BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

Exercise No. 18
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The respiratory system provides an airway for movement of air into and out of the body. It
is also the site where atmospheric oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream to be de- livered to all
body cells, and carbon dioxide produced by these cells diffuses out of the bloodstream to be
exhaled into the atmosphere. This gas exchange takes a coordinated effort of the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems.

The main organs of the respiratory system are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, and lungs. Clinically, the nose and pharynx are organs of the upper airways, and the
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs comprise the lower airways. Functionally the respiratory
system is divided into the conducting zone (nose to the terminal bronchioles) and the respiratory
zone (respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli).

The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other
animals. In humans, the two lungs are divided into three lobes on the right side and two lobes on
the left. The three right lobes are the superior, middle, and inferior lobes, and the left lobes
are called the superior and inferior lobes. The rounded superior part of the lung is the apex, and
the broader inferior part is the base, which rests on the diaphragm. The left lobe has a concave
surface called the cardiac notch, which has the apex of the heart projecting into it.

Each lung has a hilus, an area surrounded with pleura, where the bronchi, blood and
lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter or exit the medial side of the lung. The lungs are in the
thoracic cavity and are separated from each other by the heart and the mediastinum. Parietal
pleura lines the thoracic cavity wall, and visceral pleura covers the surface of each lung. The
pleural cavity is the space between the two pleural layers that contains pleural fluid.

A. OBJECTIVES

After completing this exercise, you should be able to:

1. identify the organs that constitute the respiratory system; and
2. identify the anatomic features of the lungs.

B. PROCEDURES

Study the diagram of a human respiratory system and identify the structures that make up the
upper and lower respiratory system. Answer your work sheet. Also, label the parts of the lungs.

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BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

Laboratory Exercise Worksheet

Exercise No. 18: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

Year and Section: __________________________ Group Number: _______
Instructor/ Professor: ________________________ Score: ______________

1. Structural Components: The Human Respiratory System

a. Label the drawing using the given choices.

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BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

b. Label the parts of the lungs.

1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________
6. ___________________________
7. ___________________________
8. ___________________________
9. ___________________________
10. ___________________________

1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________

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BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

Exercise No. 19
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system contains the organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the
accessory digestive organs. The GI tract or alimentary (alimentary= nourishment) canal is a tube
that extends from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract organs include the mouth, most of the
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine
(colon), and anus. The accessory digestive organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas) assist in digestion.

The J-shaped stomach has four areas: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. The
cardia is the first part of the stomach, inferior to the lower esophageal sphincter. The fundus is
the elevated area to the left of the cardia that serves as a tem- porary holding area for food. The
body is the largest, curved part of the stomach, whereas the pylorus continues to the right of the
body after the curve. The pylorus is divided into two areas, the pyloric antrum (antrum= cave),
which is next to the body, and the pyloric canal, which is nearer the pyloric sphincter. The pyloric
sphincter is a smooth muscle that allows food to enter the first part of the small intestine. The
small intestine is a long tube (about 10 feet long in a living person) divided into three sections:
the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The large intestine, also known as the colon (colon= food
passage) or large bowel, is approximately 5 feet long and is composed of the cecum, colon,
rectum, and anal canal. A blind pouch called the cecum, which is about 2 to 3 inches long,
extends inferiorly from the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter in the lower right quadrant.
The slender appendix, which is lymphatic tissue, branches off the cecum and is also about 2 to
3 inches long. The ascending colon extends superiorly to the liver on the right side of the
abdomen and makes a 90º turn to the left at the right colic (hepatic) flexure. The colon continues
as the transverse colon until it reaches the spleen, where it makes another 90º turn at the left
colic (splenic) flexure. The descending colon then continues inferiorly on the left side to an S-
shaped curve called the sigmoid colon at the level of the iliac crest.

A. OBJECTIVES

After completing this exercise, you should be able to identify the organs and glands associated
with the digestive system of humans.

