VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590018

Technical Seminar Report

on
“Fruit Disease Detection ”
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by
Lekhana Ichangi (1AM20EC040)

Under the guidance of

Prof. Victor Jeyaseelan

Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE
AMCEC, Bengaluru

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

AMC ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Accredited by NAAC & NBA
18th KM, Bannerghatta Main Road, Bengaluru – 560 083
2020-2021
 AMC ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, New Delhi
th
#18 Km, Bannerghatta Road, Kalkere, Bengaluru-83

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar report entitled “Fruit disease detection” is
a bonafide work carried out by Lekhana Ichangi (1AM20EC040) in partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2023-24. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions
indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report. The
seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of technical seminar prescribed for the said Degree.

Prof. Victor Jeyaseelan

Assistant professor, ECE
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Seminar report entitled “Fruit disease detection”
has been carried out by me under the guidance of my guide, Prof. Victor
Jeyaseelan, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, AMC Engineering College, Bangalore and submitted in partial
fulfillment of the course requirements for the award of the degree in Bachelor of
Electronics and Communication Engineering during the year 2022-23. The
matter embodied in this report has not been submitted to any other university or
institution for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Lekhana Ichangi
(1AM20EC040)
 ABSTRACT

The abstract introduces a groundbreaking approach utilizing enhanced convolutional

neural networks (CNN) for fruit disease detection and grading classification,
complemented by stacked sparse denoising autoencoders (SSDAE) and support vector
machines (SVM). This integrated system aims to streamline post-harvest fruit quality
assessment by leveraging deep learning techniques to accurately detect diseases and
classify fruit grades. Through a comprehensive dataset and advanced model architecture,
the system achieves high accuracy and efficiency in identifying various fruit diseases
and grading standards. The abstract highlights the potential of this innovative solution to
revolutionize agricultural practices, enhance food safety standards, and contribute to
sustainable farming practices.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 6.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY ...................................................................... 7.

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT ....................................................................... 8.

4. EXISTING SYSTEM ............................................................................... 9.

5. IMPLEMENTATION............................................................................. 10.

6. PROPOSED METHOD .......................................................................... 11.

7. ABOUT THE COMPONENTS .............................................................. 12.

8. ABOUT THE SOFTWARE ................................................................... 14.

9. ABOUT THE HARDWARE… ............................................................ 15.

10. BLOCK DIAGRAM… ........................................................................ 16.

11. ADVANTAGES ..................................................................................... 17.

12. DISADVANTAGES ............................................................................... 18.

13. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 20.

14. FUTURE SCOPE ................................................................................... 21.

15. REFERENCES ....................................................................................... 22.

Fruit Disease Detection

1. INTRODUCTION

The introduction to enhanced CNN for fruit disease detection and grading classification
using SSDAE-SVM for post-harvest fruits provides a brief overview of the
methodology. It highlights the need for accurate and automated fruit quality assessment
in agricultural practices. The introduction outlines the significance of leveraging deep
learning techniques, such as CNNs and SSDAE-SVM, to enhance the efficiency and
accuracy of fruit disease detection and grading classification. It emphasizes the
importance of timely detection of diseases and consistent grading standards in post-
harvest fruits to optimize crop management decisions and ensure food safety. Overall,
the introduction sets the stage for the research by establishing the relevance and potential
impact of the proposed methodology in agricultural applications.

Dept of ECE,AMCEC 6 2023-2024

Fruit Disease Detection

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Title: Enhanced CNN for fruit disease detection

The literature survey on enhanced CNN for fruit disease detection and grading classification
using SSDAE-SVM reveals a growing body of research showcasing the effectiveness of deep
learning techniques in fruit quality assessment. Studies have demonstrated the potential of
CNNs for feature extraction, SSDAE for dimensionality reduction, and SVM for classification
in accurately detecting fruit diseases and grading fruit quality. Researchers have explored
various datasets, model architectures, and optimization techniques to improve accuracy,
efficiency, and generalization ability. While challenges such as data scarcity, model
interpretability, and deployment complexities persist, the literature highlights the significant
strides made towards automating post-harvest fruit quality assessment. Future research
directions focus on advancing model architectures, integrating multimodal data sources, and
deploying real-time monitoring systems to enhance agricultural practices and food safety
standards.

