Mathematical Problems On Elasticity

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Numerical Problems on Stress, Strain, and Young’s Modulus

By Hemant More < https://thefactfactor.com/author/hemantraje/>
November 12, 2019 <

https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/physics/youngs-
modulus/4300/>
Science > Physics < https://thefactfactor.com/physics/> > Elasticity

< https://thefactfactor.com/physics/elasticity/> > Numerical
Problems on Stress, Strain, and Young’s Modulus
In this article, we shall study concept application and numerical problems on
longitudinal stress, longitudinal strain, Young’s modulus of elasticity.
Conversion Factors:
From To Factor
mm m x 10-3
cm m x 10-2
m mm x 103
m cm x 102
dyne N x 10-5
N dyne x 105
cm2 m2 x 10-4
m2 cm2 x 104
kPa Pa x 103
MPa Pa x 106
GPa Pa x 109
Formulae:
Example – 1:
A wire 2 m long and 2 mm in diameter, when stretched by weight of 8 kg has

its length increased by 0.24 mm. Find the stress, strain and Young’s modulus of
the material of the wire. g = 9.8 m/s²
Given: Initial length of wire = L = 2 m, Diameter of wire = 2 mm, Radius of wire 2/2
= 1 mm = 1 × 10-3 m, Weight attached = m = 2 kg, Increase in length = l = 0.24 mm
= 0.24 × 10-3 m, g = 9.8 m/s².
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To Find: Stress =? Strain =? Young’s modulus of material = Y =?
Solution:
Stress = F / A = mg /π r²
∴ Stress = ( 8 × 9.8) /(3.142 ×(1 × 10-3)²)
∴ Stress = ( 8 × 9.8) /(3.142 × 1 × 10-6)
∴ Stress = 2.5× 107 N/m²
Strain = l / L = 0.24 × 10-3 / 2
∴ Strain =0.12 × 10-3 =1.2 × 10-4
Now, Young’s modulus of elasticity= Y = Stress / Strain
∴ Y = (2.5× 107) / (1.2 × 10-4)

∴ Y = 2.08 × 1011 N/m²
Ans.: Stress = 2.5× 10 N/m², Strain =1.2 × 10-4 , Yong’s modulus of
7
elasticity= 2.08 × 1011 N/m²
Example – 2:
A wire of length 2 m and cross-sectional area 10-4 m² is stretched by a load 102

kg. The wire is stretched by 0.1 cm. Calculate longitudinal stress, longitudinal
strain and Young’s modulus of the material of wire.
Given: Initial length of wire = L = 2 m, Cross-sectional area = A = 10-4 m, Stretching

weight = 102 kg wt = 102 × 9.8 N, Increase in length = l = 0.1 cm = 0.1 × 10-2 m = 1
× 10-3 m, g = 9.8 m/s².
To Find: Stress =? Strain = ?, Young’s modulus of material = Y = ?
Solution:
Stress = F / A = mg /A
∴ Stress = ( 102 × 9.8) /10-4
∴ Stress = 1 × 107 N/m²
Strain = l / L = 1 × 10-3 / 2
∴ Strain = 0.5 × 10-3 = 5 × 10-4
Now, Young’s modulus of elasticity= Y = Stress / Strain = (1 × 107) / ( 5 × 10-4)
∴ Y = 2 × 1010 N/m²
Ans.: Stress = 1 × 10 N/m², Strain = 5 × 10-4 , Young’s modulus of elasticity= Y =
7
2 × 1010 N/m²
Example – 3:
A mild steel wire of radius 0.5 mm and length 3 m is stretched by a force of 49

N. calculate a) longitudinal stress, b) longitudinal strain c) elongation
produced in the body if Y for steel is 2.1 × 1011 N/m².
Given: Initial length of wire = L = 3 m, radius of wire = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10-3 m = 5

× 10-4 m,Force applied =49 N, Young’s modulus for steel = Y = 2.1 × 1011 N/m².
To Find: Stress =? Strain =? elongation =?
Solution:
∴ Stress = 49 /(3.142 ×(5 × 10-4)²)
∴ Stress = 49 /(3.142 × 25 × 10-8)
∴ Stress = 6.238 × 107 N/m²
Now, Y = Stress / Strain
∴ Strain = Stress / Y = (6.238 × 107 ) / (2.1 × 1011)
∴ Strain = 2.970 × 10-4
Now, Strain = l / L
∴ l = Strain × L
∴ l = 2.970 × 10-4 × 3
∴ l = 8.91 × 10-4 m = 0. 891 × 10-3 m = 0.891 mm
Ans.: Stress = 6.238 × 107 N/m², Strain = 2.970 × 10-4, Elongation = 0.891 mm.
Example – 4:
A metal wire 1 m long and of 2 mm diameter is stretched by a load of 40 kg. If

Y = 7 × 1010 N/m² for the metal, find the (1) stress (2) strain and (3) force
constant of the material of the wire.
Given: Initial length of wire = L = 1 m, Diameter of wire = 2 mm, Radius of wire =

2/2 = 1 mm = 1 × 10-3 m, Load attached = m = 40 kg, Young’s modulus of material
= Y = 7 × 1010 N/m².
To Find: Stress =? Strain = ?, Force constant = ?
Solution:
∴ Stress = ( 40 × 9.8) /(3.142 ×(1 × 10-3)²)
∴ Stress = ( 40 × 9.8) /(3.142 × 1 × 10-6)
∴ Stress = 1.25 × 108 N/m²
∴ Strain = Stress / Y = 1.25 × 108 / 7 × 1010
∴ Strain = 1.78 × 10-3
Now, Strain = l /L
∴ extension = l = Strain × L
∴ l = 1.78 × 10-3 × 1
∴ l = 1.78 × 10-3 m
Now, force constant K = F/l = mg/l = ( 40 × 9.8) /(1.78 × 10-3)
∴ Force constant K = 2.2 × 105 N/m
Ans.: Stress = 1.25 × 108 N/m², Strain = 1.78 × 10-3, Force constant = 2.2 ×
105 N/m
Example – 5:
What must be the elongation of a wire 5m long so that the strain is 1% of 0.1? If
the wire has cross-selection of 1mm² and is stretched by 10 kg-wt, what is the
stress?
Given: Initial length of wire = L = 5 m, Strain = 1% of 0.1 = 1 × 10-2 × 0.1 = 1 × 10-

3
, Area of cross-section = 1 mm² = 1 × 10-6 m², Load attached = F = 10 kg-wt =
10 × 9.8 N .
To Find: Elongation = l =? Stress = ?,
Solution:
Strain = l /L
∴ extension = l = Strain × L
∴ l = 1 × 10-3 × 5
∴ l = 5 × 10-3 m = 5 mm
∴ Stress = ( 10 × 9.8) /( 1 × 10-6 )
∴ Stress = 9.8 × 107 N/m²
Ans.: Extension = 5 mm and Stress = 9.8 × 107 N/m²
Example-6:
A brass wire of length 2 m has its one end, fixed to a rigid support and from the
other end a 4 kg wt is suspended. If the radius of the wire is 0.35 mm, find the
extension produced in the wire. g = 9.8 m/s², Y = 11 × 1010 N/m²
Given: Initial length of wire = L = 2 m, Radius of wire = 0.35 mm = 0.35 × 10-3 m =

