4.

Models of Communication:
A. Meaning of communication models:
Def.: A communication model is a pictorial representation of the communication process,
ideas, thoughts, or concepts through diagrams, etc. They can be considered to be systematic
representations of the process that help us understand how communication can be carried out.
The word 'model' refers as representation of a process, and event or a situation. It is not a
separate or independent method rather it is the representation of an existing object. 
  The communication model is similarly a symbolic representation of the communication
process.  It does not show the details of a message rather it presents only those elements
which are related to the object of sending a message. Communication model can be verbal,
arithmetical, graphical or pictorial.

B. Types of communication models:

a. Linear Model:
In a linear model of communication, one person sends a message, and another person
receives it. Therefore, it only moves in one direction. Linear models typically don't consider
any feedback that the recipient may send back to the sender. Example: The linear model is
one-way, non-interactive communication.
Linear models describe a continuous response variable as a function of one or more
predictor variables. They can help you understand and predict the behavior of complex
systems or analyze experimental, financial, and biological data. Example: The linear model is
one-way, non-interactive communication. Examples could include a speech, a television
broadcast, or sending a memo.

b. Non-Linear Model:
Non-linear media is a form of audio-visual media that can be interacted with by the viewer,
such as by selecting television shows to watch through a video on demand type service, by
playing a video game, by clicking through a website, or by interacting through social media.
Uses:
The nonlinear model provides a better fit because it is both unbiased and produces smaller
residuals. Nonlinear regression is a powerful alternative to linear regression but there are a
few drawbacks.
Differences between Linear and No-Linear Communication Model:
Linear text refers to traditional text that needs to be read from beginning to the end while
nonlinear text refers to text that does not need to be read from beginning to the end. As their
names imply, linear texts are linear and sequential while non-linear and non-sequential.

1
C. Different Models:
1. Stimulus Response model:
In this model, media messages are seen as “symbolic bullets,” striking every eye and ear,
resulting in effects on thought and behaviour that are direct, immediate, uniform, and
therefore powerful.
Examples of stimuli and their responses: You are hungry so you eat some food. A rabbit gets
scared so it runs away. You are cold so you put on a jacket.
2. The Shannon-Weaver mathematical Model 1949:
The Shannon–Weaver model is one of the first and most influential models of
communication. It was initially published in the 1948 paper A Mathematical Theory of
Communication and explains communication in terms of five basic components: a source, a
transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination.
Shannon and weaver model simply proposes that a message actually originates from the
person who gets the thought or has the information. The sender is also called the Source of
information or the Information Source. This model is specially designed to develop the effective
communication between sender and receiver . Also they find factors which affecting the
communication.
3. Schramm’s interactive model 1954:
For Schramm, communication is about sharing information or having a common attitude
towards signs. His model is based on three fundamental components: a source, a destination,
and a message. The process starts with an idea in the mind of the source.
The Schramm communication model identifies five components that help explain the
communication process. These include sender, receiver, message, feedback, and semantic
noise.

4. Berlo’s SMCR model 1960:

The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver model is a linear transmission model of
communication. It is also referred to as SMCR model, Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver
model, and Berlo's model. It was first published by David Berlo in his 1960 book The
Process of Communication.
An advantage of Berlo's model is that it is straightforward in comparison to modern
communication models. Another advantage of the model is that it aligns the medium of the
message and the receiver. The SMCR model is an acronym for its four elements. These
elements include the sender or source, the message, the channel, and the receiver.

2
5. Gerbner’s model:
Gerbner's model consists of a verbal aspect, where someone observes an event and gives
feedback about the situation, and a schematic model where someone perceives an event and
sends messages to the sender. George Gerbner is considered a pioneer in the field of
communication research.
In his work Gerbner proposed two dimensions in the communication process of
communication, Perceptual Dimension and Means and control dimension. Perpetual
Dimension: - In this Dimension E is an event in real life and it is perceived by M man or
machine.