2. Title: deep learning technique

The literature survey on deep learning techniques reveals a rapidly expanding field with
widespread applications across various domains. Researchers have explored convolutional
neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and generative adversarial
networks (GANs) among others, for tasks such as image recognition, natural language
processing, and reinforcement learning. Studies have highlighted the effectiveness of deep
learning in achieving state-of-the-art results in complex tasks, often surpassing traditional
machine learning methods. However, challenges such as interpretability, scalability, and
computational resources remain areas of active research. The literature underscores the ongoing
efforts to advance deep learning algorithms, improve model interpretability, and develop
scalable solutions to address real-world challenges in diverse applications.

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3. PROBLEM STATEMENT

➢ Current methods for fruit disease detection and grading classification in

post-harvest fruits are manual, labor-intensive, and prone to errors.
➢ Inconsistent grading standards and delayed disease detection can lead to
significant crop losses and reduced food safety standards.
➢ There is a critical need for an automated system that can accurately detect
fruit diseases and classify fruit grades in post-harvest fruits.
➢ This system should leverage advanced deep learning techniques such as
CNNs, SSDAE for feature extraction, and SVM for classification to
streamline fruit quality assessment processes.
➢ The goal is to optimize crop management decisions, enhance food safety
standards, and minimize losses in agricultural practices.

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4. EXISTING SYSTEM

An exciting system on enhanced CNN for fruit disease detection and grading classification
using SSDAE-SVM for post-harvest fruits would revolutionize fruit quality assessment in
agricultural practices. It would offer a comprehensive and automated solution that combines
cutting-edge deep learning techniques with traditional machine learning algorithms to
accurately detect fruit diseases and classify fruit grades. This system would streamline fruit
quality assessment processes, enabling farmers and agricultural experts to make informed
decisions in real-time. By leveraging advanced technologies like CNNs, SSDAE, and SVM,
the system would enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of fruit quality assessment,
leading to optimized crop management, reduced losses, and improved food safety standards.
Overall, this exciting system has the potential to transform the way fruit quality is assessed in
post-harvest fruits, empowering farmers and stakeholders with actionable insights for
sustainable agricultural practices.

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5. IMPLEMENTATION
The implementation of enhanced CNN for fruit disease detection and grading classification
using SSDAE-SVM for post-harvest fruits involves several steps:

● Data Collection: Gather a dataset of post-harvest fruit images, including healthy fruits,
fruits with diseases, and fruits of different grades.
● Preprocessing: Preprocess the images to enhance quality, remove noise, and standardize
size and orientation.
● Feature Extraction with SSDAE: Utilize SSDAE to extract high-level features from the
preprocessed fruit images. Train the SSDAE model on the dataset to learn hierarchical
representations of input data.
● CNN Architecture Design: Develop a customized CNN architecture specifically tailored
for fruit classification tasks. Incorporate the extracted features from SSDAE as input to
the CNN model.
● Training and Fine-Tuning: Train the enhanced CNN model using the preprocessed fruit
image dataset. Fine-tune the model parameters using techniques such as data
augmentation and dropout regularization to improve performance.
● SVM Classification: Use SVM classifiers to perform classification tasks using features
extracted from the CNN model. Train SVM models on the extracted features to further
enhance classification accuracy.
● Evaluation: Evaluate the performance of the implemented system using metrics such as
accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score on a separate test dataset.
● Deployment: Deploy the trained model for practical use in fruit quality assessment
applications. Integrate the system into existing agricultural practices or develop
standalone software applications for automated fruit quality assessment.
By following these steps, the implementation of enhanced CNN for fruit disease detection
and grading classification using SSDAE-SVM can provide an accurate and efficient
solution for post-harvest fruit quality assessment.

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6. PROPOSED METHOD
The proposed method of enhanced CNN for fruit disease detection and grading classification
using SSDAE-SVM for post-harvest fruits involves the following steps:

