Establishment and development of Indian

democracy (1947 – 1966)

[A] MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1) What was the primary cause of the refugee problem in 1947?

a) Economic downturn in India and Pakistan
b) Partition of India and Pakistan
c) Natural disasters in the region
d) Political alliances between countries

Answer: b) Partition of India and Pakistan

Explanation: The primary cause of the refugee problem in 1947 was the
Partition of India and Pakistan, which led to a mass migration of people
across the newly drawn borders.

2) Which regions witnessed the largest migration during the partition of

India and Pakistan?
a) Kashmir and Delhi
b) Punjab and Bengal
c) Mumbai and Karachi
d) Hyderabad and Madras

Answer: b) Punjab and Bengal

Explanation: The largest migration during the partition of India and

Pakistan occurred in the regions of Punjab and Bengal. These areas
experienced significant population shifts due to the newly drawn borders.

3) How were the Hindu refugees from East Bengal different from those in
Punjab?
a) They migrated voluntarily
b) They were mostly urban dwellers
c) They required more government assistance
d) Their migration was a continuous process over years
Answer: d) Their migration was a continuous process over years

Explanation: The Hindu refugees from East Bengal differed from those in
Punjab primarily because their migration was a continuous process over
years. Unlike the relatively swift population exchanges in Punjab, the
movement of people from East Bengal was prolonged and persistent
over an extended period.

4) Which area did not have a significant problem with communal riots
immediately after the partition?
a) West Punjab
b) North-West Frontier Province
c) Sind
d) East Bengal

Answer: c) Sind

Explanation: User
Immediately after the partition, Sind did not experience significant
communal riots. This region initially remained relatively peaceful
compared to other areas affected by the partition-related violence.

5) What was the policy of the Government of India regarding the

refugees from East Bengal?
a) Immediate repatriation
b) Exchange of population similar to Punjab
c) No assistance provided
d) Different from that of Punjab, with no immediate exchange policy

Answer: d) Different from that of Punjab, with no immediate exchange

policy
Explanation: The policy of the Government of India regarding the
refugees from East Bengal was different from that of Punjab, with no
immediate exchange policy. Unlike in Punjab, where there was a more
direct and organized exchange of populations, the situation in East
Bengal involved a more prolonged and less structured process of
migration without an immediate policy for population exchange.
6) What was the initial amount demanded by Pakistan from India's cash
balance at the time of partition?
a) 4000 million
b) 1000 million
c) 750 million
d) 720 crores

Answer: b) 1000 million

Explanation: At the time of partition, Pakistan demanded 1000 million

from India's cash balance, which was a significant portion of the total
funds available.

7) How did the Arbitral Tribunal rule regarding the division of cash
balance between India and Pakistan?
a) Pakistan should get the entire 1000 million
b) India should pay 750 million to Pakistan
c) No payment should be made to Pakistan
d) The balance should be split equally

Answer: b) India should pay 750 million to Pakistan

Explanation: The Arbitral Tribunal ruled that India should pay 750 million
to Pakistan as part of the division of the cash balance between the two
countries following their partition. This decision was a compromise from
the initial demand of 1000 million by Pakistan.

8) What was the ratio agreed upon for the division of assets between
India and Pakistan?
a) 3:1
b) 4:1
c) 2:1
d) 1:1

Answer: b) 4:1
Explanation: The ratio agreed upon for the division of assets between
India and Pakistan was 4:1. This meant that out of every five units of
assets, four would be retained by India and one would go to Pakistan.

9) How was the issue of Indian currency used in Pakistan resolved

immediately after partition?
a) Pakistan created its own currency immediately
b) Indian currency was banned in Pakistan
c) Indian currencies were marked with "Government of Pakistan" stamp
d) A new common currency was introduced

Answer: c) Indian currencies were marked with "Government of

Pakistan" stamp

Explanation: The issue of Indian currency used in Pakistan immediately

after partition was resolved by marking Indian currencies with a
"Government of Pakistan" stamp. This allowed the continued use of
Indian notes in Pakistan until they could establish their own currency
system.

10) What was the decision of the Indian government regarding the
evacuee property in 1954?
a) To return the property to the original owners
b) To use the property for the benefit of refugees
c) To sell the property and distribute the proceeds
d) To keep the properties under government control

Answer: b) To use the property for the benefit of refugees

Explanation: In 1954, the Indian government decided to use the evacuee

property for the benefit of refugees. This decision was made to address
the needs of those displaced by the partition and to effectively utilize the
abandoned properties.

11) What was the main issue in the Indus river water dispute between
India and Pakistan?
a) Navigation rights on the river Indus
b) Equitable sharing of the waters for irrigation
c) Industrial usage of the river water
d) Fishing rights in the river Indus

Answer: b) Equitable sharing of the waters for irrigation

Explanation: The main issue in the Indus river water dispute between
India and Pakistan was the equitable sharing of the waters for irrigation.
This dispute arose due to the importance of the river's water for
agricultural purposes in both countries.

12) What was the proportion of the total water of Indus and its tributaries
divided between India and Pakistan as per the World Bank's scheme?
a) 70:30
b) 60:40
c) 50:50
d) 80:20

Answer: d) 80:20

Explanation: The total water of the Indus and its tributaries was divided
between India and Pakistan in an 80:20 ratio as per the World Bank's
scheme. This division was part of the solution to the water dispute
between the two countries.

13) Which rivers' waters did India agree to allow to flow all time as per
the agreement?
a) Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab
b) Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej
c) Ganga, Yamuna, and Saraswati
d) Brahmaputra, Godavari, and Krishna

Answer: a) Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab

Explanation: As per the agreement, India agreed to allow the waters of

the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab rivers to flow at all times. This was a key
part of the arrangement to ensure equitable water sharing between India
and Pakistan.

14) What amount did India agree to contribute for the construction of
canals in Pakistan?
a) 333.3 crores
b) 500 crores
c) 783.3 crores
d) 1000 crores

Answer: c) 783.3 crores

Explanation: India agreed to contribute 783.3 crores for the construction

of canals in Pakistan. This financial commitment was part of the Indus
Water Treaty to aid in the development of irrigation systems in Pakistan.

