Hybrid Seed Production inField

Crops
206

Fig. 6. Observation on panicle initiation and development.

I f A-line is shorter than R-line in growth duration, the R-line should be one stage
earlier than A-line during the first three stages and both A- and R-lines should be in
the same stage in meiotic division stage.
I f A-line is longer than R-line in growth duration, the A-line should be one-two days
earlier than R-ine during the first three stages, three-four days earlier than R-lime m
meiotic division stage and one to two days earlier than R line in flowering.

13. ADJUSTMENT OF FLOWERING

The general principles of making
adjustment of flowering in parental lines are as ro
I f the difference in the predicted flowering date is more than three days betwecuthe
parental lines, then adjustment is needed.
The efforts of adjustment in flowering if taken within young
panicle development gives the best results for attaining
the first stages o
diagnosis the better it is for the synchronization.
I f the gap of
adjustment.
predicted flowering is 15 days or more, it is much difficult tget go
synchronization through general adjustment.
 dof
s adjusting tlowering to obtain proper synchronization depends on the stage
heproblem is detected and expected difference between the flowering of parentai
the
s e methods are described by taking some hypothetical cases.
ollen parent is in stage-1; Seed parent is in stage-il1.
Case 1 :Pol
: The pollen parent will be late in flowering while the seed parent is quite
Prob
Clue: The ditference in flowering will be 5-6 days.
releasing
Solution : Delay the tlowering date of the seed parent. By applying quick
2 in spray form as soon as the problem is identified.
en fertilizer like urea per cent
gen
AND
solution of
date of the pollen parent. By spraying per cent
dvance the tlowering
fertilizer immediately when the problem
is identified.
sohatic
Case 2: Seed parent is in stage-I; pollen parent is in stage-IV.
too late.
Problem: Pollen parent
is early while the seed parent is
too

in flowering will be about 8-10 days.

Clue The difference water from the field.
of pollen parent by draining the
Solution : Delay the flowering
AND
of phosphate
I per cent solution
the flowering of seed parent by spraying advanced by
Advance
is very late, the flowering can be
if the male parent
erilizer. On the contrary,
of water in the field.
nureasing the level Pollen parent is in stage-II.
Seed parent is in stage-VI;
Case 3 line is more than 15 days.
between the flowering of parental
Problem: The gap from the
parent. By removing the panicles
Solution: Delay the flowering of
early 30-40 kg
N fertilizer to the soil
cent urea or By applying
main tiller. By spraying 2 per

AND
per cent solution of phosphate
the late parent. By spraying
Hasten the flowering of
eilizer to the late parent.
14. TWO-LINE HYBRID SYSTEM induction is influenced by
which the sterility-fertility
sterility in (EGMS).
nove
vEl
type of genic male Sensitive Genic Male Sterility
Environmental and
and
.ron factors is called as Genic Male
(PGMS)
Sterility (PGMS)
nental in to
Photosensitive

CMS in rice
rice is further classified
(See Chapter 2)
(TGMS).
.nern
nosensitive Genic Male Sterility called two-line hybrids
as no
EGMS system are
are multiplied by
developing growing
ne hybrids developed by The EGMS lines
anta multiplication. transformation
for their sensitive stage for fertility
are required the
in such a way that
transformation.
41ocation/season conducive for fertility
which are
the three line
n
photoperiod/temperature
the over
ith two-line (EGMS) system
of some unique advantages
of the this system
for developing
C made in China to deploy 2.67 million
China is about
were
efforts
sy stem, systematic
s in
ne the area under two-line hybrids
y brids. At present,
 Hybrid Seed Production in FieldId Crops
208
rice hybrids which can
vield 1
second generation
super 0-12 Uha ate
thUha
Interestingly, the promise to enhance
ce the
ha
hybrids hold great
hased o n the EGMS system.
Two-line
magnitude
of heterosis. out at the International R .
has been carried
Extensive work on
TGMS system
from Norin PL
12 has been transferred to many esearch
IDach
Institute. Philippines. TGMS gene havei
3-1,
68945-4-30-4-14, IR 68949-11-5-3-1, have been
lines
and two new TGMS lines such as IR
IR 32364, developed by mutapenaüng
foun
Another TGMS line
to be promising in the tropics.
Though the earlier lines nad higher critical sterilitv
also been found to be promising.
points. oint
some new derivativesare promising with lower sterility
quite
In India, work on TGMS system was
carried out at Hyderabad, Pantnagar and Coimh
the line DRIRTG-2, DRIRTG-3, and MLTG. were
Among various TGMS lines screened,
lines UPRI-95-140 TGMS and UPRI 9s 67
found to be quite promising. Two new TGMS
TGMS have been registered with NBPGR by G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and
two-line hybrids indicated that the vield
Technology, Pantnagar. Preliminary evaluation of
advantage of two-line hybrids ranged from 10-40 per cent over the three line hybrids. New
TGMS lines are being developed by cross breeding approách and some derivatives are in the
final stages of evaluation.
14.1 Seed production of two-line hybrids
Seed production of two-line rice hybrids is not much different from that of three line hybrids
Most important consideration is to precisely determine the location or season which is ideal
for inducing complete male sterility. Currently the seed yields obtained in two-line hybrid
seed production in China range from 2.3 to 3.0 t/ha which is comparable with seed yields
obtained with three line hybrids (Virmani and Ahmed 2001). Hybrid seed production with
EGMS lines involved two steps (Fig. 7).
Seed parent Pollen parent
(EGMS line) (any variety)

