Describe Schema and Instances Define Database State

How does the 3 Schema Architecture work? Do you know the Categories of Data Models?

Define Data Models Describe Data Independence.

Do you know the components of Database Define DBMS Component Modules and Their
Languages and Interfaces? Interactions.

How are DBMS classified?

 Schema describes the of a database, including
Database state is the collection of all data stored tables and relationships, while instances refer to
in a database at a specific point in time. the actual data stored in the database at a
specific moment.

Categories include Relational (tables and
relationships), Object (data as objects), Object-
Relational (extends relational with object-
oriented features), and NOSQL/Big Data (various
models like document-based, graph-based).
The 3 Schema Architecture consists of the
Internal Schema (physical storage structure),
Conceptual Schema (high-level database
description), and External Schema (views for
different user groups).

Data Independence includes Logical Data

Data Models are representations of how data is
Independence (changing conceptual schema
stored, accessed, and managed in a database
without affecting external schemas) and Physical
system, with common types like relational,
Data Independence (changing internal schema
object, hierarchical, and network models.
without affecting conceptual schema).

Modules include Query Processor (translates SQL

Components include Data Definition Language
queries), Transaction Manager (ensures ACID
(DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), and
properties), and Storage Manager (manages
Structured Query Language (SQL).
storage structures).

DBMS are classified based on criteria like data

model, number of users, distribution of data,
cost, and access paths. Types include relational,
object-relational, distributed, and big data
systems.