Material Science for Engineers

Prof. Arun B. Mali

Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department

MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.

Lect - 2
 Content
 Hooke’s Law
 Simple Numerical
 Stress-Strain Diagram (Ductile Material)
 Stress-Strain Diagram (Brittle Material)
 Factor of Safety

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune

 Hooke’s Law
∴ 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∝ 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛  According to Hooke’s law
the stress developed in an
𝜎 ∝𝑒 elastic material is directly
𝜎 proportional to strain upto
∴𝐸 = the elastic limit and the ratio
𝑒
of stress to strain is a
∴ 𝐸 = 𝑃/𝐴 constant.
𝛿𝑙/𝑙
 The ratio of stress to strain
𝑃 is known as ‘Modulus of
∴𝐸 = 𝑙
𝐴𝛿 Elasticity’ or ‘Young’s
𝑙 Modulus’ denoted by ‘E’.
∴ 𝛿𝑙 = 𝑃𝑙
𝐴𝐸

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune

A rod 150 cm long and of diameter 2.0 cm is subjected to an axial pull of 20 kN. If the modulus of elasticity of
the material of the rod is 2 X 105 N/mm2. Determine i) The Stress ii) The Strain iii) The elongation of the rod.
Given Data:
Length of the rod, l = 150 cm = 1500 mm ii) The Strain
Diameter of the rod, D = 2.0 cm = 20 mm 𝜎
𝐸=
Load P = 20 kN = 20 X 103 N 𝑒
Modulus of elasticity E = 2 X 105 N/mm2 𝜎 63.661
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝑒= =
𝐴 = 𝐷 = (20)2 = 314.159 𝑚𝑚 2 𝐸 2 × 105
4 4
𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟑

i) The Stress
𝑃 20 × 103 iii) The elongation of the rod
𝜎= = 𝛿𝑙
𝐴 314.159
𝑒=
𝝈 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟏 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑙
𝛿𝑙 = 𝑒 × 𝑙 = 3.183 × 10−4 × 1500
𝜹𝒍 = 𝟎.𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟒 𝒎𝒎

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune

A bar of length 1.2 m extends through 3 mm under the action of an axial pull of 2.4 kN. Compute the
strain in the material, if diameter of the bar is 20 mm. Find the stress in thebar.

i) The Strain
𝛿𝑙 3
𝑒= =
𝑙 1200
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

Given Data:
Length of bar, l = 1.2 m = 1200 mm
Extension of bar, δl = 3 mm
ii) The Stress
Axial pull, P = 2.4 kN = 2.4 X 103 N
Diameter of bar, D = 20 mm 𝑃 2.4 × 103
𝜋 𝜋 𝜎= =
𝐴 314.159
𝐴 = 𝐷2 = (20)2 = 314.159 𝑚𝑚2
4 4 𝝈 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟒 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune

A wooden tie 8 m long, 100 mm wide and 120 mm thick is subjected to an axial pull of 50 kN and strength
is 4 mm. Calculate value of ‘E’ for thematerial.
Stress
𝑃 50 × 103
𝜎= =
𝐴 12000
𝝈 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐

Strain
Given Data: 𝛿𝑙 4
Length, l = 8 m = 8000 mm 𝑒= =
𝑙 8000
Width, w = 100 mm
Thickness, t = 120 mm 𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
Load, P = 50 kN = 50 X 103 N
Change in length, δl = 4 mm
Modulus of elasticity
𝐴 = 𝑤 × 𝑡 = 100 × 120
𝜎 4.1666
𝐸= =
𝐴 = 12000 𝑚𝑚2 𝑒 5 × 10−4
𝑬 = 𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟐 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune

