Electric Power Generation
KLAUS HASSMANN
Invited Paper
At present, the energy suppl) debate is characterized by
iizconsistent,judgementsof individual groups and, as far as nuclear
i'nergy is concerned, by ideologic and emotional viewpoints.
(:onsidering the world population structure and the upcoming
industrialization of the developing countries it is evident that
lahe electric power demand will continue to increase although
k s s rapidly in industrialized nations. The ,future trends of the
i lectric power producing chain in the conversion area may
i,qove from today's technology with mainly rotating generators
towards additional electrochemical and renewable energy devices.
In addition, increasing utilization of non grid connected renewable
r-nergy sources requires new el(~ctrochemicalstorage devices
with characteristics most effectively adapted to for instance
photovoltaic systems. In future, f . r any n e n h p e of technology,
utili? industty will heavily be ,fiitred to consider environment
protecting actions in terms of recycling to approach minimum
disposal volumes and to save raw, materials. The German
~pvernmentis ttying to satisfi the increasing public as vt,ell as
political interest by rising the research and development (R&D )
imdget for the renewubles by approximately 25% in the fiscd year
01; fossil undjssion is relatively stable. Comprrred t o the German
(7xpensesthe budgets of the Europcwi Commission j?)r reserirch in
jbssil and renewddes is unsatisfa:firc.ton;a sign$cant impro13ement
)vould be required to push the technologies.
I[. INTRODUCTION
A reliable forecast of the future trends is difficult due to
i~hefact that individual members of political parties as well
;as economists, ecologists and technologists do not agree
on basic procedures. Some selected examples have been
picked out of various sources.
- In many industrial countries, demands are being
made for increased use of coal. However, additional
coal on a stand-alone basis even converted more
effectively in the next generation of power plants
seems to be a weak basis to convincingly solve
the problems associated with the greenhouse effect,
which to a large extent is caused by CO. emissions.
- An increasing worldwide tendency can be observed
to make greater use of natural gas for electricity
generation. This certainly is a valuable option for
Manuscript received March I , 1991, reviwd September 7. 1992.
The author is with the Siemens AG, Power Generation Group KWU,
Laboratories, New Technologies, R&L) Management, P.O. Box 3220,8520
Erlangen, Germany.
IEEE Log Number 9208388.
00 18-92 19/93$03.00 0 IEEE
346
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many countries to fulfill an increasing electric power
demand because of the fact that natural-gas fuelled
combined-cycle power plants are characterized by
low investment costs, short construction times, high
efficiencies, and low emissions. In addition, a higher
share of natural gas helps to meet future goals
connected with the CO2 problem. Certainly, making
significant use of this option there is a risk that
a valuable and versatile energy resource may be
exhausted too quickly.
Nuclear power is being discussed controversial in
many countries. However, it is precisely nuclear with
pressurized and boiling light-water reactors that are
reliable in operation over a couple of decades. In
addition to that, the long-term options such as breeder
and fusion are in principle unexhaustable carbon-free
sources of energy.
On the other hand, renewables are for many experts
the only path into the next century to provide heat and
power. They suppress the problems associated with
the divergence of energy demand and generation as
well as the fact that prices are extremely high and
in most cases even technologies are not sufficiently
mature to rely on their long-term functionability.
Energy saving is to be advanced as the solution to all
energy problems. This measure will supposedly allow
the world to cover it's energy demand exclusively
with renewable energy resources. In this respect,
people forget that energy saving has always been a
principle of profitability. It eases but does not solve
the energy problems.
Status and forecast of the world energy demand has been
published by the Conservation and Studies Committee of
the World Energy Conference (WEC) in Montreal 1989
as illustrated in Fig. 1. In 1985 the world energy demand
approximately amounted to 32x 10'" GJ, half of it is alloted
to oil plus gas. A relatively large percentage (1 1%) is non-
commercial, which is used to a large extent in developing
countries for cooking and heating. By taking into account
35% as an overall average number of power generation
plant efficiency in the world, the shadowed areas stand for
the portion of any individual primary energy source used
PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. VOL. 81, NO. 3, MARCH 1993
 use for electricity generation L = limited economic development
M moderate economic development

non commercial
50 - L hydro + others
M
L nuclear
40 - -
~

30 -.
~

oil + gas

20 - '

10 - ' ~

coal

0 .

total CO2 emission incl. non commercial1987 28,6 Gt 787 Mt

thereof power generation only 5,9 Gt 238 Mt

Fig. 1. World energy demand. Statu, and foreca\t

- Climate

- 1

- Ecological balances

Source:ZFE,KWU,EV
Environment Protecting and Resources Preserving Energy Supply
Fig. 2. Energy problems sensitire tie wciety.

