Sudan International University

Faculty of Electrical and Biomedical

Engineering

��� Semester

Analog Electronics II
Lecture 1
Introduction

Lecturer: Mr. Munzir Mohamed Adham Ali

 ‫نع نذبنرضاحملا‬
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 ‫نع نذبنرضاحملا‬
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 Evaluation Scheme
The‫م‬questions‫م‬will‫م‬cover‫م‬all‫م‬the‫م‬chapters‫م‬of‫م‬the‫م‬syllabus‫مل‬
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below‫نم‬
Percentage Component

50 Final exam

30 Midterm exam

20 Assignments
 Analog and Digital Signals
We seem to live in an analog world –
things can be louder or quieter, hotter or colder, longer
or shorter, on a “sliding scale”.
 Analog and Digital Signals
We seem to live in an analog world –
things can be louder or quieter, hotter or colder, longer
or shorter, on a “sliding scale”.

If we record sound on a tape recorder, we’re putting an

analog signal onto the tape.
 Analog and Digital Signals
We seem to live in an analog world –
things can be louder or quieter, hotter or colder, longer
or shorter, on a “sliding scale”.

If we record sound on a tape recorder, we’re putting an

analog signal onto the tape.

Digital signals aren’t on a sliding scale – they’re either

ON or OFF. (We call these “1” and “0”.) There’s no “in
between”.
 Analog and Digital Signals
Are these analog or digital?

Volume control on a radio

Traffic lights
Motor bike throttle
Dimmer switch
Light switch
Water tap
Music on a CD
Music on a tape
 Analog and Digital Signals
A security floodlight
switches on when
you approach.

It has an analog input (how much infra red it sees from you),
and produces a digital output (the floodlight is either on or off).
We could call it an
“analog to digital converter”.
 Analog and Digital Signals
The problem with analog signals is noise – hiss on the sound
and speckly dots on the picture.
 Analog and Digital Signals
The problem with analog signals is noise – hiss on the sound
and speckly dots on the picture.

When we send a signal over a long distance, the signal gets

weaker, so we need to boost (amplify) it but the noise is
boosted as well!!.
 Analog and Digital Signals
If we convert the signal into digital form, then send it, it still gets
weaker and noise still creeps in.
 Analog and Digital Signals
If we convert the signal into digital form, then send it, it still gets
weaker and noise still creeps in.
However, because it’s digital, the receiver can work out what the
signal is supposed to look like behind all that noise, and
reconstruct a “clean” signal.
 Analog and Digital Signals
If we convert the signal into digital form, then send it, it still gets
weaker and noise still creeps in.
However, because it’s digital, the receiver can work out what the
signal is supposed to look like behind all that noise, and
reconstruct a “clean” signal.
So we don’t end up boosting the noise along with the signal. This
is why you get such good pictures on your digital satellite TV.
 Analog and Digital Signals
Example: if you have a bad photocopy of a piece of text, and you
photocopy that, you’ll get a worse photocopy.
 Analog and Digital Signals
Example: if you have a bad photocopy of a piece of text, and you
photocopy that, you’ll get a worse photocopy.

But if you read the text yourself, the “software” in your brain can
“reconstruct” the text, because you know what the letter shapes
are supposed to be even though they’re blurred.
 Analog and Digital Signals
Summary:
Analog signals suffer from noise, but don’t need such complex
equipment.

Digital signals need fast, clever electronics, but we can get rid of
any noise.
 Analog and Digital Signals
Summary
Analog signals suffer from noise, but don’t need such complex
equipment.

Digital signals need fast, clever electronics, but we can get rid of
any noise.
We can also use compression techniques to squeeze a lot of
information in.
Fibre optic cables have a huge bandwidth because light is such a
high-frequency wave
So why do we still study analog?
• The real world is analog (voice, light, heart-beat…)
• Many of the inputs and outputs of electronic systems are
analog signal
• Many electronic systems, particularly those dealing with low
signal amplitudes or very high frequency required analog
approach

• Lots of most challenging design problems are analog

• G o o d a n a l o g c i r c u i t d e s i g n e r s a r e s ca r ce ( v e r y w e l l
compensated, gain lots of respect, regarded as “artists”
because of the “creative” circuit design they do…)

22
23
The dominance of digital circuits actually increased the amount of analog
electronics in existence. Nowdays, most electronic systems on a single chip
contain both analog and digital (called Mixed-signal SoC (System on Chip))

SoC layout for a Bluetooth transceiver

Texas Instruments
Amplifiers

Amplifier general symbol

Basic amplifier concepts
• Amplification of low amplitude signal is one of many
functions that is best handled by analog circuits
We need amplifiers
• Ideally, an amplifier produces an output signal with
the same wave shape as the input signal, but with a
larger amplitude
• Output signal where is called the voltage
vo ‫س‬t  Av vi ‫س‬t
gain of the amplifier. Av

Av  0,‫م‬inverting‫م‬amplifier
Av  0,‫م‬non ‫ ة‬inverting‫م‬amplifer

26
Amplifier Parameters
Frequency Response
Amplifiers do not have the same gain at all frequencies. For
example, an amplifier designed for audio frequency amplification
will amplify signals with a frequency of less than about 20kHz but
will not amplify signals having higher frequencies. An amplifier
designed for radio frequencies will amplify a band of frequencies
above about 100kHz but will not amplify the lower frequency
audio signals. In each case the amplifier has a particular
frequency response, being a band of frequencies where it
provides adequate amplification, and excluding frequencies above
and below this band, where the amplification is less than
adequate.
THANK YOU