1. Data Collection: Gather a diverse dataset of post-harvest fruit images, including healthy
fruits, fruits with diseases, and fruits of different grades.
2. Preprocessing: Preprocess the images to enhance quality, remove noise, and standardize
size and orientation.
3. Feature Extraction with SSDAE: Utilize SSDAE to extract high-level features from the
preprocessed fruit images. Train the SSDAE model on the dataset to learn hierarchical
representations of input data.
4. CNN Architecture Design: Design a customized CNN architecture tailored specifically
for fruit classification tasks. Incorporate the extracted features from SSDAE as input to
the CNN model.
5. Training and Fine-Tuning: Train the enhanced CNN model using the preprocessed fruit
image dataset. Fine-tune the model parameters using techniques such as data
augmentation, dropout regularization, and transfer learning to optimize performance.
6. SVM Classification: Use SVM classifiers to perform classification tasks using features
extracted from the CNN model. Train SVM models on the extracted features to further
improve classification accuracy and robustness.
7. Evaluation: Evaluate the performance of the proposed method using metrics such as
accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score on a separate test dataset to assess its
generalization ability and effectiveness in real-world scenarios.
8. Deployment: Deploy the trained model for practical use in fruit quality assessment
applications. Integrate the system into existing agricultural practices or develop
standalone software applications for automated fruit quality assessment.
By following this proposed method, the enhanced CNN for fruit disease detection and grading
classification using SSDAE-SVM can provide an accurate and efficient solution for post-harvest
fruit quality assessment, aiding in timely disease detection and ensuring consistent grading
standards.

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7. ABOUT THE COMPONENTS

➢ Dataset of Post-Harvest Fruit Images: A comprehensive dataset comprising high-quality images

of post-harvest fruits is essential for training and evaluating the model. This dataset should
include various fruit types, different grades, and instances of diseases to ensure the model's
robustness and generalization ability.
➢ Preprocessing Pipeline: Before feeding the images into the model, preprocessing techniques are
applied to enhance the image quality and remove noise. This may involve resizing,
normalization, cropping, and other techniques to standardize the input data and improve the
model's performance.
➢ Stacked Sparse Denoising Autoencoder (SSDAE): SSDAE is used for feature extraction from
the preprocessed fruit images. This deep learning algorithm learns hierarchical representations
of the input data, capturing meaningful features relevant to fruit diseases and grading
characteristics.
➢ Customized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Architecture: A CNN architecture is
designed specifically for fruit disease detection and grading classification tasks. This
architecture typically consists of convolutional layers for feature extraction, pooling layers for
spatial reduction, and fully connected layers for classification. The architecture may be
customized based on the specific requirements of the task and the features extracted by SSDAE.
➢ Support Vector Machine (SVM) Classifier: SVM classifiers are employed for classification
tasks using features extracted from the CNN model. SVMs are effective in separating data
points into different classes based on their features and can handle high-dimensional feature
spaces efficiently. Multiple SVM classifiers may be trained for different classification tasks,
such as disease detection and grading classification.
➢ Training and Fine-Tuning Framework: A framework is used to train and fine-tune the model
parameters using the preprocessed fruit image dataset. This involves techniques such as data
augmentation, dropout regularization, and transfer learning to optimize the model's accuracy
and robustness.
➢ Evaluation Metrics: Metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score are used to
evaluate the performance of the model on a separate test dataset. These metrics provide insights
into the model's ability to correctly classify fruits based on their diseases and grades.

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➢ Deployment Infrastructure: Once the model is trained and evaluated, it is deployed for practical
use in fruit quality assessment applications. This may involve integrating the model into
existing agricultural practices or developing standalone software applications for automated first
quality assessment.

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8. ABOUT THE SOFTWARE

➢ Python: Python is a popular programming language widely used in deep learning

research and development. Libraries such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Keras
provide comprehensive support for building, training, and deploying CNN
models, as well as implementing SSDAE and SVM algorithms.
➢ TensorFlow: TensorFlow is an open-source deep learning framework developed
by Google. It offers extensive support for building and training CNN models, as
well as implementing other deep learning algorithms like SSDAE. TensorFlow
also provides tools for model optimization, deployment, and serving.
➢ PyTorch: PyTorch is another popular deep learning framework known for its
flexibility and ease of use. It offers dynamic computation graphs, making it well-
suited for research prototyping and experimentation. PyTorch provides modules
for building CNN models, as well as support for implementing SSDAE and SVM
algorithms.
➢ scikit-learn: scikit-learn provides a wide range of algorithms for classification,
regression, clustering, and more. It includes implementations of SVM classifiers,
making it suitable for integrating SVMs into the enhanced CNN pipeline.
➢ Matlab: Matlab is a high-level programming language and environment
commonly used in academic and research settings. It offers built-in functions and
toolboxes for deep learning, image processing, and machine learning, making it
suitable for implementing CNN, SSDAE, and SVM algorithms.
➢ OpenCV: OpenCV is an open-source computer vision library with extensive
support for image processing and analysis. It provides functions for image
preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification, making it useful for
integrating with CNN-based models for fruit disease detection and grading
classification.

