a circular model of communication, in which messages go in two

directions between encoding and decoding.

The Osgood-Schramm communication model proposes 4 main principles of communication:

Communication is circular. — Individuals involved in the communication process are changing their roles
as encoders and decoders.

Communication is equal and reciprocal. — Both parties are equally engaged as encoders and decoders.

The message requires interpretation. — The information needs to be properly interpreted to be

understood.

As shown in the Osgood-Schramm communication model diagram below, this model proposes 3 steps in
the process of communication:

Encoding,

Decoding, and

Interpreting. ,

3, Transactional communication models

Transactional models are the most dynamic communication models, which first introduce a new term
for senders and receivers — communicators.

What is a transactional communication model?

Transactional communication models view communication as a transaction, meaning that it is a

cooperative process in which communicators co-create the process of communication, thereby
influencing its outcome and effectiveness.

.A, Barnlund’s transactional model of communication

Barnlund’s transactional communication model explores interpersonal, immediate-feedback

communication.

What is Barnlund’s transactional communication model?

Barnlund’s model of communication recognizes that communication is a circular process and a multi-
layered feedback system between the sender and the receiver, both of whom can affect the message
being sent.

What are the main elements of Barnlund’s communication model?

Barnlund’s transactional communication model diagram below illustrates the following main
components of this communication model:

Encoding,

Decoding,

Communicators,

The message (including the cues, environment, and noise), and

The channel.

Barnlund’s communication model diagram

B,. Dance’s Helical model of communication

According to Dance’s Helical model of communication, with every cycle of communication, we expand
our circle.

Therefore, each communication encounter is different from the previous one because communication
never repeats itself.

What is Dance’s Helical communication model?

Dance’s Helical communication model views communication as a circular process that gets more and
more complex as communication progresses.

SOME IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION MODEl

Some important functions of a communications model are mentioned below:

(1) Teaching the elements of the communication proces:Through this model, one can ascertain the
causes of success or failure of communication. Such a model assumes the types of communication to
be effective for a particular situation or location.s.

(2) Conducting research: The second important function of the communication model is to help in
conducting research in the field of communication. The communication model presents various
aspects of communication logically that help the researchers are in understand the pattern of
communication.

3. Predicting the success or failure of the communication process: Another function communication
model is to predict or forecast the success or failure of a particular communication process. Elements
that are responsible for success or failure for communication can be foretasted through this model.

2. COMMUNICATION THEORIES

communication theory is a proposed description of communication phenomena, the relationships

among them, a storyline describing these relationships, and an argument for these three elements.
Communication theory provides a way of talking about and analyzing key events, processes, and
commitments that together form communication. Theory can be seen as a way to map the world and
make it navigable .

Communication theory emphasizes its symbolic and social process aspects as seen from two
perspectives—as exchange of information (the transmission perspective), and as work done to connect
and thus enable that exchange (the ritual perspective)

Communication theories have emerged from multiple historical points of origin, including classical
traditions of oratory and rhetoric, Enlightenment-era conceptions of society and the mind, and post-
World War II efforts to understand propaganda and relationships between media and societ

Let us examine communication and communication theory through the following viewpoints:

A,Mechanistic - The mechanistic view point says that communication is simply the transmission of
information from the first party to the second party. The first party being the sender and the second
party being the receiver.

B, Psychological - According to the psychological view point, communication is simply not the flow of
information from the sender to the receiver but actually the thoughts, feelings of the sender which he
tries to share with the recepients. It also includes the reactions, feelings of the receiver after he decodes
the information.
C, Social - The social view point considers communication as a result of interaction between the sender
and the receiver. It simply says that communication is directly dependent on the content of the speech.
“How one communicates” is the basis of the social view point.

D, Systemic - The systemic view point says that communication is actually a new and a different message
which is created when various individuals interpret it in their own way and then reinterpret it and draw
their own conclusion.

3,FORM OF GRAPEINE

The Meaning Of Grapevine Communication Is Communication Held Without Following A Recommended

Structure In An Organization Is Informal Communication. So, Grapevine Communication Can Be
Described As A Casual And Unofficial Communication System Within The Organization.

One Of The Greatest Advantages Of Grapevine Communication Is Team Building And Interpersonal
Relationships. Not Only Are You Able To Get On The Same Page As Your Coworkers But Also Allow Them
To Get To Know You. This Is Very Important For You As An Employee. Sometimes You Need To Let Off
Steamy among other individuals.

Types Of Grapevine Communication

Are Single Strand Chain, Gossip Chain, Probability Chain And Cluster Chain.

Single Strand ChainThe Single Strand Chain Works Similarly. It Just Doesn’t Confuse The
Recipient. A Single Strand Chain Is Ideal For Information To Be Shared QuickThe Gossip Chain,
One Person Is At The Epicenter Of The Wheel Who Seeks And Shares Information With Others.