I'or electricity generation. This bhould demonstrate that only
;i limited amount of the primary energy supply ( i n 19%
in the range of 34% related to all commercial sources) is
consumed to feed power plants It also indicates that electric
power generation is one out of several different sectors that
have to act together to solve for instance the C02-problem.
Fig. 1 also summarizes a forecast of the future primary
cnergy demand as expected hy the WEC-Committee for
the year 2000 and 2020 by taking into account different
economic development options. This expectation clearly
but also to a certain extent surprisingly indicates that no
major changes in the shares of the different primary energy
sources is forecasted.
Figure 2 shows the important criteria sensitizing the
society that are of major influence on political decisions
according to energy sources worth to be supported by
governmental actions. As a result of these four individual
areas, the German government is promoting the German

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 Electro-Chemical Processes Will Play an Important Role in the Future

At Present In the Future

Primary- Energy Distribution, Energy Distribution,
Energy Conversion Transmission Carrier Conversion Transmission
and Storage and Storage

Central Coal Coal Carnot High Voltage

Supply Gas Carnot High Voltage Grid Gas Electro-Chemical Grid HTSC
Uranium Uranium

Gas,Oil Current Grid

Decentralized Oil Carnot Current Grid Sun,Wind Electro-Chemical Town Heating
Supply Gas Town Hydrogen Solar Power Hydrogen Pipeline
Heating (Electrolysis) Electro-Chemical
Storage

Fig. 3. New concepts are being debeloped for introduction into future energy supplies.

<coalas a feedstock for power generation. Coal also will
play a major role in the upcoming improvements of the
Idectricity supply in the new German countries.
[I. POWERPLANTOPTIONS
Figure 3 summarizes the future trends of the power
producing chain subdivided into three sections that may
move from today’s technology with mainly rotating engines
towards additional electrochemical and renewable energy
devices within the conversion part. Some indications exist
that hydrogen in the long run also may develop to an
option that increasingly will be used for heat and electricity
generation [ 11. Also in the distribution, transmission, and
storage some major change can be expected; in particular,
the high-temperature superconductivity is making progress
and will replace conventional techniques as soon as being
technically and economically mature; the proliferation of
new power electronic devices on transmission and distri-
bution lines-known as flexible AC transmission systems
(FACTS) for transmission and custom power for distribu-
tion-causes technologies changes. Increasing utilization of
renewable energy sources on a stand-alone basis requires
new electrochemical storage devices with characteristics
most effectively adapted to for instance photovoltaic sys-
tcms [2]. In future, for any new type of technology, industry
will be forced to consider environment protecting actions
iri terms of recycling. In this regard, measures have to be
slarted with construction as well as material selection and
finally ended with a minimum amount of waste.
The rise in fuel costs in the last 10-20 years has led to
a change in the structure of power plants. The tendency
can be described by milestones presented in the following
sections.
111. NUCLEARPOWER
Nuclear power plants are designed to fulfill the electricity
demand in the base or upper intermediate load; the German
standard satisfies any requirement with respect to reliability,
costs, and safety. As Table 1 summarizes, pressurized
(PWR) and boiling-water reactors (BWR) are technically
and economically mature as well as the gas cooled high
temperature reactor. In addition, for PWR the cooperation
between Framatome and KWU will result in a concept that
will gain from each of this two very successful reactor
types and from the diverse experience with nuclear power
in France and Germany [ 3 ] .The breeder option with the
long-term availability of fuel can be kept by the European
Breeder Program (41. The light-water high-converting reac-
tor (LWHCR) also seems to be a promising variant. In the
early state of development much effort is directed towards
fusion technology; even after having solved the problems
connected with the “fusion fire” a relatively long duration
of time is expected to be required to embed the “fusion
heart” into a functionable and reliable system that can be
used to substitute or supplement the other types of electric
power plant technologies.
IV. FOSSILPOWERPLANTS
Within fossil fired power plants an increasing use of
cogeneration can be observed. All thermal power plants
built can be equipped with outlets for district heat extraction
regardless of the type and size of the power plant. In the
old countries within the Federal Republic of Germany the
heat extracted today is equivalent to the demand of about 1
000 000 households; about 50 000 units are expected to be
additionally installed per annum during the next decade.

