“Introduction to Digital Electronics”

By: Demate, Axl John Cedrick A.

Submitted to: Prof. Zarceno, Jaido S.
1. Applications of Digital Electronics
 The fundamentals and implementation of digital electronics are essential to
understanding the design and working of consumer/industrial electronics,
communications, computers, security, and military equipment. Digital electronics
include many applications in real life.

 Advantages of Digital Techniques An increasing majority of applications in electronics, as

well as in most other technologies, use digital techniques to perform operations that
were once performed using analog methods.

Some advantages in using digital electronics

 -1 Digital systems are generally easier to design. The circuits used in digital systems are
switching circuits, where exact values of voltage or current are not important, only the
range (HICH or LOW) in which they fall.
 information storage is easy. This is accomplished by special devices and circuits that can
latch onto digital information and hold it for as long as necessary, and mass storage
fechniques that can stone billions of bits of information in a relatively small physical
space. Analog storage capabilities are, by contrast, information storage is easy. This is
accomplished by special devices and circuits that can latch onto digital information and
hold it for as long as necessary, and mass storage fechniques that can stone billions of
bits of information in a relatively small physical space. Analog storage capabilities are, by
contrast, extremely limited

link: https://examradar.com/applications-and-advantages-of-digital-systems/

2. Digital vs Analog
 Analog and digital signals are used to transmit information, usually through electric
signals. In both these technologies, the information, such as any audio or video, is
transformed into electric signals. The difference between analog and
digital technologies is that in analog technology, information is translated into electric
pulses of varying amplitude. In digital technology, translation of information is into
binary format (zero or one) where each bit is representative of two distinct amplitudes.
 Comparison chart

Analog Digital

Signal Analog signal is a continuous signal Digital signals are discrete time signals
 Analog Digital

which represents physical generated by digital modulation.

measurements.

Waves Denoted by sine waves Denoted by square waves

Representatio Uses continuous range of values to Uses discrete or discontinuous values to

n represent information represent information

Example Human voice in air, analog electronic Computers, CDs, DVDs, and other digital
devices. electronic devices.

Technology Analog technology records waveforms as Samples analog waveforms into a limited
they are. set of numbers and records them.

Data Subjected to deterioration by noise Can be noise-immune without

transmissions during transmission and write/read deterioration during transmission and
cycle. write/read cycle.

Response to More likely to get affected reducing Less affected since noise response are
Noise accuracy analog in nature

Flexibility Analog hardware is not flexible. Digital hardware is flexible in

implementation.

Uses Can be used in analog devices only. Best Best suited for Computing and digital
suited for audio and video transmission. electronics.

Applications Thermometer PCs, PDAs

Bandwidth Analog signal processing can be done in There is no guarantee that digital signal
real time and consumes less bandwidth. processing can be done in real time and
consumes more bandwidth to carry out
the same information.

Memory Stored in the form of wave signal Stored in the form of binary bit
 Analog Digital

Power Analog instrument draws large power Digital instrument drawS only negligible
power

Cost Low cost and portable Cost is high and not easily portable

Impedance Low High order of 100 megaohm

Errors Analog instruments usually have a scale Digital instruments are free from
which is cramped at lower end and give observational errors like parallax and
considerable observational errors. approximation errors.

Link: www.diffen.com/difference/Analog_vs_Digital

3. Numbering System (Decimal, Binary, Octal & Hexadecimal)

 A number can be represented with different base values. We are familiar with the numbers in
the base 10 (known as decimal numbers), with digits taking values 0,1,2,…,8,9.
 A computer uses a Binary number system which has a base 2 and digits can have only TWO
values: 0 and 1.
 A decimal number with a few digits can be expressed in binary form using a large number of
digits. Thus the number 65 can be expressed in binary form as 1000001.
 The binary form can be expressed more compactly by grouping 3 binary digits together to form
an octal number. An octal number with base 8 makes use of the EIGHT digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7.
 A more compact representation is used by Hexadecimal representation which groups 4 binary
digits together. It can make use of 16 digits, but since we have only 10 digits, the remaining 6
digits are made up of first 6 letters of the alphabet. Thus the hexadecimal base uses 0,1,2,
….8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F as digits.

To summarize Decimal : base 10 Binary : base 2 Octal: base 8 Hexadecimal : base 16

Link: www.cs.ucf.edu/courses/cop3502h/spr2007/binaryOctal.pdf