#FELWID MECHANICS & A State uo owl pee Plaid will have zero shear slrems G positive Norra. * 7 The intermolecular -force of atlractton blu some molecules {S Called “Cohession” ep Sor different molecules &S caullech * Adbeston? * @ax Pig? Sgases © 1000 Eg 5 Bye 2 hDHaM Pag = 12° kg ln ap aed os & PasCPT) PO) > PO) compress lly 2K” yep 7 ue te Inco vesstble 5 i 20 —> |Lncomp! = = cpus fave 3 Ka 7 ETA] compressing o 98 arlentipresst - Br 7 Pa toottermal ts easier a ape ree 1 “plsccsaly| Ee, 20 Ne ATER AS 1% Shear Stress 4S alivectly proportional to yYeloctty gradient (48) oy Rate of cleformation ( 9) | . ne less than uleloaty pref *& sh stress yore +4 order ear stre fe ot crafloystroha % Kteemahe viscostty = V/= HK [rls Ibs! 05 bing ar fe Sy as cr [OD ofl ast 7 Th > Pigutas CH) 5 Hgos OY Feaenmtj? 0H = Caiveug = OSE Viegucas () i Vops &) 197 ON Haale) = (07 °AS a A Ys \r4 B | Mair = 1.918(orSAlcs Bre. (nt 0-0) —S Sugar Soluhon , Stavth. Cn! B20) > Blood, Lipstte Ly Biegham plastic (nei; 640) —> Toothpaste. get Ly Newtanian fluid (net gto) —> % Ly deal - Fluid = Crnz0;0:0) we Non- Viscous Fncomprento ere wakes TEN)* Rheopechic x (nt; Bqo| > printers ink, gypsum ‘pod, #ThHeobvopic {her Bao] —\ Tee cream - % The press extyted by the Vvapous roleady over The Sapa op “The ligutd “Under -Sotwation Condition sofa given , temperstir, s Surface tenston is dus -to > TH R (+) Unkalanced Cohessive—for es > PR No Canuttahos > TH «A Fain Botling will Sart: | > volotaltty OM) Pys o> pate bubble i'oStele wod |e) Ulater aropiet [ 4 Wtguid jet | ©> Seap bubble | PeR= GE | Roms ec | prop = Sr “pe Ue |= Capillary vise (8 dut to Adhesion chica gt & * Gapillary Jol fs due to Cohession Cmte ‘ Meaty = 2=COSO_ A, yecesg VG ee oe fue Ee) # pressure Variation in —esthermal is‘ Exponertial ~ any Ez eee on water nga — 28% 32° CS Nee OS, woder+g lowe = 6 a Hy + glow = '32° 4 4 4 ‘4 ‘4 fh: uecose” e tf ; a pressOe is Comprea ive G [74 FLUID STATICS + Sel < qf | Impa = 108pa = (me Papa = Patmt Fouage < r > lear = 10% pa = leo Kha = o.1mpa’. PE Quge prema Can be tO A vaccu: I Eo-F = leap 5 = aeiniotpa. | “Ye means > vactum © ~ ts Yk FM alusoyt dealt with < | Ab-F = oss | kg-F guage pros: . Grey (2.syye em . | ToRR = Imm of 19 < lat = 460mm of Hg = “60 Terr = lo.3 m of water = IWF pst = |-01325 bay gepascols lawi (Par Rye Py] #Hherastatolaw + P= - Pgh Flldrostatic pavador —> prewar {6 only dependent of th, se distane blo wo Prints. 4) thef See ge cate Ye pri ee a Pedometer: simple glay tute 4 measus pret » DTH cannot measwe very high proud ia aetna 33 rrORAML + Te cannot mean? Vacuum pressure => High densit, , ‘ ke Mercury, iS Used for manometers bce )* Volume vise = Volume -fall = Low Vopos | POHL p__hetght vse = height fall (AeA) —s -conwaton tS ae rl ’ eters se Yomping Jatks— ne ge For Inverted U-tube manom' ae Ge If Fo) me > Pat aga-B9b~ 9° = Palm ve the pressure dePference snc lined -mo ore U ol measured aotth nakeol ega > % Vergy Smatl | Can't be y - Dae Sensmtevidy = a [aassne) 0 (wy) >sensthivily > $I08 erro CR) © > I5°-208° At Hydlro Statée force s- Ae Centre of gravity Fe centro tof presaune a Fy = P9%: A, u Sou Crave trom