3.5 × 10-4 m, Load attached = F = 4 kg wt = 4 × 9.8 N, g = 9.81 m/s², Y = 11 × 1010
N/m².
To Find: Extension =?
Solution:
Y = FL /A l
∴ l = F L /π r² Y
∴ l = (4 × 9.8 × 2) /(3.142 × (3.5 × 10-4)² × 11 × 1010 )
∴ l = (4 × 9.8 × 2) /(3.142 × 12.25 × 10-8 × 11 × 1010 )
∴ l = 1.85 × 10-3 m = 0.185 × 10-2 m = 0.185 cm
Ans.: Extension of wire is 0.185 m
Example-7:
A wire of length 1.5 m and of radius 0.4 mm is stretched by 1.2 mm on loading.
If the Young’s modulus of its material is 12.5 × 1010 N/m². , find the stretching
force.
Given: Initial length of wire = L = 1.5 m, Radius of wire = 0.4 mm = 0.4 × 10-3 m =
4 × 10-4 m, Extension = l = 1.2 mm = 1.2 × 10-3 m, g = 9.8 m/s², Young’s modulus
= Y = 12.5 × 1010 N/m².
To Find: Stretching force = F =?
Solution:
Y = FL /A l
∴ F = AY l /L
∴ F = π r² Y l /L
∴ F = (3.142 × (4 × 10-4)² × 12.5 × 1010 × 1.2 × 10-3) /1.5
∴ F = (3.142 × 16 × 10-8 × 12.5 × 1010 × 1.2 × 10-3) /1.5
∴ F = 50.27 N
Ans.: Stretching force required = 50.27 N
Example – 8:
What force is required to stretch a steel wire 1 cm2 in cross-section to double

its length? Y = 2× 1011 N/m². Assume Hooke’s law.
Given: Initial length of wire = L, Final length = 2L, Hence extension of wire = l = 2L
– L = L, Area of cross-section = 1 cm² = 1 × 10-4 m², Young’s modulus of elasticity
= Y = 2× 1011 N/m².
Solution:
Y = FL /A l
∴ F = AY l /L
∴ F = (1 × 10-4 × 2× 1011 × L) /L
∴ F =2 × 107
Ans.: Stretching force required = 2 × 107 N
Example – 9:
Find the maximum load which may be placed on a tungsten wire of diameter 2
mm so that the permitted strain not exceed 1/1000. Young’s modulus for
tungsten = Y = 35 × 1010 N/m².
Given: Strain = 1/1000 = 10-3, Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 35 × 1010 N/m²,

Diameter of wire = 2 mm, Radius of wire = 2/2 = 1 mm = 1 × 10-3 m,
To Find: Maximum load = F =?
Solution:
Y = Stress /Strain = (F/A)/Strain

Y = F/(A × strain)
∴ F = π r² × Y× strain
∴ F = 3.142 × (1 × 10-3)² × 35 × 1010× 10-3
∴ F = 3.142 × 1 × 10-6 × 35 × 1010× 10-3
∴ F = 1100 N
Ans.: Maximum load can be placed is 1100 N
Problem – 10:
A mass of 2kg is hung from a steel wire of radius 0.5 mm and length 3m.
Compute the extension produced. What should be the minimum radius of wire
so that elastic limit is not exceeded? Elastic limit for steel is 2.4 × 108 N/m², Y
for steel = Y = 20 × 1010 N/m²
Given: Radius of wire = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10-3 m = 5 × 10-4 m. Initial length of wire
= L = 3m, Mass attached = m = 2 kg, Y for steel = Y = 20 × 1010 N/m²
Discover related topics
Types of Stresses
Elasticity Pdf Notes
Stress and Strain Example Problems with Solution Pdf
Searle's Experiment Physics Pdf
Types of Stress and Strain
To Find: Extension = l =?, Minimum radius of wire = r =?
Solution:
Part – I:
Y= F L /A l
∴ l = F L /A Y
∴ l = m g L /π r² Y
∴ l = (2 × 9.8 × 3) /(3.142 1 × (5× 10-4)²× 20 × 1010 )
∴ l = (2 × 9.8 × 3) /(3.142 × 25× 10-8 × 20 × 1010 )
∴ l = 3.743 × 10-4 m = 0.3743 mm
Part – II:
Given: Elastic limit for steel = Stress = 2.4 × 108 N/m², Mass attached = m = 2 kg,
To Find: Radius of wire at elastic limit = r =?
Stress = F /A = F /π r²
∴ r² = mg / (π × Stress)
∴ r² = (2 × 9.8) / (3.142 × 2.4 × 108)
∴ r² = 2.599× 10-8
∴ r = 1.612× 10 m = 0.1612× 10-3 m = 0.1612 mm
-4
Ans.: Part – I:Change in length of wire is 0.3743 mm

Part – II: Radius of wire at elastic limit = 0.1612 mm
Example – 11:
A wire is stretched by the application of a force of 50 kg wt/sq. cm. What is the

percentage increase in the length of the wire? Y = 7 × 1010 N/m², g = 9.8 m/s²
Given: Stress = 50 kg wt/sq. cm = 50 × 9.8 N / 10-4 m² = 50 × 9.8 × 104 N/m²,

Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 7 × 1010 N/m². g = 9.8 m/s²
To Find: % elongation = % l/L =?
Solution:

∴ Strain = Stress / Y = (50 × 9.8 × 104)/ (7 × 1010)
∴ Strain = 7 × 10-5
% elongation = Strain × 100 = 7 × 10-5 × 100
% elongation = Strain × 100 = 0.007
Ans.: Elongation is 0.007 percent
Problem – 12:
A compressive force of 4 × 104 N is exerted at the end of a bone of length 30 cm

and 4 cm² square cross-sectional area. What will happen to the bone? Calculate
the change in length of a bone. Compressive strength of bone is 7.7 × 108 N/m²
and Young’s modulus of bone is 1.5 × 1010 N/m²
Given: Initial length of wire = L = 30 cm = 0.30 m, Area of cross-section = 4 cm² =

4× 10-4 m², Load attached = F = 4 × 104 N . Y = 1.5 × 1010 N/m². Maximum Stress
= 7.7 × 108 N/m².
To Find: Effect of loading =? Change in length = l = ?,
Solution:
Applied Stress = Applied force / Area of cross-section