15) On which date was the Indus Water Treaty signed by Jawaharlal
Nehru?
a) 26 January 1950
b) 15 August 1947
c) 19 September 1960
d) 2 October 1959

Answer: c) 19 September 1960

Explanation: The Indus Water Treaty was signed by Jawaharlal Nehru

on 19 September 1960. This historic agreement addressed the long-
standing water dispute between India and Pakistan.

[B] Assertion and reasoning.

1} Assertion (A): Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel played a crucial role in

integrating princely states into the Indian Union.
Reasoning (R): He headed the new States Department and negotiated
with the rulers of princely states, leading to the signing of the Instrument
of Accession by most states.

Options:

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true, but R is false.
4. A is false, but R is true.

Answer: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

2} Assertion (A): The Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to maintain

independence after the British transfer of power.

Reasoning (R): This led to a revolt by the Hindu population in Hyderabad

and eventual military intervention by the Indian government.

Options:

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true, but R is false.
4. A is false, but R is true.

Answer: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

3} Assertion (A): The partition of India in 1947 led to the largest

migration in world history, with massive movements of populations
across the new borders of India and Pakistan.

Reasoning (R): The division of Punjab and Bengal and the ensuing
communal tensions forced millions to migrate for safety and religious
alignment.

Options:
1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true, but R is false.
4. A is false, but R is true.

Answer: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

4} Assertion (A): The refugee problem from East Bengal was

significantly different from that in Punjab, with a one-sided flow of Hindu
refugees to West Bengal.

Reasoning (R): This was due to the continuous communal tensions in

East Bengal, unlike the limited period of migration in Punjab.

Options:

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true, but R is false.
4. A is false, but R is true.

Answer: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

5} Assertion (A): Many displaced Muslims during the communal riots of

August and September 1947 refused to move to Pakistan and sought to
return to their ancestral homes in India.

Reasoning (R): Gandhiji's intervention and subsequent events led to a

change in attitude among Hindus, who welcomed these displaced
Muslims back.

Options:

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

3. A is true, but R is false.

4. A is false, but R is true.

Answer: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

6} Assertion (A): The division of assets between India and Pakistan was
finally settled in a 4:1 ratio.

Reasoning (R): This ratio was agreed upon after prolonged negotiations
and was applied to the distribution of gold reserves.

Options:

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true, but R is false.
4. A is false, but R is true.

Answer: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

7} Assertion (A): Indian currencies were temporarily used in Pakistan

post-partition, marked with the "Government of Pakistan" stamp.

Reasoning (R): This was due to the absence of a printing press in

Pakistan at the time of partition.

Options:

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true, but R is false.
4. A is false, but R is true.

Answer: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

8} Assertion (A): The issue of recovery of abandoned properties was a

significant post-partition problem between India and Pakistan.
Reasoning (R): Communal riots led to people abandoning their
properties, and negotiations were held for compensation and transfer of
these properties.

Options:

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true, but R is false.
4. A is false, but R is true.

Answer: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

9} Assertion (A): The equitable sharing of the waters of the Indus and its
tributaries became a significant issue between India and Pakistan post-
Independence.

Reasoning (R): Both countries aimed to achieve self-sufficiency in

agriculture by utilizing the river waters for irrigation.

Options:

1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true, but R is false.
4. A is false, but R is true.

Answer: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

10} Assertion (A): As per the agreement mediated by the World Bank,
India agreed to allow the flow of Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab at all times.

Reasoning (R): This agreement was part of the plan to divide the total
water of the Indus and its tributaries in an 80:20 ratio.

Options:
1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true, but R is false.
4. A is false, but R is true.

Answer: 1. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

[C] FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) In 1947, India achieved ________ and was partitioned to create the

new state of Pakistan.

Answer: Independence

2) The partition led to the largest migration in history, particularly in the

regions of ________ and ________.

Answer: Punjab, Bengal

3) The leader who played a key role in integrating princely states into the
Indian Union was ________.

Answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

4) The princely state of ________ initially decided to join Pakistan,

though it had a large Hindu population.

Answer: Junagarh

5) The Nizam of ________ wanted to keep the state independent at the

time of the partition.

Answer: Hyderabad
6) The conflict in ________ led to its accession to India and subsequent
military engagements between India and Pakistan.

Answer: Kashmir

7) The partition resulted in a major refugee crisis, with over ________

million people crossing from Pakistan to East Punjab from September
1947 to March 1948.

Answer: One

8) The central government spent about ________ million from 1947 to

1969 for the resettlement of displaced persons.

Answer: 22

9) The Indus Water Treaty was signed by Prime Minister Jawaharlal

Nehru in Karachi on ________.

Answer: 19 September 1960

10) The World Bank, under the leadership of ________, played a crucial
role in resolving the Indus water dispute.

Answer: Eugene Black

11) The total water of the Indus and its tributaries was divided between
India and Pakistan in an ____: ratio.

Answer: 80, 20

12) India's contribution to the construction of canals in Pakistan as part

of the Indus Water Treaty was ________ crores.

Answer: 783.3
13) The Indian Army took control of Hyderabad in ________, following
the refusal of the Nizam to integrate with India.

Anser: 1948

14) During the refugee crisis, the people from the North-West Frontier
Province mostly settled in a camp along the ________ main road.

Answer: Delhi-Mathura

15) The Arbitral Tribunal decided that India should pay Pakistan
________ million as part of the division of assets post-partition.

Answer: 750

[D] TRUE OR FALSE

1) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was involved in the integration of princely

states into the Indian Union.

Answer: True

2) All princely states, including Jammu and Kashmir, Junagarh, and

Hyderabad, immediately joined the Indian Union after independence.

Answer: False

3) The Nawab of Junagarh decided to join India despite having a

predominantly Hindu population.

Answer: False

4) The Nizam of Hyderabad willingly integrated his state into the Indian
Union right after independence.
Answer: False

5) Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir initially signed a pact with the

Pakistan government before acceding to India.

Answer: True

6) The partition of India in 1947 did not cause any significant migration of
populations between India and Pakistan.

Answer: False

7) The refugees from North-West Frontier Province were mostly rural

peasants.