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9. ABOUT THE HARDWARE

➢ Central Processing Unit (CPU): A CPU is required to execute the software algorithms and perform
computations involved in training and inference tasks. While CPUs are capable of handling basic
deep learning tasks, they may not provide sufficient performance for training large-scale CNN
models efficiently.
➢ Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): GPUs are commonly used to accelerate deep learning
computations due to their parallel processing capabilities. GPUs excel at performing matrix
operations, which are prevalent in CNNs and other deep learning algorithms. High-end GPUs from
manufacturers like NVIDIA, AMD, and others are commonly used for training and inference tasks
in deep learning.
➢ Tensor Processing Unit (TPU): TPUs are specialized hardware accelerators designed by Google
specifically for deep learning workloads. TPUs offer significant performance improvements over
traditional CPUs and GPUs for certain deep learning tasks, particularly when deployed in cloud-
based environments.
➢ Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs): FPGAs are programmable hardware devices that can
be customized to accelerate specific deep learning operations. FPGA-based accelerators offer lower
power consumption and higher flexibility compared to GPUs and TPUs, making them suitable for
edge computing and IoT applications.
➢ Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs): ASICs are custom-designed chips optimized for
specific tasks, such as deep learning inference. Companies like Google, NVIDIA, and others have
developed ASICs specifically for accelerating deep learning computations, offering high
performance and energy efficiency.
➢ Memory and Storage: Adequate memory (RAM) and storage (SSD or HDD) are essential for storing
training data, model parameters, and intermediate results during the training and inference process.
High-speed memory and storage solutions help improve the overall performance of deep learning
systems.

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10. BLOCK DIAGRAM

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ADVANTAGES
➢ Accuracy: Enhanced CNN models, combined with SSDAE-SVM, offer high accuracy in
detecting fruit diseases and classifying fruit grades. The deep learning techniques used in the
model enable it to learn intricate patterns and features from the fruit images, resulting in precise
classification outcomes.
➢ Efficiency: The automated nature of the system significantly improves efficiency in fruit quality
assessment processes. By leveraging advanced algorithms, the system can quickly analyze a
large volume of fruit images, providing timely results and reducing the need for manual
inspection.
➢ Robustness: The combination of CNN for feature extraction and SVM for classification
enhances the robustness of the system. This allows the model to generalize well to new and
unseen fruit images, ensuring consistent performance across different fruit types, diseases, and
grading standards.
➢ Scalability: The system is highly scalable, capable of handling varying sizes of fruit datasets
and accommodating new data seamlessly. As more data becomes available or new fruit varieties
are introduced, the model can be easily retrained and adapted to maintain optimal performance.
➢ Automation: By automating fruit disease detection and grading classification, the system
reduces the reliance on manual labor and expertise. This not only saves time and resources but
also minimizes human error, leading to more reliable and consistent results.
➢ Decision Support: The system provides valuable insights and decision support for farmers and
agricultural experts. By accurately identifying fruit diseases and grading fruit quality, the
system empowers stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding crop management, pest
control, and harvesting practices.
➢ Enhanced Food Safety: Timely detection of fruit diseases helps prevent the spread of pathogens
and contaminants, thereby enhancing food safety standards. By ensuring that only healthy fruits
are harvested and distributed, the system contributes to maintaining food safety throughout the
supply chain.
➢ Cost-Effectiveness: While initially requiring investment in development and implementation,
the long-term cost-effectiveness of the system is significant. By improving productivity,
reducing losses, and optimizing resource utilization, the system generates substantial returns on
investment for farmers and stakeholders.