Applied Stress = (4 × 104 )/ (4× 10-4 ) = 1 × 108 N/m²
This stress is less than the maximum allowable stress (7.7 × 108 N/m²)
Hence the bone will not break but will get compressed and its length decreases
Y= F L /A l
∴ l = (4 × 104 × 0.3) /(4× 10-4 × 1.5 × 1010)
∴ l = 2 × 10-3 m = 2 mm
Ans.: The length of bone decreases by 2 mm
Example – 13:
The radius of a copper bar is 4 mm. What force is required to stretch the rod by
20% of its length assuming that the elastic limit is not exceeded? Y = 12 × 1010
N/m².
Given: Radius of wire = r = 4 mm = 4 × 10-3 m, % elongation = Strain = 20% = 20

× 10-2, Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 12× 1010 N/m².
Solution:
Y = F/(A × strain)
∴ F = AY× strain
∴ F = π r² × Y × strain
∴ F = 3.142 × (4 × 10-3)² × 12× 1010 × 20 × 10-2
∴ F = 3.142 × 16 × 10-6 × 12× 1010 × 20 × 10-2
∴ F = 1.207× 106 N
Ans.: Stretching force required = 1.207× 106 N
Example – 14:
Find the change in length of a wire 5m long and 1 mm² in cross-section when
the stretching force is 10 kg-wt. Y = 4.9 × 1011 N/m², and g=9.8 m/s².
Solution:
Given: Initial length of wire = L = 5 m, Area of cross-section = 1 mm² = 1 × 10-
6 m², Load attached = F = 10 kg-wt = 10 × 9.8 N . Y = 4.9 × 1011 N/m², and
g=9.8 m/s².
To Find: Change in length = l =?
Y = FL /A l
∴ l = F L /A Y
∴ l = (10 × 9.8 × 5) / (1 × 10-6 × 4.9 × 1011)
∴ l = 1 × 10-3 m = 1 mm
Ans.: Change in length of wire is 1 mm
Example – 15:
Elastic limit is exceeded when the strain in a wire (Y=14 × 1011 N/m²) exceeds
1/2000. If the area of the cross-section of the wire is 0.02 cm², find the
maximum load that can be used for stretching the wire without causing a
permanent set.
Given: Strain = 1/2000 = 5 × 10-4, Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 14 × 1011

N/m², Area of cross section = A = 0.02 cm² = 0.02 × 10-4 m² = 2 × 10-6 m²
Solution:

Y = F/(A × strain)
∴ F = AY× strain
∴ F = 2 × 10-6 × 14 × 1011 × 5 × 10-4
∴ F = 1400 N
Ans.: Stretching force required = 1400 N
Example – 16:
Elastic limit of steel is exceeded when the stress on given steel wire exceeds
8.26 × 108 N/m². Can a steel wire (Y = 2 × 1011 N/m²) 2m long be stretched by
10 mm without exceeding the elastic limit?
Given: Initial length of wire = L = 2 m, Elastic limit = stress = 8.26 × 108 N/m²,
Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 2 × 1011 N/m².
To Find: To find whether wire can be stretched by 10 mm.
Solution:
Y = Stress /Strain = Stress/(l/L)

∴ Y = (Stress × L) / Y
∴ Y = (8.26 × 108 × 2) / 2 × 1011
∴ Y = 8.26 × 10-3 m = 8.26 mm
Ans.: Wire cannot be stretched up to 10 mm because the elastic limit will get crossed
at extension of 8.26 mm.
Example – 17:
Young’s modulus of the material of a wire is 9.68 × 1010 N/m². A wire of this
material of diameter 0.95 mm is stretched by applying a certain force. What
should be the limit of this force if the strain is not to exceed 1 in 1000?
Given: Strain = 1/1000 = 10-3 , Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 9.68 × 1010

N/m², Diameter of wire = 0.95 mm, Radius of wire = 0.95/2 = 0.475 mm = 0.475 ×
10-3 m = 4.75 × 10-4 m
Solution:

Y = F / (A × strain)
∴ F = π r² × Y× strain
∴ F = 3.142 × (4.75 × 10-4)² × 9.68 × 1010× 10-3
∴ F = 68.62
Ans.: Limit of the stretching force required = 68.62 N
Example – 18:
The elastic limit of copper is 1.5 × 108 N/m². A copper wire is to be stretched
by a load of 10 kg. Find the minimum diameter the wire must have if the elastic
limit is not to be exceeded.
Given: Elastic Limit = Stress = 1.5 × 108 N/m², Load = F = 10 kg wt = 10 × 9.8.
To Find: Minimum diameter of the wire.
Solution:
Stress = F / A
∴ Stress = F / π r²
∴ r² = F / (π × Stress )
∴ r² = (10 × 9,8) / (3.142 × 1.5 × 108 )
∴ r² = 20.79 × 10-8
∴ r = 4.56 × 10-4 m = 0.456 × 10-3 m = 0.456 mm
Diameter of wire = 2 × r = 2 × 0.456 mm =0.912 mm
Ans.: Diameter of wire is 0.912 mm
Example – 19:
What would be the greatest length of a steel wire which when fixed at one end
can hang freely without breaking? Density of steel = 7800 kg/m³. Breaking
stress for steel = 7.8 × 108 N/m².
Given: Density of steel = ρ = 7800 kg/m³. Stress = 7.8 × 108 N/m².
To Find: Greatest length of the wire =?.
Solution:
Stress = F / A = mg / A = V ρ g /A
∴ Stress = A L ρ g / A
∴ Stress = L ρ g
∴ L = Stress / ρ g
∴ L = 7.8 × 108 / (7800 × 9.8)
∴ L = 7.8 × 108 / (7800 × 9.8)
∴ L = 1.021 × 104 m
Ans.: Maximum length of copper wire is 1.021 × 104 m
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Shear Stress, Shear Strain, and Modulus of Rigidity

November 14, 2019 <

https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/physics/modulus-of-
rigidity/4979/>

< https://thefactfactor.com/physics/elasticity/> > Shear Stress,
Shear Strain, and Modulus of Rigidity
In this article, we shall study the concept of shear stress, shear strain, and modulus of
rigidity.
Shear Stress:
When the deforming forces are such that there is a change in the shape of the body,
then the stress produced is called shearing stress. Shear stress is also called as
tangential stress.
Mathematically,
Shear stress = Shearing force (F) / Area under shear
Its S.I. unit of stress is N m-2 or Pa (pascal) and its dimensions are [L-1M1T-2].
Shear Strain:
When the deforming forces are such that there is a change in the shape of the body,
then the strain produced in the body is called shear strain.
Shearing strain is defined as the ratio of relative displacement of any layer to its
perpendicular distance from the fixed layer.
Mathematically,
tan θ = x/h
Modulus of Rigidity:
Within the elastic limit, the ratio of the shear stress to the corresponding shear strain
in the body is always constant, which is called modulus of rigidity.
It is denoted by the letter ‘η’. Its S.I. unit of stress is N m-2 or Pa (pascal) and its
dimensions are [L-1M1T-2].
সব কিছু শেখা যায় এক ক্লিকেই
Consider a rigid body as shown in the figure which is fixed along the surface CD. Let
it be acted upon by tangential force F along surface AB as shown. Let lateral surface
AD get deflected through angle θ as shown. The tangential force F per unit area of
surface AB is called shear stress.
Characteristics of Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus:
Within the elastic limit, it is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain
It is associated with the change in the shape of a body.
It exists in solids only.
It describes an object’s tendency to shear
The shear modulus of a material of a body is given by
Characteristics of Moduli of Elasticity:
Modulus of elasticity is the property of the material of a body and is independent

