1.

Emilio Aguinaldo led the First Philippine Republic against Spanish colonization and then
fought against American occupation, marking the start of Philippine independence efforts.

2. Manuel L. Quezon played a crucial role in establishing the Commonwealth of the

Philippines and initiated infrastructure projects to modernize the country.

3. Jose P. Laurel served during World War II under Japanese occupation, establishing
policies aimed at promoting Filipino nationalism despite constraints.

4. Sergio Osmeña took over the presidency after Manuel L. Quezon's death
and focused on rebuilding the country after World War II.

5. Manuel Roxas became the first President of the independent Philippines

and implemented economic policies to stabilize the nation post-war.
6. Elpidio Quirino tackled post-war reconstruction efforts and pursued land reform
initiatives during his term.

7. Ramon Magsaysay instituted various reforms to combat corruption and improve

governance, earning him popularity among the masses.

8. Carlos P. Garcia promoted the "Filipino First Policy" to prioritize Filipino businesses and
worked on agricultural self-sufficiency programs.

9. Diosdado Macapagal initiated land reforms and shifted Independence Day celebrations
from July 4 to June 12 to honor the Philippine Declaration of Independence.

10. Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, which led to widespread human rights
abuses, but also initiated infrastructure projects and economic reforms initially.
11. Corazon Aquino led the People Power Revolution, restoring democracy in
the Philippines, and prioritized agrarian reform and human rights during her
presidency.

12. Fidel V. Ramos focused on economic liberalization, privatization, and

infrastructure development to spur economic growth.

13. Joseph Estrada prioritized poverty alleviation and social justice but was
impeached and ousted due to corruption allegations.

14. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo faced challenges such as political instability and

economic downturns, implementing various economic and social reforms
during her tenure.

15. Benigno Aquino III pursued good governance initiatives, anti-corruption

campaigns, and economic reforms aimed at inclusive growth.
16. Rodrigo Duterte's presidency has been marked by controversial anti-drug
campaigns, infrastructure development, and shifts in foreign policy.

17. Ferdinand Marcos Jr. as president, Marcos signed into law

the creation of the Maharlika Investment Fund, the first sovereign
wealth fund of the Philippines. Under his term, the Philippines
ratified the RCEP in February, and entered into force in June 2023.