EGMS P

Selfing Selfing

EGMS
P

Hybrid
Fig. 7. Schematic description of the isa
 IS
lines are EGMS lines
muultiplied EoMS
environmental appropriate 209
Jays. Let
the most
TGMS
take the
ideal
us

line has
(photo period/
example
temperature
temperat
TGMS
ure) locatio
season where
conditions prevail
of
lines which
and
for
stabl
fertility inducing
planted regime continuous
to a
be to turn
occurs induce to
in the
plots may varymiddle of the
in such a higher fertilityfertility at
lower period of 300
depending fertility way
inducing
the that
sensitive 27/21°C. Intemperature
is and
onditions are upon the
highly favourable, critical
this
phase. The seed stage (5-20 days after case, the
China with
inducing yiclds in EGMS Planting)
in
the PGMS
line
seed
Nyieldsfertility
of factors
4.0-4.5 t/ha could and their multiplication
14.1.2 5088
Maintaining
Maintaining the purity of TGMSthe
S and 7001 S
(Lu
be
obtained duration.
as
If the

purity of EGMS
line hybrids. When lines
et al., 1998). experienced
the lines is
selection. plants in a EGMS lines are extremely important for
The method
Fu (1998).
of population
maintaining reproduced
the segregate with respectgeneration
developing and
after using two
genetic to their
purity
EGMS lines is of critical generation. without any
Selecting about 100
sterility/fertility
described below by points.
and
planting them plants with the Deng and
typical
TransfeTing the potsseparately in
pots.
at
characteristics of the
original EGMS lines
temperature phytotron where
or
the
sensitive stage into
.Monitoring
100 per centpollen sterility appropriate temperatureglasshouse with
a

controlled a

sterility. critically the time at and

of heading, and photoperiod are
Ratooning
and selected plants in selecting
set.
plants with
collecting suitable
their selfed seed
Bulking nucleus seed from
characters and each
(nucleus seed). short-photoperiod/low-temperature conditions
selected plant
the original line. fertility or
sterility traits of the
in a
and row
comparing the
selected rows agronomic
Selecting
The
those lines that
or lines
with those of
harvested
seed is also
are
identical/similar to
the
calledoriginal
Multiplying nucleus seed. ones and
harvesting.
nucleus seed to
produce foundation produced breeder seed and
seed of EGMS lines.
Virmani et al. multiplying breeder seed to
mainta
aning the purity(1997) have also described
production of nucleus seed procedure
a
oy and based on field
Tollowing these of TGMS lines testing for
procedures the purity of EGMS lines can
in the
tropics (Fig. 8).
Oundation seed of EGMS lines is
procedures be maintained.
Sare similar directly used for producing the
rement sis that
that to those employed for hybrid seed. All the
producing three
ation/season in such
Uing) occurs during
sowing
a
of the EGMS line
for
hybrid seed production has
way that the sensitive taken
line hybrids. Important
to be in
32/24 stage the EGMS lines (5-20 of
ATent32/24C). during the days
The EGMS sterility inducing range photoperiod (>13.75 hrs) of after
"Cht
All. lines are
planted temperature
with specified row ratios
and
procedures are similar to the production of three line
along with the male
hybrids.
 Hybrid Seed Production in Fieldd Crops
210

15. ISOLATION
distance through wind and providi..
Rice pollen is capable of travelling longer ling
For commercial hybrid Se,
higher seed purity. adequate
Isolation necessary to ensure
is

different kinds of isolation can be provided depending upon

the loc
ocal conditions production
15.1 Space Isolation
and 100 for hybrid seed
m
seed production
of 500 m for CMS multiplication
.