free Susfoce centro ot Preuss | poism - io, > > > > . * Centre of Prem. Ig ata bel ow tte Centre of grou'ly oy > foinctde “ustth Ah ¢ A a inate -ust entre of grow'ily a 5 a # Magnitude of bydrostatte foc ts “he velar a a prenure | prism: | gels pois of ogelication of fpyrostalic Rance ts centre of proses Wes o& the centroid of the pressure prise. | , # cued Sasha oe u ® Fy = \lertcol projector Arcane the Guved. = PgIAX ; ; ‘contained Beye woetght of fla Spey, tuuld Kaper .= PgV a & floatation s- : G at Ho Byoyaney ooree = weight OF Pluia diplacd Bot xe Gime BM-BS ; aE A ; eh BG, Ss Te les, moment Of tnertia formed ob Bei = Volum Seamerrsedh object | ny Shoudl be lang | EM) pinche , “Desi (OMpiicring 7 GM etitng Zon tetas MOT FeRolng |Tine te r C : y a period (T= ATK Ke Radia rahon = [LE ae ey guiobon = fr Gm (A) > TH) > stability (4) > Comfort wy Ularshies > Gm ts high. Ht FLUID Kinematics 2 W Lagrangean Approach —» Study of each particle with -fime- (iy Euler's Approach > study at different points at a dime. aesteady Flow: propert(es are act Changr ust tolime- % Uniforen flow ~> Velocity OF -Hhe Flow not chargig with Spa ea Hh Laminar flew —> Fluit moves th “the form of layers > Generattg ecens ot Lowi velocity & high y - Nliscost # turbulent flos has high velocity & lows ( \tiscos tty. + Rotational flows- Rotational -forgur *S Creaded olus +0 Shear bg the viscosdy & Viscous flaw: > porced yortet motton ts rotetonal: | > Free Vortex motion fs JDrrotettorol dvrection of Neloety - « ether ithe AAAARAAHR AnRAAaaear... streamline t. “Tangen* sto Has Gane gives Sp Twe streamline Can never Intersect Withas eath ofha 1 pistons’ blo streamlines ts inversely proportioned i c Velocety - Ae ae aes veeont | SS vw) Yeutrvfwe & > ato see a g ) st ght Oe Ye changss | vey Wav tw © a) strok veaittet trotght pais te : nee fraud by he particle: at a patie ema Ha Yd Originating from a fixed leclone Fen Neston of Mme. / Pi * 9 “Wine Shrearnline , Streokline ep path line colnaitd yg Fae Steaely Flew? oa DP +P gua 2¥ 12a) a0 > B rp(vv)eo 5 pt 5, “For steady -flow = P( ge say ad) a i df =o) For steady qitomprewibl flow —> gu. ide ae 2O Aror steady FD % incompr flay f | RAM 2 fo Are yt Acceleration s- A A B= Ani tAys + 4g O= V OF +0y4Q— 4 k a giv7d ewible | Ly pieeene free Ls Taconlpresstoe AM, = Ave (arncompre ble du gz U dM 4V.OU + Wd + 1 on * ay * “oe ae =U 4 v.dv 4 wav 4d Oye Wa + Vat wx ) , 7 . az Oe > vrbulentflow > LNA#O =Ud p> He Lato Ae Se + Ve w Gye +68 5 > cowed dosiniaatdy sco convective Aetlraloy Freak acces , > pipe ts not Uniform> CTAF a > eae ore fig= so a Fg io eines Condinatyy | > - a oy = Vy AYa 4 Ng AVS OVs Vey dvs : €y S319 ae ds ® aan te ae Neda > : thle | Ag = Vo de. > or A Tocompresstble | “S Sot Yo Be + Va die Wendie @ Argalet deformaction BE +B (AW) D> se SE ene € My etd e Yor Be +av OE oR Noy S(t) 72(eKy wd ge! cea ds OS, ° aes: Veloutty: potential fenthon (9) 8 er: Kk Ccalox fonckton OF Space hod negahve derivate a v= |, g pl lor ths Porction wrt “a given dixechon will! 3 2 Fy | Jove Componerk of Velocity “tn that diveckton vw ge vee Conk ° Ue-38 0 ys 8B ye > Lrotatonal oe a e penises > TReratoktorel Plow ok serecam efontlion v) w Zralor fo of space atime % yar -ve derivative oF 6 oe a 9 7. g BE 1 BB oo = Po: =} Laplecein «9” Py 20 > Trrotationa flew YEOESTEE RO OT a ers eq” Of eaosiat E Equipotential { treamlena awe oth onal fo #stagnahion potat Cath other extept at stagradion ee A point Wheve fotal Velowly is ¥ero ts Called “seg ‘ *% Vorkulys aow = colt ‘ * Ceveutabons The tne integral of tangential Component of velow! 