STKM 2512

ENERGY BALANCE
& BODY
COMPOSITION
 DEFINITION: ENERGY

• Ability to do work

• Energy released from the intake of

carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other
organic compounds
 DEFINITION: ENERGY BALANCE

• A condition in which calorie intake is

equal to energy expenditure

• Influenced by physical activity, body

size, amount of body fat and muscle,
and genetics
 ENERGY BALANCE
 Energy balance
Energy intake = energy
expenditure

 +ve energy balance

Energy intake >
energy
expenditure

 -ve energy balance

Energy intake < energy
expenditure
 ENERGY IN

⚫Measuring kilocalories of food that we eat

⚫Measured in calories

⚫Kilocalories = the amount of energy

required to raise the temperature of 1
kilogram of water by 1OC
ENERGY IN

Calorimeter bomb
 ENERGY IN: FOOD INTAKE

⚫Hunger – physiological desire

⚫satiation – signal to stop eating
⚫Satiety – no hungry feeling
⚫Appetite– physiological desire

❖ Physiological responses to nerve signals

and chemical reactions
❖ Regulate in hypothalamus
 ENERGY IN: FOOD INTAKE

Starvation / hunger feeling

➢ Internal physiological stimulation for finding

and taking food

➢ Related with negative feeling,

uncomfortable and painful
 ENERGY IN: FOOD INTAKE

Appetite

➢ Psychological desire to eat associated with

pleasant feelings about food
➢ Can trigger a desire to eat even when not
hungry
➢ Anorexia – reduce desire to eat
➢ Polyphagia – increase desire to eat
 ENERGY IN: FOOD INTAKE

Satiation / satiety

➢ Satiation – the feeling of satisfaction and

fullness that stops a meal intake

➢ Satiety – a feeling of satisfaction or fullness

after a meal that eliminates the desire for
food – delays the next intake
ENERGY IN: FOOD INTAKE
⚫ Integrate message
⚫ Food intake,
energy, storage
⚫ regulate gastrointestinal
hormones
HUNGER, SATIATION & SATIETY
ENERGY IN: REGULATION FACTORS

Boredom,
anxiety

Availability
 ENERGY IN: FOOD INTAKE

⚫Maintenance of satiation and satiety

⚫Nutrient composition
⚫Protein is the most filling
⚫Low energy density
⚫High fiber foods
⚫Foods high in fat – high satiety signal
 ENERGY OUT: ENERGY USAGE
Energy to Energy for physical activity
process the - varies according to
eaten food – individual
digest, absorb - influenced by body type,
and Thermic fitness level, type of activity
effect of
metabolized food (TEF)
food Physical activity

Physical
activity
Basal metabolic
rate
Resting / basal
energy expenditure Thermic effect of
foods

Energy used to maintain

basic physiological
functions
- Influenced by body
size and composition,
age, gender
 ENERGY EXPENDITURE

The amount of energy used by various

organs
⚫brain = 19%
⚫Skeletal muscle = 18%
⚫liver = 27%
⚫Kidney = 10%
⚫heart = 7%
⚫others = 19%
ENERGY USAGE EQUATION
 BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)

⚫BMR represents the minimum energy

used in resting and conscious conditions

⚫Energy needed for the survival of the

body's main functions such as
breathing, blood flow, heartbeat and
maintaining body temperature.
 BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)
⚫ BMR is measured under these conditions:

 24 hours before the measurement the subject should avoid:

⚫Consumption of stimulants such as coffee, cigarettes
and alcohol
⚫Consumption of any type of drug or medicine
⚫Activities that are too active and heavy
⚫High fat foods and over consumption of foods

 12 hours before the measurement, subject must be fasting

and only drink water

 30-60 mins before the measurement, subject must be

in the resting condition
BMR MEASUREMENT USING DELTATRACTM
METABOLIC MONITOR, MBM-100
 BASAL METABOLIC RATE
Pengiraan CALCULATION
KMA