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 Table 1 Different Power Plant Options (Selection)
~~ ~

Fi\sion/Fusion Fo\\il Renewable

Technically/Economically PWR Pulveri7ed Coal (atm) Hydro Power
Mature BWR Combined Cycle Waste Incineration
HTR Fluidized Bed (atm) Geothermdl (conv )
Ldndtill Gas
Advanced State of Sodium Breeder Coal Gasification Solarthermal (Farm)
Development High Conversion Pressurized Fluidized Bed Wind
Reactor PV (thickfilm)
Nuclmr District Heating Biomass
Early State of Development Fusion Fuel Cells PV (thintilm)
MHD Hot Dry Rock
PressuriLed Pulv. Coal Solarthermal
Binary Rankine Cycle (Farm Direct Steam Generation,
Tower)
Solar Hydrogen

400 WO 650 800 loo0 1200 1400

Turbine inlet temperature ["C]
(IS0 definition for gas turbines)
Fig. 4. Thermal performance of dil'ferent 600-M W-class power plants.

Much effort has been direcled towards development of
processes that will enable better utilization of fuel. Apart
from measures to enhance the efficiency of pulverized coal-
fueled steam boilers, new technologies are in operation or
under development as can be seen in Table 1.
Taking a power rating of 600 MW, as an example. Fig. 4
compares turbine inlet tempeiature versus the efficiency of
a conventional pulverized coal fuelled power station with
those of plant types in different stages of development as
given in Table 1 . Pressurized fluidized bed combustion and
pressurized coal gasification ICG-GUD) are still being or
will be demonstrated on an industrial scale within the next
couple of years, while development activities of pressurized
pulverized coal combustion hdve just reached the early de-
velopment stage. In the case of ICG-GUD-efficiencies up to
46% [ 5 ]can be attained with it gas turbine inlet temperature
of 1250" C. Problems of flue gas cleaning to meet gas
turbine requirements can be avoided with pressurized coal
gasification since the coal derived gas is cleaned prior to
combustion at low temperatures. Compared with ICG-GUD
higher efficiencies can be approached with pressurized
pulverized coal combustion (not shown in Fig. 4). While in
this case coal is burned at approximately 1300" C, flue gas
temperatures of about 850" C are attained in pressurized
fluidized bed combustion. The exhaust gas is admitted to
the gas turbine at this temperature level after cleaning, being
the major reason for the efficiency level of approximately
45%. This concept permits inbed SO2 capture by adding
lime stone, i.e. by infumace control. In contrast, pressurized
pulverized coal combustion systems will certainly require
additional downstream flue gas cleaning devices as is the
case in conventional steam power stations. The efficiencies
of the combined cycle comprising a natural gas-fired gas
turbine topping a pulverized coal fired steam generator
increase only slowly with gas turbine inlet temperatures
because the fraction of gas turbine power is lower than in

