STRESS AND STRAIN

PRESENTATION OUTLINES
1) Stress
1)Terminologies related to stress
1.2) Types of stress
2) Strain
1) Terminologies related to strain
2) Types of strain
3) Relation Between Stress and Strain
4) Stress and strain Diagram
STRESS :
The intensity of resistance offered is due to the strength of the body or
material. The force resistance per unit area offered by a body against the
deformation is called stress. It is denoted by symbol σ
Stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the
resisting area

Mathematically:
σ = Force / Area
= Load/area

Units:
N/m2 or Pascal.
1kPa = 1000Pa, 1 Mpa= 106 Pa
TYPES OF STRESS
There are two types of stress

1) Normal Stress
1) Tensile stress
2.2) Compressive stress

2) Tangential Stress
2.1) Shear stress
2.2)Punching stress
1)Normal Stress:
The resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force
stress is normal to the cross section of the member is
called Normal Stress
 1.1) Tensile Stress:
❖It is a stress induced in a body when it is subjected to two equal and
opposite pulls (Tensile force) as a result of which there is tendency in
increase in length.
❖ It acts normal to the area and pulls on the area.

1.2) Compressive Stress:

❖Stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite
pushes as a result of which there is a tendency of decrease in length of the
body.
❖ It acts normal to the area and it pushes on the area.
 2)Tangential Stress:

A condition of stress that cannot be represented by a single

resultant stress.

2.1) Shear stress:

❖ Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress.
❖It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces
perpendicular to the area on which they act.
.
2.2) Punching stress:
The stresses and deformations induced in a circular shaft by a
twisting moment.
TYPES OF STRESS:
Diagrams
STRAIN:
When a body is subjected to some external force, there is some change in the
dimension of the body. The ratio of change in dimension of body to its
original dimension is called as strain.
Strain is a dimensionless quantity.
It’s the deformation per unit length.

Strain = change in length/original length = dl/l

 TYPES OF STRAIN

1. Tensile Strain Linear strain: strain measured in

the direction of the applied force
2. Compression Strain

Lateral strain : strain measured

in the direction perpendicular to
the applied force

3. Volumetric Strain
4. Shear Strain
Poisson's ratio,µ = lateral strain /linear strain = b/ l

Cork = 0
Concrete= 0.15
Steel = 0.3
1) Tensile Strain:
Ratio of increase in length to the original length of the body
when it is subjected to a pull force.
Tensile strain = Increase in length/ Original Length
= dL/L

2) Compressive Strain:
Ratio of decrease in Length to the original length of body when
it is subjected to push force.
Compressional Strain = Decrease in length/Original Length
= dL/L

3) Volumetric Strain:
Ratio of change of volume to the original volume.
Volumetric Strain= dV/V
 4) Shear Strain
Strain due to shear stresses. It’s the measure of angular deformation

Sign convection for direct strain

❖ Tensile strains are considered positive in case of producing increase
❖ in length.
❖ Compressive strains are considered negative in case of producing
❖ decrease in length.
Relation between Stress and Strain
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AND RIGIDITY MODULUS
STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM
Necking – cup and cone failure
Stresses and strains based on original dimension are called Engineering stress/ nominal
stress

Stresses and strains based on actual dimension are called true or natural stress

Ductility of the material is measured by the % elongation of specimen or % reduction in

cross sectional area of the specimen when failure occurs.

% increase in length=( l’ – l)/l * 100

% reduction in area = (A – A’)/A * 100

 Various stress strain curve behavior
stres

strain strain

Linear elastic
Non- Linear elastic
 stress
stress

strain strain

Elastoplastic
Plastic material
stress

stress
strain
strain

Ideal fluid Rigid body Graph

 Elastic constants

Modulus of elasticity or young's modulus = linear stress/linear strain = E

modulus of rigidity or shear modulus = shear stress / shear strain = G

Bulk modulus = Volumetric stress /volumetric strain = K

 Relation between Elastic constants

E = 2G (1+µ)

E = 3K(1- 2µ)

E = 9kG/(3k+G)
 Material Properties

Ductility : they are stretchable or can be drawn into thin wires

Eg: mild steel
Brittleness: this breaks with loading and are non stretchable
Eg: concrete , cast iron
Malleability: takes up compressive force to change into thin sheets or thin plates
Hardness: ability to resist indentation or wear and tear or scratching
Elasticity: ability of a material to retain its original shape after the removal of load, more elastic steel
or rubber
Plasticity : Inability of a material to retain its original shape after the removal of load, or tendency of
a material to remain in its deformed state
Toughness: Ability of a material to absorb energy without fracture or its ability to absorb energy
before fracture. Unit of measurement is Nm
Resilience : strain energy stored in a material within elastic limit
Proof resilience : Maximum value of strain energy developed in a material when it is stressed to a
maximum value of elastic limit
 stress
load

strain
Deflection

Area under the load deflection graph gives toughness

Area under the stress strain curve gives modulus of toughness=
(toughness /volume)
Strain energy : energy attained due to straining
Area under the load deflection curve at elastic limit gives proof
resilience.
Area under the load deflection curve before elastic limit gives
resilience.
Area under the stress strain curve gives modulus of resilience=
(resilience /volume)

stress
load

load

strain
deflection deflection
Orthotropy : this is the phenomena by which materials have different
properties in different orthogonal axes.
E.g.: wood