⚫1 kcal/kg body weight / hour for man

⚫ 0.9 kcal/kg body weight/hour for woman

⚫ varies ± 20% between individuals

depending on the factors below
 BMR Estimation Using Prediction
Equations
FAO/WHO/UNU (1985)
⚫ Male
 18-30 years (MJ/day) = 0.0640(W) + 2.84
 30-60 years (MJ/day) = 0.0485(W) + 3.67
⚫ Female
 18-30 years (MJ/day) = 0.0615(W) + 2.08
 30-60 years (MJ/day) = 0.0364(W) + 3.47

Henry & Rees (1991)

⚫ Male
 18-30 years (MJ/day) = 0.0560(W) + 2.800
 30-60 years (MJ/day) = 0.0460(W) + 3.160
⚫ Female
 18-30 years (MJ/day) = 0.0480(W) + 2.562
 30-60 years (MJ/day) = 0.0480(W) + 2.448
 BMR Estimation Using Prediction
Equations
Razalee et al. (2010)
⚫ Naval Trainees
 18-30 years (MJ/day)= 0.047(W) + 3.316

Ismail et al. (1998)

⚫ Male
 18-30 years (MJday) = 0.0550(W) + 2.480
 30-60 years (MJ/day)= 0.0432(W) * 3.112
⚫ Female
 18-30 years (MJ/day)= 0.0535(W) + 1.994
 30-60 years (MJ/day)= 0.0539(W) + 2.147
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT
Pengiraan KMA BMR
SURFACE AREA

• The wider the surface of the body/skin, the more

energy will be lost and the more heat will be
released by the body

• The higher the BW, the higher the BMR

(individuals with a BW of 113 kg need more
calories to maintain body mass than those with a
BW of 90 kg
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT
Pengiraan KMA BMR

GENDER

• Women have a basal metabolic rate 5-10%

lower than men despite the same weight and
height (women > fat, men > muscle)

• Women also have a smaller body size than men

 FACTORS THAT AFFECT
Pengiraan KMA BMR

LEAN BODY MASS (LBM)

 More metabolically active than fat tissue, so

more kilocalories are needed to maintain it.
BMR is generally more higher among
individuals with higher LBM
Athletes who have high LBM due to high
muscle mass would have higher BMR than
normal people
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT
Pengiraan KMA BMR

LEAN BODY MASS (LBM)

Tissues such as muscle, liver, brain and kidney

show high metabolic activities in resting
condition and have high energy needs
Differences in LBM contribute to 70-80% of the
variation in BMR between individuals.
The higher the fat tissue, the lower the BMR
FACTORS THAT AFFECT
Pengiraan KMA BMR
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT
Pengiraan KMA BMR
⚫ Thyroid Hormone
Thyroxine Production influences BMR
High thyroid hormone levels increase BMR
low thyroid hormone levels reduce BMR

⚫ Nutritional status
Low food consumption reduce BMR 10-20%

⚫ Growth
BMR high among children
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT
Pengiraan KMA BMR
⚫ Age
The highest at 1 or 2 years and reduce when puberty and
teenagers for both genders
Reduce 1-2% each decade after the age of 30 (< LBM, >
body fat)
reduce 1-2% each decade for adults
increase 15% during pregnancy

⚫ Physical activity
BMR increases 5-15% for at least 24-48 hours due to
high intensity aerobic exercise but BMR does not
increase for low intensity exercise
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT BMR
⚫ Caffeine and tobacco usage
Increase BMR
⚫ Menstrual cycle
 BMR differed during menstrual cycle
 varies from the lowest level 2 weeks before ovulation
to a high level immediately before menstruation
occurs
⚫ Stress, diseases and medications
Stress, most diseases and certain medications
increase BMR
⚫ Climate
BMR is low among individuals live in tropic area compared
to Europe or North America
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT BMR

⚫ Sleep
Metabolic rate drops 10% lower than when awake -
muscle relaxation and reduced sympathetic nervous
system activity

⚫ Fever
Increase BMR 7% for every 1 degree increase of body
temperature when body temperature more than 98.6°F

⚫ pregnancy
Increase BMR (placenta, fetus, respiration rate)
 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