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10. DISADVANTAGES

➢ Complexity: Implementing and fine-tuning the enhanced CNN model

coupled with SSDAE-SVM can be complex and requires expertise in deep
learning and machine learning techniques. This complexity may pose
challenges for researchers and practitioners without adequate knowledge
and resources.
➢ Computational Resources: Training and running the enhanced CNN model
on large datasets require significant computational resources, including
high-performance GPUs and large memory capacity. This can be costly and
may limit accessibility for researchers and organizations with limited
resources.
➢ Data Requirements: The effectiveness of the enhanced CNN model heavily
relies on the quality and quantity of the training data. Acquiring a diverse
and representative dataset of post-harvest fruit images, including various
fruit types, diseases, and grading standards, can be challenging and time-
consuming.
➢ Overfitting: Overfitting, where the model learns to memorize the training
data instead of generalizing well to new data, is a common challenge in deep
learning models. Fine-tuning the model parameters and regularizing
techniques may be necessary to mitigate this risk and ensure the model's
robustness.
➢ Interpretability: Deep learning models like CNNs and SSDAE are often
considered "black box" models, meaning that it can be challenging to
interpret how the model arrives at its predictions. This lack of
interpretability may hinder stakeholders' trust in the model's results and
decision-making processes.
➢ Limited Generalization: Despite efforts to generalize the model to new and
unseen data, there is always a risk that the model may not perform well on
real-world scenarios or under different environmental conditions.

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Continuous monitoring and validation are necessary to ensure the model's

effectiveness in practical applications.
➢ Deployment Challenges: Integrating the enhanced CNN-SVM model into
existing agricultural practices or deploying standalone software applications
may face logistical and operational challenges. Ensuring seamless
integration, user-friendly interfaces, and ongoing technical support are
essential for successful deployment.
➢ Ethical Considerations: As with any AI-based system, there are ethical
considerations regarding data privacy, bias in training data, and potential
societal impacts. Ethical guidelines and regulations should be considered
throughout the development and deployment process to mitigate potential
risks and ensure responsible use of the technology.

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11. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, enhanced CNN for fruit disease detection and grading

classification using SSDAE-SVM represents a promising approach to
revolutionize post-harvest fruit quality assessment. By leveraging advanced deep
learning techniques, this system offers numerous benefits, including high
accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. The integration of CNN for feature
extraction and SVM for classification enhances the robustness and generalization
ability of the model, enabling it to accurately detect fruit diseases and classify
fruit grades across various fruit types and grading standards.

However, while the advantages of enhanced CNN for fruit quality assessment are
significant, there are also potential challenges and limitations that need to be
addressed. These include the complexity of implementation, computational
resource requirements, data limitations, and ethical considerations. Overcoming
these challenges will be essential to realize the full potential of the technology in
practical applications.

Overall, enhanced CNN for fruit disease detection and grading classification
using SSDAE-SVM offers a promising solution to improve post-harvest fruit
quality assessment processes. With further research, development, and
deployment efforts, this technology has the potential to revolutionize agricultural
practices, enhance food safety standards, and contribute to sustainable farming
practices. By addressing the challenges and leveraging the advantages of the
technology, stakeholders can harness the power of enhanced CNN for more
efficient and accurate fruit quality assessment in the future.

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12. FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope of enhanced CNN for fruit disease detection and grading
classification using SSDAE-SVM is promising. It entails advancements in model
architectures, real-time monitoring systems, edge computing deployment, and
collaborative platforms. Integrating multimodal data sources, such as spectral
imaging, and exploring domain adaptation techniques will enhance model
accuracy and applicability. Additionally, the deployment of CNN models on edge
devices and the establishment of collaborative platforms for data sharing and best
practices dissemination will accelerate the adoption of these technologies in
agriculture. Regulatory compliance and ethical considerations will also play a
crucial role in ensuring responsible deployment and widespread acceptance of
enhanced CNN for fruit quality assessment. Overall, the future holds significant
potential for leveraging enhanced CNN techniques to revolutionize post-harvest
fruit quality assessment and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices.

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13. REFERENCES
➢ Authors: Anisha Lal, Nupur Pradhan, Tanupriya Choudhury, and Rupa Sharma
Title: "Fruit Disease Detection and Classification Using Enhanced CNN and SVM"
Conference/Journal: IEEE International Conference on Computing, Analytics and Networks
(ICAN)
Year: 2020
➢ Authors: Vishal H. Patel, Shahin Nazarian, and Rama Chellappa
Title: "Enhanced Convolutional Neural Networks for Fruit Image Detection using Transfer
Learning"
Conference/Journal: IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)
Year: 2018
➢ Authors: Haibo Zhang, Haoliang Fang, Wenqiang Zhang, and Zhongming Ma
Title: "Fruit Disease Detection Using Deep Learning Based Convolutional Neural Networks"
Conference/Journal: IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC)
Year: 2019

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