Answer: False

8) The Indian government spent about 22 million from 1947 to 1969 on

the resettlement of displaced persons.

Answer: True

9) India and Pakistan resolved the Indus water dispute without any
external mediation.

Answer: False

10) The World Bank played a crucial role in resolving the Indus water
dispute between India and Pakistan.

Answer: True

[E] ONE WORD ANSWER

1) Who headed the new States Department for the integration of princely
states into the Indian Union after independence?
Answer: Patel (Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel)

2) Which state's ruler initially decided to join Pakistan but later became a
part of India due to local opposition?

Answer: Junagarh

3) Name the princely state that declared its intention to remain

independent after the partition of India.

Answer: Hyderabad

4) Who was the ruler of Kashmir who eventually acceded to India

amidst conflict in 1947?

Answer: Hari Singh

5) What is the term used to describe the massive population shift

between India and Pakistan after the 1947 partition?

Answer: Migration

6) Which province's refugees faced difficulties in rehabilitation due to

their urban background and lost properties in riots?

Answer: NWFP (North-West Frontier Province)

7) How much did the Indian government spend (in millions) for refugee
resettlement from 1947 to 1969?

Answer: 22

8) Who was the President of the World Bank who played a significant
role in resolving the Indus water dispute?

Answer: Black (Eugene Black)

9) In which year was the Indus Water Treaty signed between India and
Pakistan?

Answer: 1960

10) What ratio was used to divide the total water of the Indus and its
tributaries between India and Pakistan?

Answer: 80:20

11) Which city was the capital of the newly created state of Pakistan
after the partition in 1947?

Answer: Karachi

12) What was the estimated worth in millions of property left behind in
Pakistan by non-Muslim refugees?

Answer: 5000

13) Name the leader who was assassinated, leading to a change in

Hindu attitudes towards Muslim refugees.

Answer: Gandhiji (Mahatma Gandhi)

14) Which river's equitable sharing became a central issue in the water
dispute between India and Pakistan?

Answer: Indus

15) Who was the Indian Prime Minister at the time of signing the Indus
Water Treaty?

Answer: Nehru (Jawaharlal Nehru)

[F] VERY SHORT QUESTIONS

1) What major issue did the partition of India in 1947 lead to?

Answer: The partition of India in 1947 led to a major issue, the massive
refugee problem. Millions of people were forced to leave their ancestral
homes and migrate to India and Pakistan, resulting in one of the largest
population migrations in world history.

2) How was the dispute over river water between India and Pakistan
resolved?

Answer: The dispute over the sharing of Indus river waters was resolved
through the intervention of Eugene Black, the President of the World
Bank, with an agreement that divided the waters in an 80:20 ratio and
established a permanent Indus Commission.

3) What was the main issue related to the recovery of abandoned

properties?

Answer: The main issue was whether the abandoned properties should
be transferred or sold, and this led to negotiations between India and
Pakistan.

4) What problem did Muslim refugees displaced due to communal riots

face?

Answer: Large numbers of Muslims were displaced by their Hindu

neighbours during communal riots in August and September 1947, and
many appealed to Gandhiji for arrangements to return to their ancestral
homes.

5) What was the government's policy regarding the return of refugees to

their original homes in Bengal?
Answer: The governments of India and West Bengal believed that most
displaced persons would return to their homes once normal conditions
were restored and agreed not to assign immovable property to them.

6) : Describe the massive exodus of Hindu refugees from East Bengal to

West Bengal.

Answer: Approximately 6 million Hindu refugees fled from East Bengal to

West Bengal between 1947 and 1967, posing significant social,
economic, and political challenges to West Bengal.

7) What was the fate of Sind refugees who were able to carry their
possessions?

Answer: Unlike Punjab refugees, some Sind people left with their
possessions like gold and cash and did not require government
assistance for rehabilitation.

8) What steps did the Indian government take to rehabilitate refugees

from West Punjab?

Answer: The government appointed a Director-General of Rehabilitation

and spent about 22 million on resettlement, including creating industrial
towns.

9) Which regions experienced the largest migration during the partition?

Answer: The division of Punjab and Bengal witnessed the largest

migration in world history.

10) How was the refugee problem categorized?

Answer: The refugee problem was categorized into four groups based
on the regions they migrated from.

[G] SHORT QUESTIONS

1) How did the Constitution of India, effective from January 26, 1950,
reclassify Indian states?

Answer: The Constitution of India, effective from January 26, 1950,

reclassified Indian states into three categories: 'A', 'B', and 'C' states,
and a 'D' category for territories. 'A' states included provinces of British
India, 'B' states were former princely states or unions of princely states,
'C' states included both princely states and provinces governed directly
by the British, and 'D' category comprised Union Territories, with
Andaman and Nicobar Islands as the sole member. This reorganization
marked a significant shift from the colonial legacy towards a more unified
structure.

2) What was the purpose of the State Reorganization Commission

formed in 1953?

Answer:
The State Reorganization Commission, formed in 1953, aimed to
reevaluate and redefine the boundaries of India's states and provinces.
Its primary purpose was to address the growing demands for creating
states based on linguistic lines, reflecting the diverse linguistic and
cultural identities across India. The Commission was tasked with
examining the practicality and implications of restructuring states on a
linguistic basis, ultimately leading to a more coherent and efficient
administrative framework that aligned with India's linguistic and cultural
diversity.

3) Name the three members of the State Reorganization Commission

formed in 1953.

Answer: The State Reorganization Commission, established in 1953,

was composed of three distinguished members. The Commission was
headed by Fazl Ali, a retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was
joined by Hriday Nath Kunzru, a notable politician and social worker with
extensive experience in public affairs. The third member was K.M.
Panikkar, a respected diplomat and historian. Together, these members
brought a wealth of legal, administrative, and historical expertise to the
complex task of reorganizing the state boundaries based on linguistic
and cultural considerations.

4) In which year the act of reorganisation was implemented ?