A space isolation
has been found to be quite safer. It means that within this range no other rice variets

grown other than the pollen parent. Studies carried out under the National Seed Pro" be
also revealed that a space isolation of 100 m is ideal for hybrid seed production. AmOnAmon have
available options for providing isolation, space isolation is foOund to be the safest and the
one to avoid contamination and ensure genetic purity of hybrid seed.

15.2 Time Isolation

In many places, it is often very difficult to get the required space isolation, Under such
uch
circumstances a time isolation of over 21 days can also be adopted. It implies that headino
of parental lines in seed production plot should occur either 21 days earlier or later than those
varieties which are in vicinity of the seed production plot.
TGMS
Step 1. Select about 100 typical plants from a
population of TGMS line grown in fertility
inducing environment and bag all the
selected plants. Select 50 highly fertile
plants among them based on their higher
spikelet fertility determined after harvest.

Plants selected Step 2a.Grow single row progenies of 50 selected

Progeny rows of selected plants plants in a sterility inducing environment
and mark thos e progenies which are
completely male sterile.

Step 2b. Bulk the balance seed kept earlier as

reserve of the progenies which are
selected in step 2a to form the nucleus
seed.

Progenies selected Step 3. Multiply the nucleus seed from step 20t0
Breeder seed production produce breeder seed under strict
isolation.
duce
Step 4. Multiply the breeder seed to
isolation.
TOundation seed under strict
seed

Step 5. Repeat steps 1 to 3 in the breeder. Ocess

production plots to continue the prou

s e e d

of producing nucleous and breeder see

Fig. 8. Procedure for nucleus and breeder
seed production of TGMS .
 Barrier Isolation 211
tnSome places natural
harriers to
provide topographic
features such as
also serve the requisite isolation. Other man mademountains, rivers, forests, can also serve
purpose of
esbania and other providing isolation. Besides, features like buildings and roads can
hould stretch to atagro-forestry
least about species can
many tall
help as effective crops
such as maize,
sugarcane,
20-30 m to cropbarriers. This crop barrier
16. ROGUING
provide perfect isolation.
Ta ensure high physical and
arlier and in addition genetic purity, it is essential
roguing
Ceam the CMS and restorer is also
necessary
to have
to remove the
proper isolation as described
fr
population in the seed off-types and volunteer plants
The undesirable plants come from nay sources.
production plots.
arevious cropping. Contamination They may be
due to
improper voluntary
isolation also results in theplants
from the
off-types. Admixing during the
also other sources from which process
of occurrence of
harvesting, threshing, packing and handling are
mOve the off-types during the the off-types occur. Therefore, due care is to be taken to
Roguing can be done at anycropping
time
season.
identiiied-earlier the during
the
whenever. they are crop stage. Off-types can be
removed
better. The most
maximum tillering, at
flowering and just before harvesting.important stages for roguing are at
16.1 Roguing at maximum tillering
We can identify the off-types by their
Therefore, it is essential to know
morphological differences from the true to type
plants.
the characteristic features of parental lines which
roguing. As a basic step, any plant found help
easy identification of rogues and efficient in
the rows has to be removed as outside
they may be volunteer plants. Remove all those plants which
are either too tall or too short than the seed or pollen parent. We can also identify the off-
type plants by difference in their leaf blade size, shape and leaf sheath colour.
16.2 Roguing at flowering
The plants which differ from parental line plants in respect of leaf size,
shape, angle, panicle
shape, size and pigmentation are to be carefully removed. Remove all the plants from A-line
that have plumpy yellow anthers. Plants in the A-line should not have fertile pollen. The off-
ypes in A-lines can also be distinguished from their fully exerted panicles. Care should be
aken to remove the plants which are highly infested from pests and diseases.
16.3
Roguing just before harvest
s the last opportunity to keep away the off-types in order to maintain high purity.
before harvestins checked and those
n ant arvesting, the plants in A-line rows are to It is thoroughlyto remove all the off-
be
Wch show normal seed set are to be removed. necessary
size,
typesthat have different grain characters as compared to that of A-line plants. The grain
for effective
shape colour and andpigmentation of A-line plants have to be critically examined
in
TOguing
 17.
HARVESTING AND duction in
From the THRESHING
point of view of maintaining
threshing and high purity, extreme
harvested processing of the hybrid rice plots. The needed whiia care
while tar
is
separately. It is pollen
desirable, to harvest and thresh the and seed n3ren.
remove all the arents sho
panicles
and threshed. The
seed
lying
should
on the
be
adjoining rows. Later thepollen parent firTst and c
seed
both inside and properly dried and parent can ha
be Tier
should be
outside. All the details about the bagged. The
bags should ha
clearly written on the labels. pedigree. plot number date of har
harvest E
Ahmed, M.I. and
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