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 o imm
COmMned Cycle P o w i Plant
wlth Rawtized Fluldwd
8.d Comburtlon
* 200 mdm3 Flue gas (STP, Dry basis, 6 vol.% 02)
Fig. 5. Comparison of supply flows, emissions and byproduct\ of different 600-MW-class power
plants
the classic GUD-mode. Since this type is fuelled by natural
gas no losses resulting from coal conversion have to be
considered; this variant is calculated as having the highest
efficiency, the peak being slightly below 5 5 8 .
For a complete balance of the different options, costs
have to be compared. With respect t o the investment
costs the natural gas-fired combined cycle has a significant
advantage over all other versions. Within the category of
coal fueled variants the ICG-CUD concept promises power
generation costs that are lower than those of traditional coal
lired plants at full load utilization in the range of 5000 h/a.
Cost of the pressurized pulverlzed coal option only can be
given with a relatively large uncertainty band. It should be
possible to reach power generation costs similar to IGC-
GUD. In contrast, pressurized fluidized bed combustion
would not seem to be competitive. However. as low power
generation costs are concerned. natural gas-fired combined-
cycle power plants hold first place at the present.
Figure 5 shows a comparison of fuel flows, emissions and
by products of different 600 MW-class power plants. Within
an overall ranking, natural gas-fired combined-cycle power
plants guarantee the lowest emissions 161; some of these
advantages certainly are connected to natural gas itself.
Within the coal options, 1GC-GUD is certainly one very
promising option; compared 10 the pulverized coal fired
power plant and the pressurized fluidized bed combustion
one of the major advantage of ICG-CUD is the possibility.
to clean the raw gas to a low emission level economically
inore effective because only a relatively small raw gas
,volume flow has to be handled.
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AshlGypsunVLime mixture
+. molar WS-ratio = 2
V. FUELCELLS(FC)
The direct conversion of chemical energy into electricity
has been discovered in the previous century. On industrial
level development work started about 20 years ago with
the overall aim to use fuel cell systems for space and
defense applications. For this purpose the characteristics
of low temperature (80°C) FC-types (alcaline and solid
polymer) are most applicable [7], 181. Requirements as for
instance low weight, low volume and highest efficiency
has been the major objectives of this development. Under
these circumstances (highest quality, low number of pieces)
no major force has been directed to achieve low cost. In
the seventies research centers and some industrial groups
identified this technology as also being able to fulfill
the technical and economic requirements for stationary
power plant applications to generate heat and power most
effectively. Today the phosphoric acid fuel cell is developed
to a status that allows very first marketing within demon-
stration projects [9]. Packaged power plant systems of a
certain standard in the power range of 50 and 200 kW are
available and are beginning to be ordered by natural gas
distributors and electric utilities. In addition, demonstration
units with characteristics of larger power plants are under
development in Japan ( 5 , 10 MW,) and are under discussion
in Italy (5 MW,) and Germany ( I O MW,). As follow
on-technologies high-temperature fuel-cell systems of the
Molten Carbonate (MCFC, 650" C) [ I O ] and solid oxyde
(SOFC, 900-1000" C)-type [ 1 I ] is under development in
United States, Japan, and Europe. A scheme of a high
PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. VOL. X I . NO. 3 . MARCH 1993
 I I I

I Pel: 40 MW; q e l : 68%, I U

Fig. 6. High temperature fuel cell power station for industrial application (maximum electricity
generation).

temperature fuel cell power station for industrial application
approaching an electric efficiency of up to 6 8 9 is shown
in Fig. 6.
VI. RENEWABLE
ENERGIES
Renewable energy sources are of growing importance
because they can help to solve the problems associated with
the upcoming demand of an increasing world population
as well as to satisfy the environmental requirements. It is
certainly evident that it is not possible to depend solely on
renewable energy sources even in the long term.
Hydro power in any of it’s different applications belongs
to the well established and reliable concepts for electricity
generation. Therefore, this technology is not discussed in
detail.
Geothermal resources connected with geological anom-
alies are used to produce electric power in the order of
some hundreds of MW; this conventional source can be
supplemented by the hot-dry--rock technology, which, after
having demonstrated operability can enlarge the share of
geothermal type of power plants. A joint demonstration
project linking the knowledge in Great Britain, France, and
Germany is under discussion.
Wind energy is pushed by lax credits and by the excellent
wind conditions that, as nowhere in the world, favors
the use of wind in California. In Germany, governmental
support is the driving force for different companies to
develop, construct, and operate wind converters of very
different sizes. Because wind power cannot be guaranteed
at any time, wind converters are operated as fuel saver.
Nevertheless, the German government forced utilities to pay
for electric power fed to the grid from external hydro, wind,
and photovoltaic sources 16.7 PfkWh. This fee linked with
additional governmental support within a 250-MW wind-
power project represents conditions sufficiently attractive
for private investors. As a result of this, 250-MW wind
power will be established in Germany in the next couple of
years. This can act as a driving force to get wind accepted
and to approach an economic situation.
Solur thermal energy also can be converted into electric-
ity via concentrating high-temperature systems that only
make use of the direct insolation of the sunlight. Today
solarthermal devices in a significant number are installed in
California [ 121. Unit sizes up to 80 MW, are in operation;
units of even more than 100 MW, are being designed and
planned to come into operation within the next generation of
solar power plants. The flexibility of this plant is increased
by cofiring with natural gas to meet also the evening power
demand peak that significantly improves the economics.
There is some rationality that a combined-cycle power
plant or a steam boiler fed for instance by pulverized coal
with solarthermal support could be a version that links the
advantages of the conventional fossil fired type of power
plant with solarthermal devices to save fuel. This option
with a direct steam evaporation device that is planned
to be developed in the next couple of years can also
become an attractive power plant version for utilization in
countries located in the solar belt. Compared to the “clean”
solarthermal power plants, this type can be operated in the
base as well as in the intermediate load very reliably by
having the additional advantage of a much better economy.
Figure 7 shows a schematic and the characteristics of this
type of a power plant.