Answer: The States Reorganization Act, a pivotal piece of legislation that

redefined the boundaries and structure of states in India, was
implemented in 1956. This act was a direct result of the
recommendations made by the State Reorganization Commission
formed in 1953. It came into effect on November 1, 1956, marking a
significant step in the post-independence restructuring of India's state
boundaries. The Act aimed to organize states primarily on linguistic
lines, thereby aligning state boundaries more closely with India's diverse
linguistic and cultural landscape.

5) When did the Indian Constitution officially come into force, making
India a Sovereign Democratic Republic?

Answer: The Indian Constitution, a comprehensive document outlining

the nation's fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers,
and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights,
directive principles, and citizens' duties, was officially adopted on 26
January 1950. This significant event marked the transformation of India
into a Sovereign Democratic Republic, establishing it as a republic with a
system of governance chosen by its people. The adoption of the
Constitution is celebrated annually as Republic Day, reflecting India's
commitment to democracy and its independent identity.

6) Name two political parties, other than Congress, that participated in

the first General Election and their respective outcomes.

Answer : In the first General Election of independent India, held in 1951-

52, apart from the Indian National Congress, two significant parties were
the Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Jan Sangh. The Communist
Party emerged as the next largest party after Congress, winning 23
seats in the Lok Sabha and 147 in state assemblies, securing 4.6% of
the total votes. The Jan Sangh, representing a right-wing political stance,
had a modest performance, securing only 10 seats in the Lok Sabha and
receiving about 6% of the total votes polled.

7) How did the Indian government respond to the Nizam of Hyderabad's

declaration to remain independent?

Answer: In response to the Nizam of Hyderabad's declaration to remain

independent, the Indian government, under the leadership of Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel, decided to intervene militarily. This decision was
influenced by the Nizam's adamant attitude and the growing internal
unrest within Hyderabad. In September 1948, the Indian Army launched
a police action, code-named 'Operation Polo,' which resulted in the
annexation of Hyderabad into the Indian Union. The operation was swift,
concluding within five days, and effectively integrated Hyderabad into
India.

8) What led Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir to accede to the Indian

Union, and what was the subsequent action taken by India?

Answer: Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir was compelled to accede to

the Indian Union due to the military incursion by Pakistani intruders in
October 1947. Faced with this external aggression and the inability to
defend his state alone, Singh sought India's military assistance. In
response, he signed the Instrument of Accession on 26 October 1947,
ceding control of defense, communication, and foreign affairs to India.
Following this, Indian forces were deployed to Kashmir, countering the
Pakistani intruders. This military intervention led to the partial integration
of Kashmir into India.

9) How many princely states were there in India during British rule, and
what was their total population according to the 1941 census?

Answer : During British rule in India, there were approximately 565

princely states. These states varied significantly in size and influence,
covering a combined area of about 715,964 square miles. According to
the 1941 census, the population residing in these princely states was
approximately 93,182,233 people. These states existed under the
paramountcy of the British Crown, and while they were nominally
sovereign, in reality, they had limited autonomy and were integral parts
of the British colonial framework in the Indian subcontinent.

10) What was the stance of the Nawab of Junagarh regarding joining
India or Pakistan, and what was the reaction of the local populace?

Answer: The Nawab of Junagarh, Mahabat Khanji III, initially decided to

accede to Pakistan despite Junagarh's geographic location in India and
its predominantly Hindu population. This decision was contrary to the
wishes of the majority of his subjects. The Hindu population in Junagarh
strongly opposed the Nawab's decision, leading to significant local
unrest and the establishment of a provisional government opposing the
accession to Pakistan. The Nawab eventually fled to Pakistan in 1948,
and in response to the public outcry and political turmoil, the Indian
government intervened and took control of Junagarh, integrating it into
India.

[H] SHORT QUESTIONS

1) Examine the reasons that led to the mass displacement of millions of

refugees, who were compelled to abandon their ancestral homes during
the partition of India in 1947.

Answer: Reasons are as follows :-

Religious Divisions: The partition of India in 1947 was primarily based on

religious lines, creating Pakistan as a separate nation for Muslims. This
division led to widespread fear and insecurity among Hindus, Muslims,
and Sikhs in regions earmarked for the opposite community.

Communal Riots: The announcement of partition sparked intense

communal riots, violence, and massacres across various regions,
particularly in Punjab and Bengal. The widespread violence and fear for
personal safety forced many to flee their homes.
Political Decisions: The abrupt and somewhat haphazard manner in
which the Radcliffe Line (the boundary demarcation line) was drawn left
many people suddenly finding themselves in the 'wrong' country
according to their religious affiliation.

Fear of Persecution: There was a pervasive fear of persecution and

oppression in the newly drawn territories, leading many to believe that
migration was the only option for survival.

Loss of Property and Livelihoods: The partition led to a complete

uprooting of communities, with people losing their properties, lands, and
means of livelihood, compelling them to seek new beginnings in
unfamiliar territories.

2) Analyze the impact of the large-scale influx of refugees on West

Bengal following the partition of India in 1947, focusing on the socio-
economic, cultural, and political consequences within the state.

Answer: Impact are as follows:-

Demographic Shift: West Bengal experienced a significant demographic

transformation with the arrival of millions of refugees, primarily Hindus
from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), altering the state's population
dynamics.

Economic Strain: The sudden influx placed immense pressure on West

Bengal’s economy. Resources such as food, housing, and employment
became scarce, leading to economic hardship for both refugees and
local residents.

Cultural Integration: The refugees brought with them diverse cultural

practices, languages, and traditions, enriching the cultural tapestry of
West Bengal, but also leading to cultural assimilation challenges.
Political Turbulence: The refugee crisis influenced local politics, with
refugee welfare becoming a central issue. It also led to a redefinition of
political allegiances and priorities in the state.

Social Tensions: Competition for resources led to social tensions

between refugees and local populations. There were instances of conflict
over housing, jobs, and access to public services.

Urban Overcrowding: Cities like Kolkata saw massive overcrowding,

exacerbating urban problems like slums, sanitation issues, and
inadequate infrastructure.

Education and Health Impact: The education and health sectors were
overwhelmed, with schools and hospitals struggling to cope with the
increased demand.

Land Reform Policies: The influx of refugees played a role in shaping

West Bengal’s land reform policies, as the government sought to
redistribute land to accommodate the displaced populations.