Isotropic: exhibit same material properties in every single direction. They are
homogeneous in nature and react the same way irrespective of the size
e.g. : mild steel

Anisotropic : materials are directionally dependent. That is their property

change along different direction.
L

P
12kN

12mm

25mm
DEFORMATION OF A BAR OF VARYING CROSS SECTION

A2, L2 A3 , L3 P
A1,L1
 32.5mm,l=16
0mm
160mm

20
m
260mm

m
30mm,l=1

180mm
80mm
An alloy circular bar ABCD (3m long) is subjected to tensile force 50kN as
shown in figure. if the stress in the middle portion BC is not to exceed
150Mpa, then what should be its diameter? Also find the length of the
middle portion, if the total extension of the bar should not exceed by
3mm.Take E= 100Gpa
40mm

40mm
D
=
?

3m
∆l = P/E{l1/A1+ L2/A2+L3/A1)
3= 50 x 10^3 l1+l3 L2
100 x 10^3 A1 A2
3 = 50 x 10^3 3000-l2 L2
100 x 10^3 A1 A2

A1= 1256
A2 = 333.29
l1+l3 = 3000- L2
Length of the middle portion is 1638.69mm
 A bar as shown in figure is subjected to tensile load of 100kN . Find the
diameter and length of the middle portion if the stress developed in the
middle portion is 180N/mm^2 and the total extension of the bar is 0.3mm.
Take E = 200GN/m^2

100kN
80mm

80mm
100kN
d
2

Ans : diameter of the middle portion =

500mm 26.59mm
Length of the middle portion = 312.45mm
 Calculate the change in length of the rod ABCD carrying axial loads as
shown in figure. E = 2 x 10^ 7 N/cm^2. the cross sectional areas are given
in figure.

80kN 30kN
30kN 4cm^2 3cm^2
6cm^2

50cm 40cm
90cm
30kN 30kN
1

50kN
2

20kN

3
50kN 20kN
40kN 1 160kN 180kN 3
2
60kN
60mm
50mm

40mm
40kN 1 40kN

60kN
60k
120kN
2 120kN
Circular steel rod PQRS of different cross section is loaded as
shown Find the maximum stress induced in the rod and its
deformation, E = 200 GPa
75kN
1m

100kN

25kN
75kN 2m

50kN

25kN
25kN
1m

25kN
25kN
30kN
70kN 15kN
25kN

600mm 1000mm 1200mm

30kN
30kN

40kN 40kN

15kN 15kN
 P=
50kN
130kN 25mm dia 120kN 20mm dia
30mm dia

800mm 400mm

1600mm
130kN 130kN

50kN 50kN
70kN 70kN
A member ABCD is subjected to point loads P1,P2 P3 and P4 as
shown in figure . Calculate the forces p3 necessary for
equilibrium P1 = 120kN, P2 = 220kN and P4 = 160kN.
Determine the net change in the length of the member, E = 2x
10^5 N/mm^2

220kN P3
120kN 25x25mm 30x30mm 160kN
40x40mm

1m
1.2m

0.75m
 DEFORMATION OF A BODY DUE TO SELFWEIGHT
Self weight of structural elements also can cause
considerable amount of deformation in the elements.
The effect of self weight with regards to deformation A
sometimes seems to be even more than that of the
applied external forces in the case of heavy structural
elements. R S
dx L
P Q
Consider the vertical bar of length L and uniform
cross sectional area A and also its fixed rigidly at the
top. x
the unit weight of the bar is ‘w’ wAx
The modulus of Elasticity of the material is E B
Consider a small strip PQRS of length dx
It is at a distance x from the free end
Downward force acting at the section PQ = wAx
Tensile stress at section PQ = stress = force/area =
wAx/A = wx
 A

7m

w/2 = 10N
7m

C
THERMAL STRESS AND ITS EFFECTS
Given
 THERMAL STRESSES IN COMPOSITE/ COMPOUND
BARS
A composite bar is composed of two or more different materials joined
together in such a way that , they are elongated or compressed as a single unit.
 1

2
steel copper
 Deformation in Compound or Composite Bars

A compound or composite bar is one which is composed of two or more

different materials which are joined together in such a way that they are
elongated or compressed as a single unit.

1. The extension or contraction of the materials making up the

bar are equal. The strain per unit length will also be equal

1. The total load on the bar is equal to the sum of the loads
carried by the different materials.

Consider a bar of two different materials

P= total load
l= length of the bar
E1, E2 = modulus of elasticity 1 2
A1, A2= area of cross section
P1 ,P2 = load on two different material
1
 250x 1000kg

1
2