Equilibrium- When all the forces that act upon an object are balanced, then the object is said to

be in a state of equilibrium.

A. First Condition of Equilibrium-Translational Equilibrium

-For an object to be in equilibrium, it must be experiencing no acceleration.

B. Second Condition of Equilibrium-Rotational Equilibrium

-The second condition of static equilibrium says that the net torque acting on the object must
be zero.

translational equilibrium - when the vector sum of all the forces acting on it is zero.

Rotational equilibrium - says that the net torque acting on the object must be zero.
Torque - is the ability of an object to rotate about a given axis.

A. Angular displacement (θ)- is defined as “the angle in radians (degrees, revolutions) through
which a point or line
has been rotated about a specified axis”

B. Angular velocity (ω)

- is the rate at which an object rotates, or revolves, about an axis, or at which the angular
displacement between two bodies changes.

C. Angular acceleration (α)

- The angular acceleration is the time rate of change of the angular velocity and is designated
by α and expressed in radians per second squared.

WORK
- The work done on a system by a constant force is the product of the component of the force in
the direction of motion times the distance through which the force acts.
- is the transfer of energy by a force acting on an object as it is displaced.
- is the application of a force over a distance.

B. ENERGY
- is the ability to do work
- Work and energy have the same units
- can be defined as the capacity for doing work.

Kinetic energy
- is the energy in motion
Potential energy
- is the energy at rest.

The work-energy theorem states that the net work, Wnet on a system changes its kinetic energy
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can not be created or destroyed

C. POWER
- Power is the rate at which work is done, or energy is transferred per unit time

A. Momentum (p)
- is a quantity that describes an object's resistance to stopping (a kind of "moving inertia").
- is the product of an object's mass and velocity
- is a vector quantity, and has the unit, kg.m/s

B. Impulse (J)
- is a quantity that describes the effect of a net force acting on an object (a kind of "moving
force").
- is represented by the symbol J.
- is the product of the average net force acting on an object and its duration,

Impulse-Momentum Theorem
- The impulse-momentum theorem states that the change in momentum of an object equals the
impulse applied to it,

These units of impulse and momentum are equivalent [N-s = kg.m/s]

C. Collision or impact
- Basically refers to the sudden, forceful coming together in direct contact of two bodies,

The coefficient of restitution(e), indicates how elastic or inelastic the collision is.

ELASTICITY
— Property of a body to return to its original size and shape when the forces that deformed it
are removed, such as on plastics, foams, rubbers, metals, etc.

STRESS ( σ )
— is a force or combination of forces distributed throughout the whole of an object that acts to
deform it.

STRAIN (ε )
— it is a measure of how much an object is stretched or deformed

Modulus of Elasticity
1. Stress is directly proportional to strain.
2. An elastic modulus is the ratio of some stress to the strain (σ / ε ).
3. The SI unit of all elastic moduli is the pascal or newton per meter squared [Pa = N/m2], but
gigapascals [1 GPa = 10⁹Pa] are more commonly used.
4. Elastic moduli are properties of materials, not the objects made from those materials.

Young's modulus (Y) is the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain or

compressive stress to compressive strain.

Shear Modulus (S)

- The shear modulus or rigidity modulus is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain.

Bulk Modulus (B)

- The bulk modulus or compression modulus is the ratio of the increase in pressure to the
relative decrease in volume.

FLUIDS
— are substances that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external
force
— Fluid mechanics is essentially the study of fluids either in motion or at rest.

PRESSURE (P)
→ is the ratio of normal force to area.
→ Although both force and area are vectors, pressure is a scalar quantity and has no
direction.
→ Pressure is a way to describe force in a region of a continuous system and has the
equation:
P =𝐹/𝐴

Hydrostatic Pressure
— is the pressure that is exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to
the force of gravity. It increases in proportion to depth measured from the surface because of
the increasing weight of fluid exerting downward force from above.

Pressure in a fluid (P) at rest

— is equal to the weight of a column of fluid divided by the area on which it rests, so that

Pascal's principle (Blaise Pascal): “When the pressure on any part of a confined fluid (liquid or
gas) is changed, the pressure on every other part of the fluid is also changed by the same
amount.”

BUOYANCY (also known as the buoyant force)

— is the force exerted on an object that is wholly or partly immersed in a fluid.
— The symbol for the magnitude of buoyancy is B or FB
— As a vector it must be stated with both magnitude and direction. Buoyancy acts upward for
the kind of situations encountered in everyday experience.
— As with other forces, the SI unit of buoyancy is the newton [N].
— Buoyancy is caused by differences in pressure acting on opposite sides of an object
immersed in a static fluid.

Archimedes' Principle: “The magnitude of the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight
of the fluid it displaces”.

VISCOSITY (also known as dynamic viscosity, absolute viscosity, or simple viscosity)

— Is represented by the Greek letter η (eta).
— defined informally as the quantity that describes a fluid's resistance to flow.