of the stress and strain on the body.
a material is said to be elastic if it has a greater value of modulus of elasticity.
The modulus of elasticity for rigid bodies is infinity.
Young’s modulus is the property of solids only. While bulk modulus exists for all
the three states of matter.
Gases possess two bulk moduli of elasticity. (i) Isothermal bulk modulus Kiso = P
and (ii) Adiabatic bulk modulus Kadia = γP
The elasticity of a substance decreases with the increase in the temperature.
Distinguishing Between Young’s Modulus, Bulk Modulus and

Modulus of Rigidity:
Young’s Modulus of Bulk Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of

Elasticity Rigidity
Within the elastic limit, Within the elastic limit, it is Within theelastic
it is the ratio of the ratio of volumetric limit, it is the ratio
longitudinal stress to stress to volumetric strain of shear stress to
longitudinal strain shear strain
It is associated with It is associated with the with It is associated
the change in the change in the volume of a thethe change in
shape of a
length of a body. body. body.
It exists in solid It exists in solids, liquids, It exists in solids
material bodies and gases. only.
It is a measure of the Itthedetermines how much It describes an
stiffness of a solid under a given compress
body will
amount of object’tosshear tendency
material external pressure.
Young’s modulus of the The bulk modulus of the Shear modulus of
material of a wire is material of a body is given the material of a
given by by body is given by
Relation Between the Moduli of Elasticity:

Numerical Problems:
Example – 1:
The area of the upper face of a rectangular block is 0.5 m x 0.5 m and the lower
face is fixed. The height of the block is 1 cm. a shearing force applied to the
top face produces a displacement of 0.015 mm. Find the strain, stress and the
shearing force. Modulus of rigidity = η = 4.5 × 1010 N/m².
Given: Area under shear = A = 0.5 m x 0.5 m = 0.25 m², Height of the block = h = 1
cm = 1 × 10-2 m, Displacement of top face = x = 0.015 mm = 0.015 × 10-3 m = 1.5
× 10-5 m, Modulus of rigidity = η = 4.5 × 1010 N/m².
Solution:
To Find: Shear strain =? Shear stress =? Shearing force = F =?
Shear strain = tanθ = x/h = (1.5 × 10-5) / (1 × 10-2) = 1.5 × 10-3

Modulus of rigidity = η = Shear stress / Shear strain
∴ Shear stress = η × Shear strain = 4.5 × 1010 × 1.5 × 10-3
∴ Shear stress = 6.75 × 107 N/m².
Shear stress = F/A
∴ F = Shear stress × Area
∴ F = 6.75 × 107 × 0.25
∴ F = 1.69 × 107 N
Ans: Shear strain = 1.5 × 10-3, Shear stress = 6.75 × 107 N/m²,
Shearing force = 1.69 × 107 N.
Example – 2:
A metallic cube of side 5 cm, has its lower surface fixed rigidly. When a
tangential force of 104 kg. wt. is applied to the upper surface, it is displaced
through 0.03 mm. Calculate (1) the shearing stress (2) the shearing strain and
(3) the modulus of rigidity of the metal.
Given: Area under shear = A = 5 cm x 5 cm = 25 cm² = 25 × 10-4 m², Height of the

block = h = 5 cm = 5 × 10-2 m, Displacement of top face = x = 0.03 mm = 0.03 ×
10-3 m = 3 × 10-5 m, Shearing force = 104 kg-wt = 104 × 9.8 N.
সব কিছু শেখা
যায় এক ক্লিকেই
দেশের প্রত্যন্ত অঞ্চলের
৪০,০০০ প্রাথমিক বিদ্যালয়
এখন ইন্টারনেটের আলোয়
আলোকিত।
Grameenphone খুলুন
To Find: Shear strain =? Shear stress =? Modulus of rigidity = η =?
Solution:
Shear stress = F/A

∴ Shear stress = (104 × 9.8)/( 25 × 10-4)
∴ Shear stress = 3.92 × 107 N
Shear strain = tanθ = x/h = (3 × 10-5 ) / (5 × 10-2 ) = 6 × 10-4
η = (3.92 × 107) / (6 × 10-4) = 6.53 × 1010 N/m²
Ans: Shear stress = 3.92 × 107 N Shear strain = 6 × 10-4,
Modulus of rigidity = 6.53 × 1010 N/m²
Example – 3:
A 5 cm cube of substance has its upper face displaced by 0.65 cm by a

tangential force of 0.25 N. Calculate the modulus of rigidity of the substance.
Given: Area under shear = A = 5 cm x 5 cm = 25 cm² = 25 × 10-4 m², Height of the

block = h = 5 cm = 5 × 10-2 m, Displacement of top face = x = 0.65 cm = 0.65 × 10-
2 m = 6.5 × 10-3 m, Shearing force = 0.25 N.
To Find: Modulus of rigidity = η =?
Solution:
Modulus of rigidity = η = Fh/Ax

∴ η = (0.25 × 5 × 10-2) / (25 × 10-4 × 6.5 × 10-3)
∴ η =769 N/m²
Ans: Modulus of rigidity = 769N/m²
Example – 4:
A tangential force of 2100 N is applied on a surface area 3 × 10-6 m² which is 0.1

m from a fixed face of a block of material. The force produces a shift of 7 mm
of the upper surface with respect to the bottom. Calculate the modulus of
rigidity of the material.
Given: Area under shear = A = 3 × 10-6 m², Height of the block = h = 0.1 m,
Displacement of top face = x = 7 mm = 7 × 10-3 m, Shearing force = 2100 N.
To Find: Modulus of rigidity = η =?