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 QSd \ Solar Field 7 GUPODeration
L
,
€ig. 7. GUD-power plant combined with solarthermal direct steam generation
Photovoltaics (PV) converts light directly into electricity
with the advantage that diffuse light can also be con-
verted. Less favorable aspects of PV are high material
and production costs, the low insolation density, and, in
many cases, the incompatibility of solar energy supply and
consumer demand. At the present state of the art, these
disadvantages that are also valid for wind and solarthermal
devices, prohibit economic utilization of PV in power
plants with large ratings. Activities therefore concentrate
on the development of more reasonable price systems,
first of all for applications to which the kWh-price is not
a major factor. This category includes PV integrated in
hghting systems, mobile telephones, radio relay stations,
\. entilation, television and some agricultural devices as
for instance water pumps, drying of grain, etc. There is
also some evidence that PV will play a major role for
the electricity supply of villages or individual houses that
are not connected with the electrical grid. In Germany,
a governmental initiative called “1000 roof program” has
been established in order to push forward PV.
Solur hydrogen: solar energy can also be chemically
stored in gases, e.g., in Hydrogen produced by reduction
of water [13]. This concept is based on the idea of
3 52
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POT+ PST
q GUD I -
PGT+ PST
qtot. -
QF + Qsoi
qfo.= -
POT+ PST
QF
0PST
using photovoltaic systems to generate electricity in the
world’s sun belt for operating electrolysis systems and of
transporting the produced H2 to industrialized countries
such as to Germany; there, this energy of solar origin can be
used to meet a part of power andlor heat demand. However,
this idea will take a lot of time and effort to be put into
practice. In principle, the most important components for
solar hydrogen productions are already available and some
of them have already been tested. However, development
work will also be necessary to upgrade and prepare
the peripherical, in most cases conventional components
for large-scale economic application. Within the project
Solar Hydrogen Bavaria, which is shared by the utility
Bayernwerk AG (60%) and Linde, MBB, BMW, Siemens
( 10% each) this technology will be demonstrated. The
project consists in the first phase of PV (270 kW),
electrolysis (two types, alcaline and membrane), hydrogen
storage and some applications converting H2 in power and
heat (f.i. a phosphoric acid and an alcaline fuel cell).
Despite refuse is not a real renewable source, this topic
should be covered in some detail. Similar to nuclear power,
refuse incineration in almost all industrialized countries
is discussed very controversial and, in general, is not
PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. VOL. X I . NO. 3 . MARCH 1993
 Table 2 General Economics of Nuclear, Fossil and Renewable Power Plant Options (Selection)
Fi\sion Fossil Renewables
Energy Economics
- Electrical efficiency (max) ( % ) 33-38 '
40-5s (70 1 ) 6-70
- Generating Costs (DMkWh) 0. I 0, 08-0. I5 0 . 05-2, 0
- Generating Characteristic continuously continuously discontinuously
- Land Requirement (mZ/MW,I) 80-180 40-500 200- I00 (X)0
- Energy Pay Back Time (month) I 2-3 3/8/ I oo4
Environment
- CO2 ( g k W h ) '
0 380- 1 ooo? (k30(W'.'
- S02/NOx (mg/kWh) o2 O-6O0/270-6OO2 0400/0- I OoO'.3
- PoliticaVSocial Acceptance controversial accepted accepted
' Electrochemical.
' Without construction.
I High values from waste incineratior.
'Waste incin./wind/PV.