3) Examine the migration routes and methods used by the people of

Sindh to relocate to Bombay and Rajasthan during the partition of India
in 1947, highlighting the challenges they faced during their journey.

Answer: Routes Used: Many Sindhis used rail and road networks to
reach Rajasthan, while sea routes were commonly taken to Bombay.
The Karachi-Bombay sea link was especially pivotal for those heading to
Bombay.

Overcrowded Transports: Trains and ships were often dangerously

overcrowded, posing risks to the health and safety of the migrants.

Limited Resources: The journey was marked by scarce resources,

including limited food and water, exacerbating the hardship during
transit.
Security Concerns: The partition period was rife with communal violence.
Migrants faced security threats, especially on land routes, including
attacks and looting.

Health Challenges: Overcrowding and limited sanitation facilities led to

health issues like disease outbreaks among the refugees.

Emotional Trauma: The journey was emotionally taxing, involving leaving

behind ancestral homes and a familiar way of life.

Administrative Challenges: Upon arrival in Bombay and Rajasthan,

migrants faced bureaucratic hurdles in registering as refugees and
accessing relief.

Cultural Adaptation: In their new locations, adapting to different cultural

and social environments posed an additional challenge for the Sindhi
migrants.

4) Explore the reasons behind the refusal of Junagarh's Nawab to

accede to the Indian Union immediately after India's independence in
1947, considering the political, religious, and social factors influencing
this decision.

Answer: Religious Affiliation: The Nawab of Junagarh, a Muslim ruler,

chose to align with Pakistan, a nation created as a homeland for
Muslims, despite his state being predominantly Hindu.

Political Aspirations: The Nawab possibly hoped for greater autonomy

and political significance by aligning with Pakistan rather than the larger
and more diverse Indian Union.

Geopolitical Influence: Allying with Pakistan might have been seen as a

strategic move to gain geopolitical support and influence from a new,
neighboring Muslim-majority nation.
Minority Ruler's Insecurity: As a Muslim ruler over a Hindu-majority state,
the Nawab might have felt insecure about his position in a Hindu-
majority India.

British Influence: Residual influence from British policies and their divide-
and-rule legacy could have impacted the Nawab's decision, as the
British had fostered a sense of separateness among princely states.

Internal Politics: The Nawab's decision might also reflect internal political
dynamics and personal advisers' influences within Junagarh.

Public Opinion Ignored: The Nawab made the decision without

considering the majority Hindu population's preference, reflecting a
disconnect between the ruler and his subjects.

5) Discuss the characteristics and underlying factors of the river water

dispute between India and Pakistan post-1947, and evaluate the
methods and agreements that were employed to resolve this conflict.

Answer : Geographical Context: The dispute centered around the Indus

River system, comprising six rivers – the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi,
Beas, and Sutlej. The rivers were a crucial water source for both
countries.

Partition Impact: The 1947 partition left the headwaters of these rivers in
India, but the majority of the river basins fell in Pakistan, leading to
conflict over water rights.

Agricultural Dependence: Both nations heavily relied on these rivers for

agriculture, making access to water a critical economic issue.

Political Tensions: The dispute was exacerbated by the overall political

hostility between India and Pakistan post-independence.

World Bank Mediation: The World Bank played a crucial role in

mediating the dispute, proposing solutions and facilitating discussions.
Indus Water Treaty (1960): The conflict was largely resolved with the
signing of the Indus Water Treaty in 1960, brokered by the World Bank.

Water Distribution: Under the treaty, control over the three western rivers
(Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) was given to Pakistan, while India retained
control over the three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej).

Permanent Indus Commission: The treaty also established the

Permanent Indus Commission, ensuring ongoing cooperation and
conflict resolution regarding these rivers.

Treaty's Durability: Despite ongoing tensions between India and

Pakistan, the Indus Water Treaty has remained a rare example of a
lasting agreement, successfully resolving the water dispute.

[I] LONG ANSWERS

● Analyze the foundational challenges and achievements of India in

the immediate post-independence period.

Q) Discuss the process of framing the Indian Constitution and the

significance of implementing adult suffrage in the first general elections.
[4]

Answer: The Indian Constitution was framed by a Constituent Assembly

formed in 1946, involving rigorous debates and discussions. The draft
was published for public feedback, leading to about two thousand
amendments. It came into force on 26 January 1950, marking India a
Sovereign Democratic Republic. Significantly, the Constitution
introduced adult suffrage, granting voting rights to all adults irrespective
of gender, caste, or education. This was a monumental step in
democratic empowerment, ensuring wider participation in the first
general elections of 1951-52, reflecting the nation's commitment to
inclusive democracy.
Q) Evaluate the outcomes of the first general election in 1951-52,
including the performance of major political parties and the impact of
these results on the political landscape of newly independent India.[4]

Answer: The first general election in 1951-52 was a landmark event in

newly independent India, signifying the successful establishment of
democracy. The Indian National Congress emerged as the dominant
force, winning 75% of Lok Sabha seats and 68.5% of State Assembly
seats, showcasing widespread public support. The Communist Party of
India became the main opposition, with significant wins. The modest
performance of rightist parties like Jan Sangh reflected diverse political
preferences. This election set the foundation for India's democratic
journey, highlighting pluralism and the people's faith in democratic
institutions.

● Examine the key challenges and developments in India

immediately following its independence in 1947

Q) Assess the role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in the integration of

princely states, particularly focusing on Junagarh, Hyderabad, and the
challenges faced in these regions.

Answer) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, as the head of the States

Department, played a pivotal role in the integration of princely states into
the Indian Union. In Junagarh, he navigated the complex situation where
the Nawab favored Pakistan despite a Hindu-majority population, leading
to India's intervention after the Nawab fled. In Hyderabad, faced with the
Nizam's insistence on independence and internal revolt, Patel ordered a
military operation, integrating the region into India. His pragmatic and
determined approach was crucial in overcoming the challenges in these
regions, shaping the political map of post-independence India.
Q) Discuss the origin of the Kashmir issue post-1947, including the role
of Maharaja Hari Singh and the subsequent actions taken by India,
leading to the present status of Kashmir.