Solution:
Modulus of rigidity = γ = Fh/Ax

∴ η = (2100 × 0.1) / (3 × 10-6 × 7 × 10-3)
∴ η =1010 N/m²
Ans: Modulus of rigidity = 1010 N/m²
Example – 5:
A metal plate has an area of face 1m x 1m and thickness of 1 cm. One face of a
larger area is fixed and a tangential force is applied to the opposite face. The
displacement of the edge produced thereby is 0.005 cm. Find the shearing
stress, strain and magnitude of the tangential force applied. Modulus of
rigidity of metal is ϒ = 8.4 × 1010 N/m²
Given: Area under shear = A = 1 m x 1 cm = 1 m², Thickness of plate = h = 1 cm =

1 × 10-2 m, Displacement of top face = x = 0.005 cm = 0.005 × 10-2 m = 5 × 10-5
m, Modulus of rigidity = η = 8.4 × 1010 N/m²
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Solution:
Shear strain = tanθ = x/h = (5 × 10-5) / (1 × 10-2) = 5 × 10-3

∴ Shear stress = η × Shear strain = 8.4 × 1010 × 5 × 10-3
∴ Shear stress = 4.2 × 108 N/m².
Shear stress = F/A
∴ F = Shear stress × Area
∴ F = 4.2 × 108 ×1
∴ F = 4.2 × 108 N
Ans: Shear strain = 5 × 10-3, Shear stress = 4.2 × 108 N/m²,
Shearing force = 4.2 × 108 N.
Example – 6:
A metal plate has an area of face 1m x 1m and thickness of 5 cm. One face of a
larger area is fixed and a tangential force is applied to the opposite face. The
displacement of the edge produced thereby is 0.005 cm. Find the shearing
stress and shear strain. Modulus of rigidity of metal is η = 4.2 × 106 N/m²
Given: Area under shear = A = 1 m x 1 cm = 1 m², Thickness of plate = h = 5 cm =

5 × 10-2 m, Displacement of top face = x = 0.005 cm = 0.005 × 10-2 m = 5 × 10-5 m,
Modulus of rigidity = η = 4.2 × 106 N/m²
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Solution:
Shear strain = tanθ = x/h = (5 × 10-5) / (5 × 10-2) = 10-3

∴ Shear stress = η × Shear strain = 4.2 × 106 × 10-3
∴ Shear stress = 4.2 × 103 N/m².
Ans: Shear strain = 10-3, Shear stress = 4.2 × 103 N/m².
Example – 7:
A copper metal cube has each side of length 1m. The bottom edge of a cube is
fixed and a tangential force of 4.2 × 108 N is applied to the top surface.
Calculate the lateral displacement of the surface, if the modulus of rigidity of
copper is 14 × 1010 N/m².
Given: Area under shear = A = 1 m x 1 cm = 1 m², Height of cube = h

=1 m, Modulus of rigidity = η = 14 × 1010 N/m², Shearing force = F = 4.2 × 108 N
To Find: Displacement of top face = x =?
Solution:

∴ x = Fh/Aη
∴ x = ( 4.2 × 108 × 1)/(1 ×14 × 1010 )
∴ x = ( 4.2 × 108 × 1)/(1 ×14 × 1010 )
∴ x = 3 × 10-3 m = 3mm
Ans: Displacement of top face is3mm
Example – 8:
The frame of a brass plate of an outer door design has area 1.60 m² and
thickness 1cm. The brass plate experiences a shear force due to the
earthquake. How large parallel force must be exerted on each of the edges if
the lateral displacement is 0.32 mm. Modulus of rigidity for brass is 3.5 × 1010
N/m².
Given: Area under shear = A = 1.60 m², Thickness = h =1 cm =1 × 10-2 m, Modulus

of rigidity = η = 3.5 × 1010 N/m², Displacement of top face = x = 0.32 mm = 0.32 ×
10-3 m =3.2 × 10-4 m
To Find: Shearing force = F =?
Solution:

∴ F = Aηx /h
∴ x = ( 1.60 × 3.5 × 1010 × 3.2 × 10-4)/(1 × 10-2 )
∴ x = 1.792 × 109 N
Ans: Shearing force is 1.792 × 109 N
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Bulk Modulus of Elasticity

November 14, 2019 <

https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/physics/bulk-
modulus/4826/>

< https://thefactfactor.com/physics/elasticity/> > Volumetric Stress,
In this article, we shall study the concept of volumetric stress, volumetric strain, and
bulk modulus of elasticity.
Volumetric stress:
When the deforming forces are such that there is a change in the volume of the body,
then the stress produced in the body is called volume stress. e.g. Solid sphere placed in
a fluid under high pressure. Mathematically,
Volumetric Stress = Load / Area = Pressure Intensity = dP

S.I. Unit of stress is N m-2 or Pa (pascal) and its dimensions are [L-1M1T-2]. Units and
dimensions of stress are the same as that of pressure.
The internal restoring force per unit area developed in a body when the body is
compressed uniformly from all sides is called hydrostatic stress or hydraulic stress.
Volumetric strain:
When the deforming forces are such that there is a change in the volume of the body,
then the strain produced in the body is called volume strain.
Mathematically
Volumetric strain = – Change in volume (dV)/ Original Volume (V)
The negative sign indicates the decrease in the volume

The volumetric strain has no unit and no dimensions.
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity:
Within the elastic limit, the ratio of volumetric stress to the corresponding volumetric
strain in a body is always constant, which is called as Bulk modulus of elasticity.
It is denoted by the letter ‘K’. Its S.I. Unit of stress is N m-2 or Pa (pascal) and its
dimensions are [L-1M1T-2].
Mathematically,
Characteristics of Bulk Modulus of Elasticity:
Within the elastic limit, it is the ratio of volumetric stress to volumetric strain.
It is associated with the change in the volume of a body.
It exists in solids, liquids, and gases.
It determines how much the body will compress under a given amount of external
pressure.
The bulk modulus of a material of a body is given by
Compressibility:
The reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity is called as compressibility. Mathematically
Compressibility = 1 / K
Its S.I. unit is m2 N-1 or Pa-1 and its dimensions are [L-1M-1T2].
Numerical Problems:
Example – 1:
A solid rubber ball has its volume reduced by 14.5% when subjected to uniform
stress of 1.45 × 104 N/m². Find the bulk modulus for rubber.
Given: Volumetric strain = 14.5 % = 14.5 × 10-2, Volumetric stress = 1.45 ×

104 N/m²,
To Find: Bulk modulus of elasticity =?
Solution:
Bulk modulus of elasticity = K = Volumetric stress / Volumetric strain
∴ K = (1.45 × 104) / (14.5 × 10-2) = 105 N/m²
Ans: Bulk modulus of elasticity of rubber is 105 N/m²
Example -2:
What pressure should be applied to a lead block to reduce its volume by 10%
Bulk modulus for lead = 6 × 109 N/m²?
Given: Volumetric strain = 10 % = 10 × 10-2 , Bulk modulus of elasticity = 6 ×

109 N/m².
To Find: Pressure intensity =?
Solution:
∴ Volumetric stress = K ×Volumetric strain
∴ Pressure intensity = K ×Volumetric strain
∴ Pressure intensity = 6 × 109 ×10 × 10-2
∴ Pressure intensity = 6 × 108 N/m²
Ans: Pressure intensity is 6 × 108 N/m²
Example – 3:
A volume of 5 litres of water is compressed by a pressure of 20 atmospheres. If

the bulk modulus of water is 20 × 108 N/m². , find the change produced in the
volume of water. Density of Mercury = 13,600 kg/m³; g = 9.8 m/s². Normal
atmospheric pressure = 75 cm of mercury.
Given: Original Volume = 5 L = 5 × 10-3 m³, Pressure = dP = 20 atm = 20 × 75 ×