B. PROCEDURES

1. Obtain a model or diagram of the human digestive system.

2. With your reference materials and the model, study and identify the organs, glands and
other structures comprising the human digestive system, starting from the mouth cavity
until the anus.
3. Label and identify the figures on the answer sheet.

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BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

Laboratory Exercise Worksheet

Exercise No. 19: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

Year and Section: __________________________ Group Number: _______
Instructor/ Professor: ________________________ Score: ______________

1. Identify the labeled parts of animal digestive system

a. Human Digestive System

1.

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

7.
8.

9.
10.
11.

12.
13.

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BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

Parts of the small and large intestines

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BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

Exercise No. 20
URINARY SYSTEM

The urinary system is a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess
fluid and other substances from the bloodstream. The substances are filtered out from the body
in the form of urine. Urine is a liquid produced by the kidneys, collected in the bladder and excreted
through the urethra. Urine is used to extract excess minerals or vitamins as well as blood
corpuscles from the body. The urinary organs include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
The Urinary system works with the other systems of the body to help maintain homeostasis. The
kidneys are the main organs of homeostasis because they maintain the acid base balance and
the water salt balance of the blood.

A. OBJECTIVES
After completing this exercise, you should be able to:
1. identify the organs and other related structure of the urinary system; and
2. determine renal function in terms of water and salt excretion.

B. PROCEDURES

1. Anatomy of urinary organs and related structures

a. Examine the diagram showing the urinary system. Take note of the gross features
of the organs and other structures that make up this system. Referring to
illustrations of the midsagittal section of the kidney and the nephron, identify all the
components that comprise them.
b. Draw and label the frontal view of urinary system, midsagittal section of kidney and
nephron.

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BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

Laboratory Exercise Worksheet

Exercise No. 20: URINARY SYSTEM

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

Year and Section: __________________________ Group Number: _______
Instructor/ Professor: ________________________ Score: ______________

1. Anatomy of urinary organs and related structures

1.
2.
3.
4.

MIDSAGITTAL SECTION OF NEPHRON

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BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

Exercise No. 21
MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

The anatomy of the reproductive system includes those organs, tissues, and vessels that
participate in the process of reproduction, or the generation of one or more offspring from a male
and female parent. Unlike the other systems of the human body, the anatomy of the reproductive
system differs significantly in men and women.
The female reproductive system functions to produce gametes and reproductive
hormones, it has the additional task of supporting the developing fetus and delivering it to the
outside world. The female reproductive system is located primarily inside the pelvic cavity.
The male reproductive system includes external (penis, scrotum, epididymus, and testes)
and internal (accessory) organs which includes the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate
gland, and bulbourethral glands.

A. OBJECTIVES
After completing this exercise, you should be able to:
1. identify and describe the structure and function of the organs that make up the female
reproductive system; and
2. identify and describe the structure and function of the organs that make up the male
reproductive system.

B. PROCEDURES

Using your reference materials label the parts of male and female reproductive system on the
illustrations provided on the laboratory exercise worksheet.

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BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

Laboratory Exercise Worksheet

Exercise No. 21: MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Name: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

Year and Section: __________________________ Group Number: _______
Instructor/ Professor: ________________________ Score: ______________

1. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. Label the drawing based on the given parts.

Body of uterus Endometrium Myometrium

Broad ligament External os Perimetrium
Cervical canal Fundus Round ligament
Cervix Internal os Rugae of vagina
Uterine cavity Vagina

1. 6. 11.
2. 7. 12.
3. 8. 13.
4. 9. 14.
5. 10.

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BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

2. THE ACCESSORY ORGAN OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. Label the drawing
based on the given parts.

Adipose tissue Lactiferous duct Lobule with alveoli

Areola Lactiferous sinus Mammary duct
Nipple

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

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BENGUET STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences Department of Biology

3. MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. Label the drawing based on the given parts.

Penis Spongy (penile) urethra Epididymis

Prostate gland Testis External urethral orifice
Prostatic urethra Ampulla of ductus deferens Membranous urethra
Scrotum Ductus (vas) deferens Ejaculatory duct

1. 7.
2. 8.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5. 11.
6. 12.

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