Answer: The Kashmir issue originated post-1947 when Maharaja Hari

Singh, the Hindu ruler of Muslim-majority Kashmir, faced an invasion by
Pakistani forces. Pressured by the invasion and internal political
dynamics, Singh signed the Instrument of Accession to India in October
1947 for military assistance. This accession led India to send troops,
sparking the first Indo-Pak war. India approached the UN, resulting in a
ceasefire but leaving Kashmir's status unresolved, with the region
divided between India and Pakistan. This event laid the groundwork for
the longstanding and complex dispute over Kashmir that persists to this
day.

● Assess the challenges and responses to the refugee crisis in India

post-1947 partition.

Q) Examine the experiences, migration patterns, challenges, and

rehabilitation of refugees from West Punjab, NWFP, Sind, and East
Bengal during partition.

Answer: During the partition, refugees from West Punjab, NWFP, Sind,
and East Bengal had diverse experiences. They faced forced migrations
due to communal violence, resulting in mass displacement. Migration
patterns varied, with different regions experiencing different challenges.
The Indian government undertook rehabilitation efforts, providing land,
shelters, and jobs. West Punjab refugees were fairly rehabilitated, while
NWFP refugees faced challenges due to urban backgrounds. Sind
refugees moved to various parts of India, some with possessions. East
Bengal refugees, facing massive influx, strained West Bengal's
resources and socio-economic systems, requiring distinct policies from
the Indian government.

Q) Assess the socio-economic and political impact of refugees on

Punjab and West Bengal, including long-term consequences.
Answer: The refugee influx had significant socio-economic and political
impacts on Punjab and West Bengal. In Punjab, it led to the re-
settlement of refugees and the development of industrial towns.
However, in West Bengal, the massive influx strained resources and
socio-economic systems. Over time, Punjab saw relative stability, while
West Bengal continued to grapple with the repercussions, including
demographic shifts and political implications. The long-term
consequences included changes in the social fabric and political
dynamics of these states, shaping their future trajectories.

[J] LONG QUESTIONS

1) Discuss the Movements in Orissa and Andhra for the formation of the
states on linguistic basis .

Answer :
Orissa Movement (1936):

The linguistic movement in Orissa began in 1895, gaining momentum

over the years.
Madhusudan Das was a prominent leader advocating for a separate
Orissa province based on the Odia language.
After sustained efforts, Orissa became the first Indian state formed on
linguistic basis in 1936, a significant achievement.

Andhra Movement (1953):

The movement for a separate Telugu-speaking state out of the Northern

Portion of Madras State gathered strength.
Potti Sriramulu's hunger strike for 56 days in 1953 played a crucial role
in the creation of the new state of Andhra.
Andhra was formed with 16 Northern Telugu-speaking districts of
Madras State.

Similar Movements:
Both movements shared the goal of linguistic-based states, driven by the
desire for cultural and administrative autonomy.
They highlighted the importance of recognizing linguistic diversity in
India.

Impact:

The success of these movements set a precedent for the formation of

states based on language.
It influenced the State Reorganization Commission's recommendations
later.

State Reorganization Commission (1953):

The demand for linguistic states led to the appointment of the Fazl Ali
Commission in 1953.
The Commission recommended the abolition of the A, B, C, and D group
system and the creation of linguistic states.
This laid the groundwork for the reorganization of states based on
language, leading to the establishment of many linguistic states in India.

Long-term Significance:

The Orissa and Andhra movements played a crucial role in shaping

India's linguistic states' policy.
They contributed to the recognition of linguistic diversity as a key aspect
of Indian federalism.
The creation of linguistic states has been instrumental in preserving and
promoting regional languages and cultures in India.

In summary, the movements in Orissa and Andhra for linguistic-based

states were important milestones in India's post-independence history,
influencing the formation of states based on language and promoting
cultural diversity and autonomy.
2) What were the recommendations of the state Reorganization
Commission?

Answer: The State Reorganization Commission, also known as the Fazl

Ali Commission, was established in 1953 to recommend the
reorganization of states in India based on linguistic and administrative
factors. Here are the key recommendations of the State Reorganization
Commission:

Linguistic Basis:

The Commission recommended that states be reorganized primarily on

a linguistic basis to accommodate the linguistic diversity of the country.
This was a significant departure from the earlier practice of classifying
states into A, B, C, and D categories.

Formation of States:

The Commission proposed the formation of new states based on

linguistic lines.
It recommended the reorganization of states like Andhra Pradesh,
Kerala, Karnataka, and Maharashtra, among others.

Bilingual States:

In cases where there was a significant linguistic minority in a region, the

Commission suggested the formation of bilingual states.
These states would have two official languages to protect the interests of
linguistic minorities.

Retention of Certain Areas:

The Commission recommended retaining certain areas with mixed

linguistic populations within the existing states.
This was done to maintain administrative efficiency and ensure the
interests of linguistic minorities.
Protection of Linguistic Minorities:

The Commission emphasized the need to protect the rights and interests
of linguistic minorities.
It recommended safeguards for linguistic minorities in states where they
were not in the majority.

Union Territories:

The Commission proposed the reorganization of Union Territories, with a

focus on improving governance and administration in these areas.
Reorganization of Bombay State:

The Commission recommended the division of the bilingual Bombay

State into two separate states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, based on
linguistic lines.

Other Recommendations:

The Commission also made recommendations regarding the allocation

of seats in legislative assemblies and Parliament, the status of
Hyderabad, and the administration of Delhi.
The recommendations of the State Reorganization Commission laid the
foundation for the reorganization of states in India along linguistic lines.

These recommendations were instrumental in preserving linguistic

diversity and cultural identities while ensuring effective governance and
administration. Many of these recommendations were subsequently
implemented, leading to the creation of linguistic states in India.
[K] PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS

The partition of India in 1947 resulted in various complex issues,

including the transfer of assets and properties between India and
Pakistan. India's cash balance of 4000 million was significantly affected,
with Pakistan demanding 1000 million. An Arbitral Tribunal ruled that
India should pay 750 million to Pakistan, but Pakistan refused to settle
its debt, including a pre-partition debt of $300 crores. While India paid
720 crores to Pakistan, 755 crores were withheld, primarily due to
concerns about the Kashmir issue and the potential military use of funds.
The division of assets eventually occurred in a 4:1 ratio, with a significant
impact on both nations. Additionally, the communal riots forced people to
abandon properties worth millions of dollars, leading to negotiations and
policies for compensation and property transfer in subsequent years.