10-2 × 13600 × 9.8 N/m², Bulk modulus of elasticity of water = 20 × 108 N/m².
To Find: Change in volume = dV =?
Solution:
Volumetric Stress = Pressure intensity = dP
Bulk modulus of elasticity = K = (dP × V)/ dV

∴ Change in volume = dV = (dP × V)/ K
∴ dV = 5 × 10-6 m³ = 5 cc
Ans: The change produced in the volume is 5 cc.
Example – 4:
A volume of 10-3 m³ of water is subjected to a pressure of 10 atmospheres. The

change in volume is 10-6 m³. Find the bulk modulus of water. Atm. pressure =
105 N/m².
Given: Original Volume = 10-3 m³, Pressure = dP = 10 atm = 10 × 76 × 10-2 ×

13600 × 9.8 N/m², Change in volume = dV =10-6 m³,
To Find: Bulk modulus of elasticity of water =?
Solution:
∴ K = (10 × 76 × 10-2 × 13600 × 9.8 × 10-3)/ 10-6
∴ K = 1.01 × 109 N/m²
Ans: Bulk modulus of elasticity of water is 1.01 × 109 N/m²
Example – 5:
Two litres of water, when subjected to a pressure of 10 atmospheres, are

compressed by 1.013 cc. Find the compressibility of water.
Given: Original Volume = 2 L = 2 × 10-3 m³, Pressure = dP = 10 atm = 10 × 76 ×

10-2 × 13600 × 9.8 N/m², Change in volume = dV =1.013 cc = 1.013 × 10-6 m³,
To Find: Compressibility of water =?
Solution:
∴ K = (10 × 76 × 10-2 × 13600 × 9.8 × 2 × 10-3)/(1.013 × 10-6)
∴ K = 2 × 109 N/m²
Compressibility = 1/K = 1/ (2 × 109)
Compressibility = 5 × 10-10 m²/N
Ans: Compressibility of water is 5 × 10-10 m²/N
Example – 6:
Bulk modulus of water is 2.05 × 109 N/m². What change of pressure will
compress a given quantity of water by 0.5%?
Given: Bulk modulus of water = K = 2.05 × 109 N/m², Volumetric strain = 0.5 % =
0.5 × 10-2 = 5 × 10-3
To Find: Change in pressure = dP =?
Solution:
Bulk modulus of elasticity = K = dP / Volumetric strain
∴ dP = K × Volumetric strain
∴ dP = 2.05 × 109 × 5 × 10-3
∴ dP = 1.025 × 107 N/m²
Ans: Change in pressure is 1.025 × 107 N/m²
Example – 7:
Calculate the change in volume of a lead block of volume 1 m³ subjected to

pressure of 10 atmospheres. Also calculate compressibility of lead. 1 atm =
1.013 × 105 N/m², K = 8 × 105 N/m².
Given: Original Volume = 1 m³, Pressure = dP = 10 atm = 10 × 1.013 × 105 N/m²,

Bulk modulus of elasticity = K = 8 × 109 N/m².
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Bulk Modulus Derivation
Bulk Modulus Calculation Example

To Find: Change in volume = dV =? Compressibility = ?
Solution:
∴ Change in volume = dV = (10 × 1.013 × 105 × 1)/ 8 × 109
∴ dV = 1.27 × 10-4 m³
Compressibility = 1/K = 1/ (8 × 109)
Compressibility = 1.25 × 10-10 m²/N
Ans: Change in volume is 1.27 × 10-4 m³ and
compressibility of lead is 1.25 × 10-10 m²/N
Example – 8:
Find the increase in the pressure required to decrease volume of mercury by

0.001%. Bulk modulus of mercury = 2.8 × 1010 N/m².
Given: Volumetric strain = 0.001% = 0.001 × 10-2 = 10-5, Bulk modulus of elasticity
= 2.8 × 1010 N/m².
To Find: Pressure intensity =?
Solution:
∴ Volumetric stress = K ×Volumetric strain
∴ Pressure intensity = K ×Volumetric strain
∴ Pressure intensity = 2.8 × 1010 × 10-5
∴ Pressure intensity = 2.8 × 105 N/m²
Ans: Pressure intensity is 2.8 × 105 N/m²

Example – 9:
A solid brass sphere of volume 0.305 m³ is dropped in an ocean, where water

pressure is 2 × 107 N/m². The bulk modulus of water is 6.1 × 1010 N/m². What
is the change in volume of the sphere?
Given: Original Volume = 0.305 m³, Pressure = dP = 2 × 107 N/m²², Bulk modulus
of elasticity = K =6.1 × 1010 N/m²
To Find: Change in volume = dV =?
Solution:
∴ Change in volume = dV = (2 × 107 × 0.305)/ (6.1 × 1010)
∴ dV = 10-4 m³
Ans: Change in volume = 10-4 m³
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Numerical Problems on Poisson’s Ratio

November 12, 2019 <

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ratio/4814/>

Problems on Poisson’s Ratio
In this article, we shall study the concept of poisson’s ratio and numerical problems on
it. The concept of this constant (Poisson,s ratio) was introduced by physicist Simeon
Poisson. When a rod or wire is subjected to tensile stress, its length increases in the
direction of stress, but its transverse (lateral) dimensions decrease and vice-versa. i.e.
when the length increase, the thickness decreases and vice-versa. In other words, we
can say that the longitudinal strain is always accompanied by a transverse (lateral)
strain.
The ratio of transverse strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain is called

Poisson’s ratio. It is denoted by letter ‘m’. It has no unit. It is a dimensionless quantity.
Poisson’s Ratio = Lateral strain / Longitudinal strain

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For homogeneous isotropic medium -1 ≤ m ≤ 0.5. In actual practice, Poisson’s ratio is

always positive. There are some materials with a negative Poisson’s ratio. Poisson’s
ratio of cork is zero, that of metal is 0.3 and that of rubber is 0.5.
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Materials with a negative value of Poisson’s ratio are said to be auxetic. They grow
larger in the transverse direction when stretched and smaller when compressed. Most
auxetic materials are polymers with a crumpled, foamy structure. Pulling the foam
causes the crumples to unfold and the whole network expands in the transverse
direction.
Numerical Problems:
Example – 1:
When a brass rod of diameter 6 mm is subjected to a tension of 5 × 103 N, the

diameter changes by 3.6 × 10-4 cm. Calculate the longitudinal strain and
Poisson’s ratio for brass given that Y for the brass is 9 × 1010 N/m².
Given: Diameter of rod = D = 6 mm, Radius of wire = 6/2 = 3 mm = 3 × 10-3 m,