2, GOSSIP CHAIN;

When Ketki, S Sociology Student, Came To Know That Her Classmate, Nisha, Had Got A
Scholarship To Study Abroad, She Told All Her Friends About It. Similarly, Gautam, A Manager
At A Digital Startup, Just Heard About Two Of His Team Members Getting Married And Is Now
Sharing This News With Others In The Organization.ly And EfficienThis Is A Process Of Sharing
Information Randomly. The Recipients, Too, Follow A Similar Random Way Of Sharing The Same
Information.

3, PROBABILITY CHAIN

From The Famous Ice Bucket Challenge To The Latest #SafeHands Challenge, Almost Every Social Media
Challenge Follows .

4Cluster chain; the Cluster Chain Process. Here, A Person Relays Information To A Few People, Who In
Turn Pass It On To Select People.

4 COMMUNICATION STYLES
There are four main styles of communication: passive, aggressive, passive-aggressive, and assertive.

1, Passive Communication

Not expressing feelings or needs; ignoring your own personal rights and allowing others to do
so

Deferring to others for decision making in order to avoid tension or conflict

Often leads to misunderstanding, built-up anger, or resentment

Can be a safer communication option when a conflict may escalate to violence

Examples include statements like “I’m okay with whatever you want to do”; body language
includes failing to make eye contact or looking down.

2, Aggressive Communication

Expressing feelings, needs, and ideas at the expense of others; ignoring others’ rights in order
to support your own

Defensive or hostile when confronted by others

Often alienates and hurts others

Can help meet your needs quickly

Examples include statements like “this is what we’re doing,” or “get over it”; body language
includes crossing arms, eye rolling, or finger pointing.

3,Passive-Aggressive Communication

Appearing passive on the surface, but subtly acting out anger

Exerting control over others by using sarcasm and indirect communication, or avoiding the
conversation

Limited consideration for the rights, needs, or feelings of others

Examples include passive statements and body language followed by giving the "silent
treatment", spreading rumors, and sabotaging another person’s efforts.

4, Assertive Communication

Direct, honest communication of thoughts and feelings

Respecting the feelings, ideas, and needs of others while also asserting your own

May not be effective when interacting with individuals that threaten your personal safety

People often misinterpret assertive behavior as aggressive – Americans and women are often
mislabeled as a result

Examples include “I” statements like “I feel...when you…and I need for you to do…”; body
language includes eye contact, straight posture, and relaxed gestures

5, types of communication in organization

Types of Communication

Communication is the process by which ideas, messages, and views are exchanged between two or
more persons and from one place to another. Depending upon the requirement, different
communication channels can be used to transfer information on the basis of their effectiveness.

Generally, there are four types of communication in the workplace and effective use of each type is
essential to meet the desired objectives and goals.

1,Formal Communication

Formal communication is an official form of communication that flows through formally constituted
channels of the organization. It has a distinct path that is institutionally determined by the management
to communicate information.

Formal communication flows through the hierarchy of management. It has an official route to flow
information. Here is the most to follow the official instructions. It is controlled and regulated by the
management.

All the members of the organization are bound to follow the defined channel of the organization. It has
also three types of communication:

Downward Communication

Upward Communication

Sideward Communication

In downward communication, the information flows from the top manager to the middle and lower
levels. In upward communication, information flows from lower and middle levels to top-level
managers. And, in sideward communication, there is an exchange of information between the same
levels of managers.
Communication between two individuals or groups of individuals face-to-face or through direct contact
is known as interpersonal communication. In simple words, interpersonal communication is where two
or more individuals communicate face to face. It is also known as two-way communication.

This is the primary means of communication in the workplace. In this type of communication both the
parties exchange their views and news in a direct way.

For example, a manager provides direction and guidance to subordinates to perform given jobs.
Similarly, subordinates communicate the process of work and also suggestions to resolve problems, if
any, in performance.

3,Interpersonal communication also has three types of communication:

Oral Communication

Written Communication

Oral Communication

Oral communication is the exchange of information through spoken words. It is the exchange of
messages through oral means. In oral communication, messages can be exchanged either face-to-face or
on mechanical devices. Face-to-face communication is the most natural way of transmitting
messages.Written Communication

Written communication is the transformation of information into written words. In other words, when
information is exchanged through written means, it is known as written communication. It is a formal
means of transferring information.

4, written communication style

It is a common means when information needs accuracy and authenticity. It ensures accuracy and serves
as a permanent reference for future performance. It plays the role of evidence when any kind of dispute
or misunderstanding arises among the parties.

Written communication can be done in the forms of letters, circulars, telegrams, memos, reports,
manuals, bulletins, notices, etc. It can be transmitted either through messengers through mechanical
devices.

Non-Verbal Communication

The transmission and receipt of messages by some medium other than oral or written is non-verbal
communication. It is just the opposite of interpersonal communication. It often relies on facial
expression, body movement, physical contact, gestures, etc

Conculations

Communication model is the process of sender,message,media and receiver associated

There are three types of communication model

A, lateral B, interactive. C,transactional communication model

Communication theory is the amount of transmitted information between sourse and receive

Grapevine of communication is a practice way to send communication that aren't appropriate form
channel

Communication styles is way describe the different way People of communication

Types of communication organization is very important part of any organization;it take place among
business entities,

The end