1) What was the initial cash balance of India as of August 14, 1947?
A. 1000 million
B. 4000 million
C. 720 crores
D. 755 crores

Answer: B. 4000 million

2) How did the Arbitral Tribunal resolve the cash balance issue between
India and Pakistan?
A. India paid 750 million to Pakistan.
B. Pakistan paid its debt to India immediately.
C. India received compensation for its cash balance.
D. Both countries agreed to divide the cash balance equally.

Answer: A. India paid 750 million to Pakistan.

3) What was the primary reason for India withholding 755 crores from
Pakistan's share of assets?
A. Concerns about the Kashmir issue
B. To use the funds for refugee rehabilitation
C. India's refusal to fulfill its financial obligations
D. Political disputes between the two nations

Answer: A. Concerns about the Kashmir issue

4) How did the division of assets occur between India and Pakistan?
A. Equal distribution of assets
B. 4:1 ratio, favoring India
C. 1:4 ratio, favoring Pakistan
D. Auctioning of assets to the highest bidder

Answer: B. 4:1 ratio, favoring India

The equitable sharing of river waters from the Indus and its tributaries
became a significant issue between India and Pakistan after
independence. India received only a small portion of the irrigated land,
leading to disputes over water distribution. The World Bank intervened,
dividing the water proportionally, ensuring a continuous flow for both
countries, and allowing India to store water from certain rivers. India
agreed to fund the construction of replacement canals for Pakistan and
established the Indus Commission to oversee the treaty. While the treaty
resolved the issue, Indian public opinion expressed dissatisfaction with
the allocation. Nevertheless, the Indus Water Treaty was signed on
September 19, 1960, marking a significant step in resolving this
contentious matter.

1) What was the main issue between India and Pakistan regarding river
waters?
a) Equitable sharing for industrial use
b) Distribution of water for irrigation
c) Water pollution control
d) River navigation rights

Answer: b.
2) How was the issue of water distribution between India and Pakistan
settled?
a) Through direct negotiations between the two countries
b) By the United Nations intervention
c) With the help of the World Bank
d) Through a bilateral treaty

Answer: c.

3) What was the proportion of water division between India and Pakistan
according to the World Bank's scheme?
a) 70:30
b) 50:50
c) 60:40
d) 80:20

Answer: d.

4) What was the purpose of the Indus Commission established under the
treaty?
a) To oversee the construction of dams
b) To promote river tourism
c) To implement the terms of the treaty and resolve disputes
d) To manage river transportation

Answer: c.

In post-independence India, the integration of princely states was a

complex challenge. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel led the effort to bring these
states into the Indian Union. By August 15, 1947, most princely states
had acceded to India, except Jammu and Kashmir, Junagarh, and
Hyderabad. Junagarh's Nawab's desire to join Pakistan led to a crisis,
with a temporary independent government established in response.
Hyderabad's Nizam also sought independence but faced opposition from
the people, leading to Indian military intervention in 1948. The most
significant issue arose in Kashmir, with a Hindu Maharaja ruling a
predominantly Muslim population. After Pakistan's military campaign,
Maharaja Hari Singh acceded to India, leading to ongoing tensions in the
region, where a significant part remains under Pakistan's control. Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel played a crucial role in integrating princely states into
the Indian Union.

1) Who was responsible for leading the integration of princely states into
the Indian Union after independence?
A) Mahatma Gandhi
B) Jawaharlal Nehru
C) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
D) Sheikh Abdullah

Answer: C) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

2) Which princely state expressed a desire to join Pakistan, leading to a

temporary independent government being established?
A) Jammu and Kashmir
B) Junagarh
C) Hyderabad
D) Baramula

Answer: B) Junagarh

3) Why did the Indian Army intervene in Hyderabad in 1948?

A) To support the Nizam's quest for independence
B) To assist the Pakistani military
C) To suppress a revolt by the Hindu population
D) To integrate Hyderabad into the Indian Union

Answer: D) To integrate Hyderabad into the Indian Union

4) What event prompted Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir to accede to

the Indian Union in 1947?
A) The signing of a long-term pact with Pakistan
B) The intervention of the United Nations
C) A military campaign by Pakistan in Kashmir
D) A peaceful referendum among the people of Kashmir

Answer: C) A military campaign by Pakistan in Kashmir

[L] PASSAGE BASED QUESTION

1) After India's independence, significant challenges had to be

addressed, including framing a democratic constitution, ensuring adult
suffrage, establishing a secular state, and promoting agriculture and
education. The Constitution-making process involved extensive public
consultation, with around two thousand amendments considered. On
January 26, 1950, India adopted its Constitution, becoming a Sovereign
Democratic Republic. The first General Election in 1952, underpinned by
adult suffrage, demonstrated India's commitment to democracy.
Jawaharlal Nehru's government managed the extensive election process
with over 10 lakh officials, resulting in Congress winning the majority of
seats. This election marked the beginning of democratic governance in
independent India and saw active opposition participation, reinforcing
democratic norms.

Q) Explain the challenges faced by India in conducting the first General

Election. [4]

Answer: The first General Election in India, held in 1952, presented

several significant challenges. India was a vast country with a large
illiterate population, making voter education a formidable task. Ensuring
the security and fairness of the election across diverse regions was
another challenge. The logistics of conducting the election on such a
massive scale, including procuring and distributing millions of ballot
boxes and papers, setting up polling booths, and managing a large
number of government officials, posed logistical challenges. Despite
these hurdles, India successfully conducted the election, demonstrating
its commitment to democratic ideals.
Q) Describe the role of Jawaharlal Nehru in ensuring the success of the
election.[4]

Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru played a pivotal role in ensuring the success

of the first General Election in 1952. As India's first Prime Minister, he
demonstrated unwavering faith in democracy by granting voting rights to
all adults, even in a country with a large illiterate population. Nehru's
leadership and commitment to democratic principles set the tone for the
election's success. His government, along with the Election Commission
headed by Sukumar Sen, meticulously organized the election, providing
millions of ballot boxes and polling booths. Nehru's leadership and
support for democratic norms helped establish a strong foundation for
Indian democracy.