Load F = 5 × 103 N, Change in diameter = d = 3.6 × 10-4 cm = 3.6 × 10-6 m, Y for
the brass is 9 × 1010 N/m².
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To Find: Longitudinal strain =? Poisson’s ratio = ?,
Solution:
Y = Longitudinal Stress /Longitudinal Strain
∴ Y = F / (A × Longitudinal Strain)
∴ Longitudinal Strain = F / (A × Y)
∴ Longitudinal Strain = F / (π r² × Y)
∴ Longitudinal Strain = 5 × 103 / (3.142 × (3 × 10-3)² × 9 × 1010)
∴ Longitudinal Strain = 5 × 103 / (3.142 × 9 × 10-6 × 9 × 1010)
∴ Longitudinal Strain = 1.96 × 10-3
Now, Lateral strain = d /D = (3.6 × 10-6)/ (6 × 10-3) = 6 × 10-4
Poisson’s ratio = Lateral strain / Longitudinal strain
∴ Poisson’s ratio = (6 × 10-4) / (1.96 × 10-3) = 0.31
Ans: Longitudinal strain is 1.96 × 10-3 and Poisson’s ratio is 0.31.
Example – 2:
A metal wire of length 1.5 m is loaded and an elongation of 2 mm is produced.

If the diameter of the wire is 1 mm, find the change in the diameter of the wire
when elongated. σ = 0.24.
Given: Original length of wire = L = 1.5 m, Elongation in wire = 2 mm = 2 × 10-3 m,
Diameter of wire = D = 1 mm, Poisson’s ratio = σ = 0.24.
To Find: Change in diameter = d =?
Solution:
Longitudinal strain = l/L = (2 × 10-3)/1.5 = 1.33 × 10-3

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∴ Lateral strain =Poisson’s ratio × Longitudinal strain
∴ Lateral strain = 0.24 × 1.33 × 10-3 = 3.2 × 10-4
Lateral strain = d / D
∴ d = Lateral strain × D = 3.2 × 10-4 × 1 × 10-3 = 3.2 × 10-7 m
Ans: The change in diameter is 3.2 × 10-7 m
Example – 3:
A metallic wire (Y = 20 × 1010 N/m². and σ = 0.26) of length 3 m and diameter

0.1 cm is stretched by a load of 10 kg. Calculate the decrease in diameter of the
wire.
Given: Original length of wire = L = 3 m, Diameter of wire = D = 0.1 cm = 0.1 ×

10-2 m = 1 × 10-3 m, Radius of wire = r = 0.1/2 = 0.05 cm = 0.05 × 10-2 m = 5 ×
10-4 m,, Stretching load = 10 kg = 10 x 9.8 N, Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 20
× 1010 N/m², and Poisson’s ratio = σ = 0.26
To Find: Decrease in diameter = d =?
Solution:
∴ Longitudinal Strain = (10 x 9.8) / (3.142 × (5 × 10-4)² × 20 × 1010)

∴ Longitudinal Strain = (10 x 9.8) / (3.142 × 25 × 10-8 × 20 × 1010)
Relation Between Yk and Sigma
Shear Modulus and Young's Modulus Relation
Relation Between Young's Modulus and Bulk Modulus
Relation Between Poisson Ratio and Young's Modulus
Bulk Modulus and Young's Modulus

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∴ Lateral strain = 0.26 × 6.24 × 10-4 = 1.62 × 10-4
Lateral strain = d / D
∴ d = Lateral strain × D = 1.62 × 10-4 ×1 × 10-3 = 1.62 × 10-7 m
Ans: The decrease in diameter is 1.62 × 10-7 m
Example – 4:
A copper wire 3m long and 1 mm² in cross-section is fixed at one end and a
weight of 10 kg is attached at the free end. If Y for copper is 12.5 × 1010 N/m²
and σ = 0.25 find the extension, lateral strain and the lateral compression
produced in the wire.
Given: Original length of wire = L = 3 m, Area of cross-section of wire = A = 1 mm²

= 1 × 10-6 m², Stretching load = 10 kg = 10 × 9.8 N, Young’s modulus of elasticity =
Y = 12.5 × 1010 N/m², and Poisson’s ratio = σ = 0.25
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To Find: Extension = l =? Lateral strain = ?, Lateral compression = ?
Solution:
∴ Longitudinal Strain = 10 × 9.8 / (1 × 10-6 × 12.5 × 1010)
∴ Longitudinal Strain = 10 × 9.8 / (1 × 10-6 × 12.5 × 1010)
Now, Longitudinal Strain = l/L
∴ l = Longitudinal strain × L
∴ l = 7.84 × 10-4 × 3 =2.352 × 10-3 m = 2.352 mm
∴ Lateral strain = 0.25 × 7.84 × 10-4 = 1.96 × 10-4
Area of cross-section = A = 1 × 10-6 m²
∴ π r² = 1 × 10-6
∴ r² = 1 × 10-6/ π = = 1 × 10-6/ 3.142
∴ r² = 0.3183 × 10-6
∴ r = 5.64 × 10-4 m
Diameter = D = 2r = 2 × 5.64 × 10-4 m = 11.28 × 10-4 m
Now, Lateral strain = d / D
∴ d = Lateral strain × D = 1.96 × 10-4 × 11.28 × 10-4 = 2.21 × 10-7 m

Ans: Elongation = 2.352 mm, Lateral strain = 1.96 × 10-4, Lateral compression =
2.21 × 10-7 m.
Example – 5:
A wire of diameter 2 mm and length 5 m is stretched by a load of 10 kg. Find

the extension produced in the wire if Y = 12 × 1010 N/m². If σ = 0.35 for the
material of the wire, find the lateral contraction.
Given: Original length of wire = L = 5 m, Diameter of wire = D = 2 mm = 2 × 10-

3
m , Radius of wire = 2/2 = 1mm = 1 × 10-3 m, Stretching load = 10 kg = 10 × 9.8
N, Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 12 × 1010 N/m², and Poisson’s ratio = σ =
0.35
To Find: Lateral contraction =?
Solution:
∴ Longitudinal Strain = (10 x 9.8) / (3.142 × (1 × 10-3)² × 12 × 1010)
∴ Longitudinal Strain = (10 x 9.8) / (3.142 × 1 × 10-6 × 12 × 1010)
Now, Longitudinal Strain = l/L
∴ l = Longitudinal strain × L
∴ l = 2.6 × 10-4 × 5 = 1.3 × 10-3 m = 1.3 mm
∴ Lateral strain = 0.35 ×2.6 × 10-4 = 9.1 × 10-5
Now, Lateral strain = d / D
∴ d = Lateral strain × D = 9.1 × 10-5 × 2 × 10-3 = 1.82 × 10-7 m
Ans: Elongation = 1.3 mm, Lateral contraction = 1.82 × 10-7 m
Example – 6:
Find the longitudinal stress to be studied to a wire to decrease its diameter

uniformly by 1%. Poisson’s ratio = 0.25, Young’s modulus = 2 × 1011N/m².
Given: Lateral strain = 1 % = 1 × 10-2, Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 2 ×

