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' tan bh Gm) Janh (ole) 4 Reno mas oS dee Gat Quoithtin Gained] ha te a)..| [Ke he Sie Qavvhout he ea dan h (mt) jie eas +) “fio - [Re Ale es mela | Een Te i cin = ie 1b _ ome ' | fe A= Kase Area Eqn a VR ee P= perimeter oe 4 2e thine Closely spaced -fins 9 best effitctent ‘fins owe hyperbole fins worth Joss rnacterteck: For higher efficiency ; thi' used: Le te = Etolly e distribution pinata. | vs exponential «for in, write % long fins are anfinie ‘long fnee Funsteady ey) ‘Wvansients heat Conduction ha Cited = = mep ar => To be usta when volt of Cooling asked: Tite AA gy Be me se VC, = o> hat. 7 ° A be here eee = Time Constant stakes cm Ana alys This ts appliect when aot ne <0! iis Biot noz Conduction Resistance 5 2 = Conduction TesiSTance Convection Resistance L = Velume © 7 Sakae Area: 4. if Biot Novo! then Heisler Chast are used - i 4 $artable Thermal Conduckvity. FI | slab | a | | tater be beter) | Sphere UZ Cube dt HEAT EXCHANGERS $- AEnergy Balance — Gy (Ta~Th) = Ge Cheo-Tee) parallel Plow Counter-flow The th Th a a Th i ke ah aLato = 47, -4m | Cas) 9 » a (28) ratte! ® AP bounter ’ me ae Flow lon * (Ent) = Ee EMTOL. es cre Come gteen fle Flow actor *& CAT), : Cee > Gr Ss Ate) “Figs ee yeaa # Q= UA 4Tm Us orerau head tranefer Coeppectene eal ert, as \? (er, + tah | A= TrdixoxpP fotere os nooptubes per PAS p= nook Passes "xk Effectuweness 3— 1 gz Bactvas i ray 1 ge Tt The phen MnGp, < Me Pe: , “Trt —Tee 04 Getty eat cp usher Metre MnGr The — Tet at # Copacitif -mattos- C= CR Cpematler 9 2c el es (ep Drarger eof Cnt oe) e 1 eeelnce NTU = cg ale > fer valle! Flow ite pa -—C1-c), NTU = -e oo 3 For counter Flow: tec e@Cl-O NTU casei. When E=0 [when one-fluid is changiag phase] Ca ee NT 4, For both porattel ep counterflow HE cosenit whene=t [bere = rhnceed > For couinkerl ony 6 eS, pet ioos Tae or Povalle| } é -e— & ( oe ‘fe, ay dm) 6 He) |. Black bedy €-€3* ee J—avey ot | Monochtomatic¢ > Eh an beaty => Fracted of Intident vadiation absor bey cident vadiation veflected Transmitted 2 oa SF hen-grey a> Absorptivity = veflectvity > Fraction of | th > fraction of rackatton = Teansmetivity 4 For plack body X=! > €4=1 Laws of Radioastiens— Kivchosf's law, = At hermal equiliert umn Ace ame a? [ehe-1] t 2. plank'’s faw => Ec fCaT) 2) Eta = she 3 C= AE he plank's Constont K = BottEman Constork* As wavelength, increases, => Fos a maowmum & then decreased. also Increase, ty reaches }ee ee a F198 plm-k,f =p Welnis displacement s tl torres law, eect wme oe 6 bt0e 2 mK y*stefan Bertzman laws- E,-«TY 2 Fer a non-black b EFT Wey} vei 0 f ” # Reciprocity Relation A ees ) = tncosa sat # Ft hot Fy - 7-7 Fine! ; lot , Fax cate ror cylinder Cra) Jo roe ony + BS oeeie — ce’: = hye toh oo conver SUV Face f ; ning Shay factor ¢S zero. Fry = OQ pe yo # Super pesthioning z » @ #& sSurvdace vesistance = Air ; . t ) | aN ae Space veststonce = AE 5 = Feat Fe 1 AIF ease Mfiat Mfrs > Freat Prats = Ag Fax t 32K Te Radiation equator _ Ey 7 Fee 0) SE ' > (AatAs) s-1 = A FR ; Faecal a Fae) tof) (fia) una) | “Ts Opa = ome) | Steg 1% Fox Bt 5 Eby wa | bts Re * Jorg parallel P ! Qn TOBY A, A aye : e & # with shiel 3- Ver CTH TS") “(err e2 €HK InGinvte I... rencenteve raulides@. 000 se tn ofintte long concentyrc cylinder s- ! Qian e FH CTNHT) = Cmte T3) A) : ine), Lp Ine ep ALL ) : AiG) AiR Ay e_ Er ek Eo 4 se Exxoy fa Temp measurement t- { > a ha Crete) = a Crt) ; Tere i Total thermal “Radiation energy tocriolent upen; at Radiation leawing the suihace.’ no.of shields a “suahace. ce) i is Radiesity CTE spotal therm | re EF CME Fah ue Keep o* eee, GG fee the plates! there usu bea 0 5 e y= €€nt C-OG\ total of ANI 1 of Surhac yest'stances gine) no-of Space wee ¢ Datthout shitetal tseststances Fusth Shield cf Cs€ases2 € Dusith'shtetd * fFf f + CONVECTION !- * Reynotd's Number (Re) = ie : ve ' # Nusselt Ntlo = Ny = D2 [p= Ase] Le _k J (Pray = O05 OF! # Prandtl no = eV k= oe Pran eg es ( PS) sater = 240-6 ' AStarton no = (NW. 2 0BBr eeu Re pr (Rap, PP PUP - oe Re. pris Pecelet Number os as st. pros = Cpa = -0.33>-(Red ' 2 | & Forced Convecttons- a bedy ; D= choracter stile dimen ston of for punts let plate De Length of ptpe = Ey Dz diameter of pipe ad: : 5 slaminac flow _ , . | for pipe IP) Re 65At07 => Turbulent flow “rer C laminar flow) TBC RR RE ie ' ' HBL (Laminar flow) : eo Cnmene 1 Velocity listri butions | t+ wae Nia fey? Vo 2h& a | & temp distrebutien. -2fayt(ay Veo ty 3 by, Te ; To 7 Ta fe de Momentum equation: jz te new ent ugs+y du av ae aesgd 8 x mm ay By Ost gee oS S eos Ka K ka eS) oh Citta) YApo i ‘ hye 7 Ke (Byo Tae B Vo* 35, aes Sg eB. gag) ews Renin~ [026 $y = W6uUx VRex #& For fully developed Laminar flow over plate Wa, one 2 0339 (Re) (pd? Nu = bo = 0.664 Qed! (RD? eb aan The ax s #& Flow THROUGH PIPES s- { ; = mCpTh | \ ( EK | ur 2 PIT Nears TEP 5 i) ee Tbe ' 9c men Velocity 4 Bulk mean Temp: Rg, { nz a [uray Sipe A [ut eelr . : B « | | | #& Re < 2000 —F Lom'nar tflevs 4 Nu= ho = U6 => For Constant . heat lux. S45 oe Nu 2h = 3,66 2 For Constant, wall temp Nu = 07023 (mer? ® (pe)” nso-u. = For heating of fluid. 20-3 > For Cooling Of Rltd.* Natural Convectibnt- 2 Laminar flow flow meelu Nu =c Cor-pry” . ip 5 -purbulent \ m Gipr + Laminar low Gr-pr > 10% > jurbulen-} flow % Raylerght No = Gr. pr: 3 2 oe A Ge gBate FE Us Characten'stie ATR eet dimension = herght -for vertical Gylteder = da for hortrental Cy Under | Sphere ) ' = Area fo, borizental plate. perimeter