4 taken -ayound A -Cloied curve (S known as » Ctreulection™, T = Vortrerty «Area - WH FLUID DYNAM CE e- #Nawer Stokeg — FetFgt hy ~ Zt PAS 4 Feuer rpg ey set Rade HP ay fro 4 4 4 4 * Bernoulis - > Fp+ Fy +tstead, 7 ‘i ; 7 fg & fotompremtde 4 4 4 4 4 q de+egd% + P(v.dvy=0 ' Ee + Qet Lvs cons tank (e Bemoullis eg cation ration head — Static heat, = kinettt heaol a : Pav” = stagnation head px Caz OXU- 0-12 Arn rless fosse® CA=CoKCy pe Vefagh Nagel) aia *& & Pilot - Store tube used fo rreatut, thy velou'ty Fmonenion eg? OF OV GAOES 5 ep = paCv-? oment of momentUio Q?r gat 2 bends i M v,) plox-dtiathen Te Te Ls -y4%] Fer Ot = Pa(G- FyTeAs = PQ GW) 77 yclikeatnl = evt “ft | cle yout sa Q* Ca A onic { 2 Or YESCOUS. Plow s- He Lominar flows * Reynolds age dnerkioforce = fe. vascour force * pipe Plows- 1 Flat plate 1 Re 22000 > Lominor Ree 2 6y\0?) > Laminar ice > Turbulent Torbulent ‘ a DIAXCY culeisbachk equations hee ae 3 FF frection factor | cuph f= friction Coepfy'crent Fe Sy 12 (6 puede ane tse los ‘ porse le -flow— > Laminar flow through cralar pipes #® tleigen - ye 2k (Z) Oe eo BE, a Le & is Vetouity prof, is porabolic we RD ey+ Momentum Corerection foctov B « Be [urda 2 (rornent ure) ockvel oF ee Aye (morenlurn ang. Hkinelle Eregy Correction faites oe (kee . if veda a , (Ely ea” Entch'on los on major los (a5) \ hs Flv (oy FAO _ | aga: n2\oa> #® Pipe Plow: Larginar | Turbs fF | 133 eo Bena 1.33 Una = 0% == OAOAR qr Sudden expansion loss 2— { ae Che? Fe la, ey Formula. hk, = (y-%> rr ened boss Ve Clim? he eee = kyr Fatt Iess = 2 }ome hydraulic mon depth 35 t i iu —> Sudden Vv I a Se can Contraction = 2 | a>. TH es 29 [Ce { be c = 07 Ve { 29 ( 4 Enbrygloss = 0.52 4 " in Sexies é- i ( Ee mpipss Io ae # Pipes in pasallelt [4 Ho increase th ditches Qz Q%=B=Ls Q= Ot under given heod pipes 4 pe bey this t Aes beh, =A must be -lngtalled én Ob by parallel. { tes bt bee le | Ye = tb { DF De > Ds] DS POS { ‘ Kian > Wee Formed by jolning the piezometrce “heads of TEL —> Line formed by joining Ake {ocohons of fotol energy tgwia]' For on ‘deol flutd TEL F#H@L ate hori Zental. Ta, + The dixperene of TEL GZ HGL ore alwoys equal to kinelve head.1 ® the — potnts olbove HGL “have negative pxessure. ‘ ¥ The points Kelow HOLL hee posttive Prewin. mn FAEL calor falls until 4 unlex Energy Ws providedMy oF hy -for mak power tr on Shee Py ae or Mak pow on:{¥intn power veguired to flow from s 5 ~ hed 2 lems = Hohe eee. one pa'ot to another s- 6 eH? PRE Pega hy = OAP =."g & D,+ nozale dia = fee] OPA 6 ‘ 7 d= dda of pipe w close * later He ws ¢c: J& Alater Hammer of Ts ah -> Reference -lime a Lz Length of Tube tt > fiime of Closure of Va lve aT > sudden List 2 gradual Clo ly p= ite P= ev EET He? 4. for, BE elashe cE ‘For vagit body E=00 p:Vveve re re body a Dimenstonal Analysts # ery ewe ewe wep ty Tectia force (Fr) = W) Gravity, force (fm) = eH9 ti) Ws Couy force CF) = AYE © pressur fore (Fp) = PE- D Seaore J senston CFs) = oxk gw Elastic —_ Cre) 2K le Reyeold’s umber ?