1011 N/m² . and Poisson’s ratio = σ = 0.25
To Find: Longitudinal stress =?
Solution:
∴ Longitudinal strain =Lateral strain / Poisson’s ratio
∴ Longitudinal strain = 1 × 10-2 / 0.25 = 4 × 10-2
∴ Longitudinal Stress = Longitudinal Strain × Y
∴ Longitudinal Stress = 4 × 10-2 × 2 × 1011 = 8 × 109 N/m² .
Ans: Longitudinal stress = 8 × 109 N/m²
Example – 7:
A copper wire 3 m long is stretched to increase its length by 0.3 cm. Find the
lateral strain produced in the wire. If Poisson’s ratio for copper is 0.26.
Solution:
Given: Length of wire = L = 3m, Increase in length = l = 0.3 cm = 0.3 × 10-2 m = 3

× 10-3 m, Poisson’s ratio = σ = 0.26
To Find: Lateral strain =?
Longitudinal strain = l/L = (3 × 10-3)/ 3 = 10-3
∴ Lateral strain = 0.36 × 10-3 = 3.6 × 10-4
Ans: Lateral strain = 3.6 × 10-4
Example – 8:
A steel wire having cross-sectional area 1 mm² is stretched by 10 N. Find the

lateral strain produced in the wire. Young’s modulus for steel is 2 × 1011 N/m²
and Poisson’s ratio is 0.291.
Solution:
Given: Area of cross-section = 1 mm² = 1 × 10-6 m², Stretching Load = 10

N, Young’s modulus for steel= Y = 2 × 1011 N/m², Poisson’s ratio = σ = 0.291
Y = Longitudinal Stress / Longitudinal Strain
∴ Longitudinal strain = F / (A × Y)
∴ Longitudinal strain = 10 / (1 × 10-6 × 2 × 1011) = 5 × 10-5
∴ Lateral strain = 0.291 × 5 × 10-5 = 1.455 × 10-5
Ans: Lateral strain =1.455 × 10-5
Example – 9:
A load 1 kg produces a certain extension in the wire of length 3 m and radius 5

× 10-4 m. How much will be the lateral strain produced in the wire? Given Y =
7.48 × 1010 N/m², σ = 0.291.
Solution:
Given: Load attached = F = 1 kg = 1 × 9.8 N, Length of wire = L = 3 m, Radius of

cross-section = r = 5 × 10-4 m cross-section = 1 mm² = 1 × 10-6 m², Stretching Load
= 10 N, Young’s modulus = Y = 7.48 × 1010 N/m², Poisson’s ratio = σ = 0.291
Y = Longitudinal Stress / Longitudinal Strain
∴ Y = F / (π r² × Longitudinal Strain)
∴ Longitudinal strain = (1 × 9.8) /(3.142 × (5 × 10-4)² × 7.48 × 1010)
∴ Longitudinal strain = (1 × 9.8) /(3.142 × 25 × 10-8 × 7.48 × 1010)
∴ Longitudinal strain = 1.67 × 10-4
∴ Lateral strain = 0.291 × 1.67 × 10-4 = 4.86 × 10-5
Ans: Lateral strain = 4.86 × 10-5
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Numerical Problems on Stress, Strain, and Young’s Modulus

November 12, 2019 <

Science > Physics < https://thefactfactor.com/physics/> > Elasticity

A wire 2 m long and 2 mm in diameter, when stretched by weight of 8 kg has

To Find: Stress =? Strain =? Young’s modulus of material = Y =?

∴ Y = (2.5× 107) / (1.2 × 10-4)

elasticity= 2.08 × 1011 N/m²

A wire of length 2 m and cross-sectional area 10-4 m² is stretched by a load 102

Given: Initial length of wire = L = 2 m, Cross-sectional area = A = 10-4 m, Stretching

To Find: Stress =? Strain = ?, Young’s modulus of material = Y = ?

A mild steel wire of radius 0.5 mm and length 3 m is stretched by a force of 49

Given: Initial length of wire = L = 3 m, radius of wire = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10-3 m = 5

To Find: Stress =? Strain =? elongation =?

A metal wire 1 m long and of 2 mm diameter is stretched by a load of 40 kg. If

Given: Initial length of wire = L = 1 m, Diameter of wire = 2 mm, Radius of wire =

To Find: Stress =? Strain = ?, Force constant = ?

Given: Initial length of wire = L = 5 m, Strain = 1% of 0.1 = 1 × 10-2 × 0.1 = 1 × 10-

To Find: Elongation = l =? Stress = ?,

Given: Initial length of wire = L = 2 m, Radius of wire = 0.35 mm = 0.35 × 10-3 m =

To Find: Stretching force = F =?

What force is required to stretch a steel wire 1 cm2 in cross-section to double

To Find: Stretching force = F =?

Given: Strain = 1/1000 = 10-3, Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 35 × 1010 N/m²,

To Find: Maximum load = F =?

Y = Stress /Strain = (F/A)/Strain

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To Find: Extension = l =?, Minimum radius of wire = r =?

To Find: Radius of wire at elastic limit = r =?

Ans.: Part – I:Change in length of wire is 0.3743 mm

A wire is stretched by the application of a force of 50 kg wt/sq. cm. What is the

Given: Stress = 50 kg wt/sq. cm = 50 × 9.8 N / 10-4 m² = 50 × 9.8 × 104 N/m²,

To Find: % elongation = % l/L =?

Now, Y = Stress / Strain

A compressive force of 4 × 104 N is exerted at the end of a bone of length 30 cm

Given: Initial length of wire = L = 30 cm = 0.30 m, Area of cross-section = 4 cm² =

To Find: Effect of loading =? Change in length = l = ?,

Applied Stress = Applied force / Area of cross-section

Given: Radius of wire = r = 4 mm = 4 × 10-3 m, % elongation = Strain = 20% = 20

To Find: Stretching force = F =?

Given: Strain = 1/2000 = 5 × 10-4, Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 14 × 1011

To Find: Stretching force = F =?

Y = Stress /Strain = (F/A)/Strain

Y = Stress /Strain = Stress/(l/L)

Given: Strain = 1/1000 = 10-3 , Young’s modulus of elasticity = Y = 9.68 × 1010

To Find: Stretching force = F =?

Y = Stress /Strain = (F/A)/Strain

Given: Elastic Limit = Stress = 1.5 × 108 N/m², Load = F = 10 kg wt = 10 × 9.8.

To Find: Minimum diameter of the wire.

Given: Density of steel = ρ = 7800 kg/m³. Stress = 7.8 × 108 N/m².

To Find: Greatest length of the wire =?.

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Shear Stress, Shear Strain, and Modulus of Rigidity

November 14, 2019 <

Science > Physics < https://thefactfactor.com/physics/> > Elasticity

Shear stress = Shearing force (F) / Area under shear

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