A prismatic steel bar 700 mm long is stretched 0.7 mm by a tensile force P. Find the magnitude of ‘P’ in kN
if volume of the bar is 450 X 103 mm3 and E = 210 GPa.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 450 × 103
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 700
𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑨 = 𝟔𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Given Data: 𝑃𝑙
𝛿𝑙 =
Length, l = 700 mm 𝐴𝐸
Change in length, δl = 0.7 mm
𝛿𝑙𝐴𝐸 0.7 × 642.857 × 210 × 103
Modulus of elasticity, E = 210 GPa = 210 X 103 N/mm2 𝑃= =
Volume, V = 450 X 103 mm3 𝑙 700
Load, P = P N 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝟗𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝑵

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune

A load of 400 kg has to be raised at the end of a steel wire. If the unit stress in the wire must not exceed
800 kg/cm2. What is the minimum diameter required? What will be the extension of 3.50 m length of wire?
Take E = 2 X 106 kg/cm2.

Change in length
Given Data: 𝛿𝑙
Load, P = 400 kg 𝑒=
𝑙
Stress, σ = 800 kg/cm2 𝜎
Length, l = 3.50 m = 3500 mm 𝛿𝑙 = 𝑒 × 𝑙 = × 𝑙
Modulus of elasticity, E = 2 X 106 kg/cm2 𝐸
800
𝛿𝑙 = × 350
Minimum diameter 2 × 106
𝑃 𝜹𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎
𝜎=
𝐴
𝑃 400
𝐴= = = 0.5 𝑐𝑚2
𝜎 800
𝜋
𝐷2 = 0.5
4
𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟖 𝒄𝒎

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune

A steel rod of 30 mm diameter, 280 mm long is subjected to axial forces alternating between compression
of 15 kN and a maximum tension of 5 kN. Find the difference between the greatest and least lengths of the
rod. Take E = 210 GPa.
Hence, minimum length of the bar,
Given Data: = 280 − 0.02829
Diameter, D = 30 mm
Length, l = 280 mm = 𝟐𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟕𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝒎
Compressive Load, Pc = 15 kN = 5 X 103 N 2nd Case: δl due to maximum tensile force.
Tensile Load, PT = 5 kN = 5 X 103 N 𝑃𝑙 5 × 103 × 280
Modulus of elasticity, E = 210 GPa = 210 X 103 N/mm2 𝛿𝑙 = =
𝐴𝐸 706.858 × 210 × 103
1st Case: δl due to maximum compressive force. 𝜹𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = 𝐷 = (30)2 = 706.858 𝑚𝑚2
2 Hence, minimum length of the bar,
4 4
= 280 + 0.009431
𝑃𝑙 15 × 103 × 280
𝛿𝑙 = = = 𝟐𝟖𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝐸 706.858 × 210 × 103
𝜹𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝒎 Difference between the greatest and least length,
= 280.009431 − 279.9717
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝒎

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.

 Stress-Strain Diagram (Ductile)

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.

 Stress-Strain Diagram (Ductile)

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.

 Stress-Strain Diagram (Ductile)

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.

 Stress-Strain Diagram (Ductile)

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.

 Stress-Strain Diagram (Ductile)

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.

 Stress-Strain Diagram (Brittle)
Proportional Limit:
From O to A is a straight line which
represents that stress is directly
proportional to strain. Beyond
point A, the curve slightly deviates
from the straight line.

Fracture Stress:
The material fails with only little
elongation after the proportional
limit is exceeded. The fracture
stress (point B) is same as ultimate
stress. [e.g. Glass]

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.

 Stress-Strain Diagram

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQHz3MsHHwo
School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.
 Factor of Safety
 The ratio of ultimate load to allowable load is known as factor of safety.

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 =
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

 Factor of safety can also be defined using yield stress criterion. Factor of
safety also defined as the ratio of yield stress to allowable stress.

𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 =
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.

 Factor of Safety
 Factor of safety is also defined on the basis of ultimate stress as the ratio of
ultimate stress to allowable stress.

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 =
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.

 Stress-Strain Diagram (Ductile)

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.

 Thank you!!!

School of Mechanical Engineering MIT World Peace University, Kothrud, Pune.