⚫ Energy usage due to movement or performing

physical activity
⚫ Physical activity such as exercise, sports,
office work, leisure activities and other daily
activities
⚫ Factors that affect individual energy needs
⚫ The component that changes the most
⚫ The energy cost of the activity is expressed as
kcal/min
 COST OF ENERGY USED IN
CERTAIN ACTIVITY
Type of activity Cost of energy reference
(kcal/min)

Sleep / lie down 1.1 Durnin &

Passmore (1967)
Sit and rest 1.17 Razalee (2008)
Sit and read 1.35 Razalee (2008)

Sit and write 1.36 Razalee (2008)

Sit and eat 1.7 Durnin & Passmore
(1967)
standing 1.37 Razalee (2008)
Walking 2.80 Razalee (2008)
 COST OF ENERGY USED IN
CERTAIN ACTIVITY
praying 1.8 Ismail & Zawiah (1989)
Polishing shoes 1.49 Isa (1991)
Wearing cloth 2.17 Isa (1991)
Personal activities 3.8 Durnin & Passmore (1967)
Ironing cloth 2.21 Razalee (2008)
Washing cloth 5.08 Isa (1991)
Tidying bed and room 4.3 Durnin & Passmore (1967)
Up and down the stairs 4.85 Razalee (2008)
running 10.4 Durnin & Passmore (1967)
Badminton 6.5 Durnin & Passmore (1967)
Parade (berkawat) 3.92 Razalee (2008)
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENERGY USAGE FOR
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

⚫The energy cost of an activity depends on:

⚫type (eg: walking, running or typing)

⚫duration,
⚫frequency
⚫intensity
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENERGY USAGE FOR
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
⚫ Large body size / BW and high muscle mass use
more energy to do physical activity compared to
light BW
⚫ Fitness level affects energy costs
⚫ The energy cost of weight-bearing activities
(such as climbing stairs or hills) is directly
proportional to BW
⚫ Energy cost of non weight-bearing activities
(such as cycling) - BW less influence energy
cost as total
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USAGE
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USAGE

CALORIMETRY
DIRECT
Measure internal heat production in
airtight chamber

INDIRECT
Measure the concentration of oxygen and carbon
dioxide
1. Circuit - open
2. Circuit - close
 DIRECT CALORIMETRY

⚫ Directly measuring the body heat released by the

subject
⚫ The subject is placed in an airtight chamber
(insulated chamber) and the released body heat
increases the temperature of the water
surrounding the chamber.
⚫ The energy used by the body is determined by
measuring the temperature of the water before
and after the body's heat is released
⚫ Not widely used anymore- expensive and difficult
 DIRECT CALORIMETRY

⚫ Individual is placed in a specific calorimeter

⚫ The amount of heat released is measured

DIRECT CALORIMETRY
DIRECT CALORIMETRY
INDIRECT CALORIMETER
 THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD (TEF)

⚫ The amount of energy/calories required to digest

each macronutrient includes the process of
absorption, metabolism, storage and
transfer/transport.

⚫ TEF is directly proportional to energy from food

consumption.

⚫ It is the highest about 1 hour after food

consumption and decreases after 5 hours
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT TEF
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI TEF

⚫ Influenced by the
amount and
composition of
nutrients in the diet

⚫ Each macronutrient has

a different caloric TEF
level

⚫ TEF of high protein food

> TEF of high CHO
foods > TEF of high fat
foods
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT TEF
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI TEF

MEAL COMPOSITION
⚫ Eating all 3 macronutrients together results in a lower TER
than eating protein or CHO separately

FIBER CONTENT
⚫ Foods that are high in fiber produce a low TEF

AGE
⚫ TEF decreases with age
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT TEF
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI TEF
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
⚫ Eating in cool ambient temperature increases TEF

ALCOHOL
⚫ Increase food intake increases TEF but lowers TEF if
taken in a cold temperature

HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE

⚫ Increases

OBESITY
⚫ Have TEF lower than normal people
CALCULATION OF CALORIE REQUIREMENTS
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI TEF
Calculation summary to estimate the total caloric needs of a
sedentary woman who weighs 130 pounds (59 kg)

