Nature and Elements of

Communication
"I speak without a mouth
and hear without ears. I
have no body, but I come
alive with words. What am
I?“
"What comes once in a
minute, twice in a
moment, but never in a
thousand years?“
 "I can travel around
the world without
leaving my corner.
What am I?“
 "I'm something you always
share, but you always keep.
What am I?“
Communication

• : "Communication involves sharing

information, thoughts, ideas, and
feelings between individuals through
spoken, written, and nonverbal means."
 Three Main Components of Communication

1. Sender: The sender is the individual who

initiates the communication process by
formulating and sharing a message. This can be
a person, a group, or an entity. The sender's
goal is to convey information, ideas, emotions,
or thoughts to the receiver.
2. Message: The message is the content or
information being communicated by the sender. It can
take various forms, including spoken words, written
text, images, gestures, and more. The effectiveness of
communication relies heavily on how well the
message is crafted, structured, and delivered.
3. Receiver: The receiver is the individual or group
who receives and interprets the message sent by the
sender. They play a crucial role in the
communication process, as their understanding and
interpretation determine whether the intended
meaning of the message is conveyed accurately.
Encoding, Decoding, and Feedback in the
Communication Process

• 1. Encoding: Encoding refers to the process of

converting thoughts, ideas, or emotions into a form
that can be communicated to others. It involves
selecting words, images, gestures, and other symbols
to effectively convey the intended message. During
encoding, the sender considers the receiver's
background, context, and shared language to ensure
clarity and comprehension.
• 2. Decoding: Decoding is the process by which the
receiver interprets and understands the message sent
by the sender. It involves translating the symbols,
words, and nonverbal cues used by the sender back
into meaningful thoughts or ideas. Effective decoding
requires the receiver's ability to relate the received
message to their own experiences, knowledge, and
context.
• 3. Feedback: Feedback is the response or reaction
provided by the receiver to the sender after receiving
and decoding the message. It serves as a crucial
component of effective communication, as it informs
the sender whether the message was understood as
intended. Feedback can be verbal or nonverbal and
helps the sender adjust their communication approach
if needed.
Linear Model

• This is a simple, one-way model where

communication flows in a straight line from a
sender to a receiver. It assumes that the message
is sent, received, and understood without any
feedback or interaction. This model doesn't
account for noise or context that can affect the
message.
Linear Model
Interactive Model:

• This model adds a feedback loop to the linear

model. It acknowledges that communication is
a two-way process, with the receiver providing
feedback to the sender. This model accounts for
some noise and acknowledges the importance
of context, but it's still somewhat simplistic.
Interactive Model
Transaction Model (Dunn and Goodnights):

• In this model, communication is seen as a

simultaneous exchange of messages between
sender and receiver. Both parties take on the
roles of sender and receiver, and communication
is ongoing. It emphasizes the idea that both
participants contribute to the conversation and
jointly create meaning.
Transactional Model
Shannon-Weaver Model (Transmission Model):

• This model is more technical and focuses on the

process of encoding, transmitting, and decoding
information. It introduces the concepts of noise
(interference that can disrupt the message) and
channel (the medium through which the
message is transmitted, like speech, text, or
visual cues).
Shannon-Weaver Model (Transmission Model):
Berlo's SMCR Model:

•Developed by David Berlo, this model includes

four components: Source, Message, Channel,
and Receiver (SMCR). It emphasizes the need
for encoding and decoding skills, as well as
considering the psychological and sociological
factors that influence communication.
Berlo's SMCR Model:
Schramm's Model:

• Wilbur Schramm's model emphasizes the

reciprocal nature of communication. It depicts
communication as a circular process where encoding
and decoding occur simultaneously for both sender
and receiver. Feedback is vital in this model, as it
helps adjust and improve the communication.
Schramm's Model:
Laswells Model

• Laswells model describe the communication

process as a linear or a one way process in which
communication is transmitted from a sender to a
receiver. It was a verbal transmission model that
comprised five questions that describe one of the
earliest views on how communication works.
Function of the communication in the society
according to Laswell

1. Surveillance of the environment- a function of surveillance such as

political leaders and health officers designed to alert society to the
dangers and opportunities it faces.
2. Correlation of Components of society- a function mainly carried by
institutions such as community development workers, educators, and
polltakers, designed to gather, coordinate, and integrate into meaningful
form of responses of society toward changes in the environment.
3. Cultural transmission between generation- a function carried out by
institutions such as the family , church, school and community in order to
pass down their, values, customs and traditions to the next generations.
Laswels Model