accepted by the society. Nevertheless problems associated Table 3 R&D-Expenses of the German Government And
with refuse generated in the households as well as waste European Community (EC) for Energy Technology ( M I 0 DM)
produced in the different industrial branches needs convinc- 1990 1991 EC per
ing and environment protecting measures. As mentioned %BMFT C/BMFT 1990-94 annum
already, in Germany increasing political force starts estab- Fo';\il 1.51,8 (IO() 146.6 (100)
lishing which should push private industry to care for the Renewable5 277.1 (100) 351.8 (100) 314 78
PV 95s)
whole life time of its own products as well as for the wastc Wind 27.0
management. Most of the organic waste certainly can be H2 18.0
used to generate electric powzr. Fi\sion 957,3 (71) 1059.7 (54) 398 100
In summary, Table 2 contains a comparison of some key Fusion 198,3 (100) 206.4 (100) 916 229
characteristics between the different power plant categories. Overall 1584,s (82) 1764.5 (72) 1628 407
There are some major differences that certainly will affect
heavily the utilization such its power generation charac-
teristics, land requirement and the energy payback time and renewables is certainly unsatisfactory; a significant
defined as the duration the power plant has to be operated improvement would be appreciated.
to generate the energy required to built the plant. Con-
clusively, renewables because of their discontinuous and VIIJ. CONCLUSION
not foreseeable power generation characteristics combined
with the high load requirement to pick up the sun o r the - Fission with low cost, sufficient fuel resources, and
wind-without considering costs-is expected to be a bur- improved safety is certainly ready to participate in:
den for large-scale installations in densed populated areas. meeting the electrical power requirements of an
Also the energy payback timz is one major motivation to increasing population
get renewable energy technologies much more improved reducing CO? and other pollutants
as most of it stand today. With respect to environmental - Fossil with a future potential
requirements, renewables certainly show their superiority To stretch resources and reduce specific CO1
versus the fossil options; nevertheless, fission has similar emissions increasing the efficiency as well as
advantages; linked to the economic situation-on the basis to lower other pollutants even to a very low
of rationality--fission should be chosen as the basement for level by additional measures
the power generation in the future.
will also play a major role in the world's technology
mix in the intermediate and long run. Cost levels,
above all, in the natural gas-fired power plants are
VI[. BUDGETS FOR RESEARCHAND DEVELOPMENT most attractive to fulfill the requirement of a high
Table 3 shows the expenses of the German government additional power demand in the developing countries.
and the European Commission for Energy Technology; New fossil fueled technologies such as fuel cells are
the German government is trying to satisfy the increas- expected to be added to the technological power plant
ing publiclpolitical interest by rising the budget for the mix as soon as mature concepts will be available.
renewables by approximately 25% in the fiscal year 91; - Renewables certainly need significant further devel-
fossil and fission is relatively stable. Nevertheless, it has opment and market penetration assistance for ulti-
to be considered, that the majority of the fission budget mate technical and economic maturity. The individ-
is consumed for nuclear safety and the inkind contribution ual industrialized countries and the European Com-
of the Federal Research Centers. Compared to the German mission should check their R&D-budgets whether or
expenses the budgets of the European Commission for fossil not sufficient incentives can be given to suppliers (in

HASSMANN ELECTRIC POWER Gf NkKATION 353

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 a demonstration stage also to customers) in order to
assist development and later on marketing of single
components as well as of complete systems. For
solar, wind etc. even additional long-term incentives
are required to gain perceptible market shares.
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cell power system studies for small and medium sized power
plants,” in Fuel Cell Seminar 1990, Phoenix, Ariz., 1990.
[ 121 H. Klaiss, J . Meyer, M. Kiera, W . Meinecke, and F. Staiss,
“Costs and revenues of renewable electricity production sys-
tems,” Solar Energy Materials, vol. 24, pp. 6 4 8 4 7 I , 1991.
[ 131 K. Forster and K. Hassmann, “Solar hydrogen technique pro-
vides storage facilities,” Modern Power Systems, vol. 9, 1989.
Klaus Hassmann received the Engineer degree
i n mechanical engineering from Graz Univer-
sity, Austria, in 1968, and the Ph.D degree
from the University of Stuttgard, Germany, i n
I916
He is currently working as a Senior Direc-
tor of the Power Generation Group (KWU),
Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany He has nearly
25 years of experience with Siemens, including
four years with the tast breeder program, I O
years with the pressurized water reactor “beyond
design accidents” program (including consequences of core meltdown). In
1984 he worked in Siemens’ fossil power plant options program, which
includes coal gasification. In 1988, he moved into renewable energies, and
\ince 1990 has been the Head of the New Technologies R&D Laboratories
subdivision in Erlangen. His responsibilities include due technologies
research and development, technology evaluation, market surveys, and
national/intemational cooperation.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. VOL. 81. NO. 3. MARCH 1993