Kalori
Basal Metabolic rate (BMR) 130 x 10 = 1300
Multiply body weight in pound (1 pound = 0.45 kg) with
10 (for men, multiply by 11)
Physical activity 1300 x 0.30 = 390
multiply calorie BMR with 0.30 (30%) based on “inactive”
energy (See table 8.2)
Thermic effect of food 1690 x 0.10 = 169
Add BMR calorie and physical activity: 1300 + 390 = 1690.
Then, multiply with 0.10 (10%)
Total calorie requirements 1859
Add all calorie needs above
 BODY COMPOSITION

⚫ Body composition is the ratio of fat and lean

body mass
⚫ Body weight = weight of fats + Lean body mass
⚫ LBM determination and fat mass is important to
evaluate nutritional status and health risk
measurement.
⚫ most individual – overweight means excess body
fat
 BODY FAT AND ITS LOCATION

⚫Where it is located

⚫The ideal amounts

depends on the
individual
AVERAGE OF BODY COMPOSITION
 TYPE OF FATS

ESSENTIAL FATS

⚫Found in bone marrow, heart, lungs, liver,

spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles and
central nervous system

⚫Women have 4x the essential fat compared

to men
 TYPE OF FATS

STORAGE FATS
⚫ Found in adipose
tissue
⚫ Subcutaneous fats –
located under the skin
⚫ Visceral fat – stored
around organs in the
abdominal area
 BODY FATS AND ENERGY BALANCE

⚫–ve energy balance, fatty acids are

released from adipose tissue
⚫ Used as energy and cells contract

⚫+ve energy balance, fat accumulates and

adipose cells expands
 BODY FATS AND ENERGY BALANCE

BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE

⚫A type of fat tissue made of specialised fat

cells
⚫Contains more mitochondria and rich in
blood
⚫Serves to generate heat
⚫Found mainly in babies
BODY FATS AND ENERGY BALANCE
MEASUREMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION

Hydrostatic weighing / Underwater Weighing /

Hydro-densitometry
 Hydrostatic balance
⚫ The correct method of measuring body
composition before the existence of CT-SCAN,
MRI.

⚫ Based on Archimedes principle

⚫ This method is expensive, difficult and

impractical to estimate body fat

⚫ A Subject is weighed outside the tank and when

a subject is submerged in the water tank
 Hydrostatic balance
⚫ Because fat is less dense than muscle and
bone, a person with more body fat will weigh
less in underwater than someone with lower
body fat

⚫ Body density is calculated using body weight

and the amount of eliminated water when a
person is submerged

⚫ Then, body fat percentage can be calculated…

 % body fat = 495/body density - 450
MEASUREMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION

Body Pod
 Bod Pod

⚫ The subject sits in a chamber of known volume

and he/she replaces a certain volume of air in
that chamber
⚫ Measure the volume of space filled by the
subject in a small chamber
⚫ It is an accurate alternative method to
hydrostatic weighing.
⚫ Once body weight and body volume are known,
body density and body fat can be calculated with
the equation…..
MEASUREMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION

3
2

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

(BIA)
1
3
 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

⚫ Body fat measurement using low intensity electric

current
⚫ A quick method of estimating body fat
⚫ Based on the principle that the present of water
and electrolytes, especially in LBM, conduct
electricity while body fat resists electric current
because fat tissue contains less water and
electrolytes than LBM
⚫ Electrical resistance measurements are used in
mathematical equations to estimate body fat
percentage
MEASUREMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION

Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

MEASUREMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION

Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

 Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

⚫ Using low-energy X-rays to scan the entire body

⚫ The most accurate method of determining fbody
fat.
⚫ Expensive and not widely available
⚫ Scanning the whole body for 5-10 minutes and
the radiation dose is less compared to x rays on
the chest.
⚫ Can estimate body fat, LBM and bone mineral
MEASUREMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION

Skinfold thickness
 Skinfold thickness

⚫ An Anthropometric method that is commonly used

to estimate total body fat content
⚫ Using calipers to measure the fat under the skin
in various places
⚫ The measurement readings are entered into a
mathematical formula to estimate the amount of
body fat
⚫ Cheap and easy to be used
⚫ Underestimation of the amount of body fat when
measured against subjects with excess body fat.