- pe EE Fe ae op Regaold’s Analy sisz- Pon Om = Fo Up Pe pe He Vo = Von = Qu = bs) f+ Mach Nos (Hommerblow, WM = Pye VG@PSE Hk Fxoude Nos-(Spillway, notches | } We = f Ft Vv e-,f/- = ne SV onic Flow]+ € 1, = > Ym = (Np > spitluray ]y Free verter motion’ 4 Vos Vp 4 Me Vieng Vipq_ Poi ote -zZ Vo &, “eg Ele a! Pea Bs 4 Vaz (Ly) P Broz = [Y cal ® = Elo 35 ° We 4 = = Ly, (sy? 3h [* Forced Vortex_ motiont~ 4 Bg = SG) 4 a ms ee vessel S- Zy-Z) = wp TJ 4p=0 “BE =F (gray) Joie geen) Ea § MS ave Sign Vepresemts the liquicl line Gy “oe pacts ta dthe -dtvection of motion, ‘ | Slope = Sy = —O% tene= 0% ay Cry S ' aK (9104) gtay = Z tango = Qu ay @) ' g-04 ‘ ¢ Flaminay flow bw -fwo parallel -fxed platess- i eo Be cali : 4 | ox” 8 J # A Plasol wil) never Show | | UF 35 (22) (49-4) any yesrstance. to fo. Sheos uncles beece sue Siedte condtdion , wheres | O F a 35 = te alway, Show weston mon es +0 Shear Under ynarte * aes Condition, “tap (ag) ‘ oo A flua will Flow as: an =O, mtg PR =008% Thay os Eatmal ga or pipe Plow a - Poy = BE je when Re-2000 Force) ts applied Pi-Pe = lav HA Placa will pot flow ps ole o s * Couctte Plow 3- ; Bp lca * Steady) way uniform & be e\oso ble poratiel Realty developed Plates.* Boundary layer Themys- SE Developed by prancttt luduciog — 1204 eo ~— =e $s og ATurctiohal | § > 82% nice a TncKotid | & 7 Bovedory Naar 2 cl i - . ch gh > Displacement AhickneAs = 0-4 )ey ous Flaw ° sepo © > momentum Thickness he (r-g yay REO Se > Energy Thicknes 3, (1 S549 & loss of macs = P Ug Sx width appl Boundary Con dthont + Drag force = PUY O ret, ye usd yeh us Us aa ges Ber aot | oo 8 at | bus a Yeo G0 < we She Pe } . : . 7 2 Scie ee Co= + | Gxo% Shape factor" “Banc” 4 Foes ti Lamina e Féin , ee Ye # e 4 =f)! 1 om Sweety proeel &- £ gy wo. SD (Linear |S Sls, Is a : ws OF A Vee. = tn isa ore [Var | Bol aes ) wm 8 ae Vie. Cee oaee ——— ae | as | es SB Gt) Mwegy be? dae |e 2s ee: ve \? BEC | seNormat ~Hlous du i < te et ot® Gistve os Blausius Equations . aa df --ve rm i | Turbulent Flow | x verge of Separation Pg. | eee 0.3414 ee i Ge 0 1 de 70 | (ey °° 8 Separated Flow i 1328 o.ony * we ua ‘ Whe, ay IF aT" & External Plows ContO avon © Svat boundary layer Kparation’ 1 Aecelevating the Plath th diverging Seetton &+ Suckihg ~the fludt. 3 Stream loth he rng 2 98 F Fatly cleveleped “Flow t. sr velocity proftle it ConttanE * 28 = constant > (Entyy length), > Gory lergtt) vou lent zg 5 Ds Phineas eee [Ce rcmutent & ESE @o"> | ' 4b Turbulent flow 2- Re >Yooo t ° #Shear velocity Y*= Ve aWe * Us aS V*t0ly) $e Velocity Vaxtattey fs logarithmic K 20.25 —smocth pipe SY ob coe a oF x > Ro pape = kte ne S76 “a F v Koger 25s +545 soy v) ve (S moan = SaVE tI Sy 2 A qurbuluaty lod According to_Reyrolly’, VEX = Reynolell Reegheu! v nomber re Ks Smoth pipe , ue vik <0 > Tanst¥o vie 540 + Rough, pe ous Crys % = fae Avg Velodty is equetsto deee stream Vielothy