2) In 1947, India faced a massive refugee problem due to the hurried

partition, resulting in the migration of millions. The refugees came from
various regions, including West Punjab, NWFP, Sind, and East Bengal,
creating a humanitarian crisis. The Indian government undertook the
challenging task of resettling these displaced persons, providing shelter,
land, and employment. The financial cost of rehabilitation was
substantial, with the government spending about 22 million rupees from
1947 to 1969. While some refugees were fairly rehabilitated, others
faced different challenges based on their regions of origin.

Q) Describe the major regions from which refugees migrated to India in

1947. What challenges did these refugees face upon arrival?[4]

Answer: In 1947, India witnessed a significant influx of refugees from

multiple regions due to the hurried partition. The major regions from
which refugees migrated included West Punjab, NWFP (North-West
Frontier Province), Sind, and East Bengal. These refugees faced
immense challenges upon arrival, including displacement from their
ancestral homes, communal violence, and loss of possessions. The
mass migration resulted in overcrowded refugee camps, lack of basic
amenities, and the need for immediate shelter, food, and medical care.
Additionally, there was a pressing need for the Indian government to
provide land and employment opportunities for the displaced persons,
making the refugee problem a humanitarian and logistical crisis.

Q) Explain the role of the Indian government in addressing the refugee

problem after the partition. What measures were taken to provide relief
and rehabilitation?[4]

Answer: The Indian government played a crucial role in addressing the

refugee problem after the partition of 1947. To provide relief and
rehabilitation, several measures were taken. A Director-General of
Rehabilitation was appointed to oversee the distribution of land, shelter,
and jobs for the displaced persons. Financial assistance was provided
for resettlement efforts. Industrial towns like Faridabad and Nilokheri
were planned to accommodate refugees from West Punjab. However,
refugees from different regions faced varying challenges. While some
were fairly rehabilitated, others, like those from East Bengal, posed
unique challenges due to their massive numbers. Overall, the
government worked tirelessly to alleviate the suffering and provide a
fresh start for the displaced population.

3) After India's independence in 1947, it faced the daunting task of

addressing various challenges, including the framing of a democratic
constitution, achieving adult suffrage, establishing a secular state, and
promoting agricultural and educational development. One significant
milestone was the adoption of the constitution on 26 January 1950,
when India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic. The country's first
General Election in 1952, led by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru,
showcased India's commitment to democracy despite its vast and
diverse population. The Congress party performed well, and the
elections marked the beginning of democratic practices in the newly
independent nation.

Q) Discuss the influence of other leaders on the government's activities.

[4]
Answer: During India's early years of democracy, various leaders played
a significant role in influencing government activities. Dr. Shyama
Prosad Mukerjee, Rammanohar Lohia, J.B. Kripalani, A.K. Gopalan,
Minoo Masani, Bhupesh Gupta, and others actively contributed to
shaping the nation's policies and decisions. They represented diverse
ideologies and perspectives, fostering healthy debates in the Lok Sabha.

These leaders, from different political backgrounds, participated in Lok

Sabha debates, offering constructive criticism of government policies.
They encouraged the development of democratic ideas and norms,
ensuring a vibrant and pluralistic democracy. Their influence helped
maintain a balance of power and accountability within the government,
ultimately contributing to India's democratic growth and stability in its
early years.

Q) How did Nehru demonstrate his commitment to democracy during the

election? [4]

Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru demonstrated his unwavering commitment to

democracy during India's first General Election in 1952 in several ways.
Firstly, he championed adult suffrage, ensuring that all adults, including
those with limited education, had the right to vote. This bold move
reflected his faith in the democratic principles of inclusivity and
representation.

Secondly, despite India's vast and diverse population, Nehru upheld the
democratic process by conducting a free and fair election. The massive
logistical challenge of organizing polling booths, ballot papers, and the
involvement of 10 lakh government officials showcased his dedication to
ensuring that every citizen's voice was heard.

Lastly, Nehru's respect for democratic norms was evident in his

willingness to accept the election results, even when the Communist
Party of India and other opposition parties secured a significant number
of seats. This commitment to democratic ideals laid a strong foundation
for India's democratic journey under his leadership.
[M] Given below is a news extract on Political Freedom gained by
Indians after Independence in 1947.Read the headline given below and
state any four problems faced by India just after Independence.

Source:https://www.deccanherald.com/india/newspaper-headlines-on-
august-15-1947-1135817.html

Answer:- Housing and Shelter Crisis: The sudden arrival of millions of

refugees resulted in a severe shortage of housing and shelter. Many
refugees were forced to live in makeshift camps, often in overcrowded
and unsanitary conditions.

Food and Nutrition Challenges: Providing food and nutrition to such a

large displaced population was a major challenge. The government had
to ensure that refugees had access to food, clean water, and basic
necessities.

Healthcare and Epidemics: Overcrowded refugee camps and inadequate

healthcare facilities increased the risk of disease outbreaks. Controlling
and preventing epidemics posed a significant challenge.

Social and Economic Disruption: The mass migration of refugees

disrupted the social and economic fabric of regions where they settled.
Competition for resources and jobs sometimes led to tensions and
conflicts with the local population.
[N] With reference to the image given below, explain why there was
demand for Creation of state on Linguistic basis?

Source:https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-jan-17-
centre-to-administer-bombay-city-101642362219829.html

Answer: The demand for the creation of states on a linguistic basis

stemmed from the desire to recognize and preserve the cultural and
linguistic identities of various regions in India. Before independence,
states were often organized along administrative or colonial lines, which
did not necessarily align with the linguistic, cultural, and historical
backgrounds of the people living in those regions.

The linguistic movement aimed to rectify this by advocating for states to

be formed where the majority of the population spoke a common
language. Language was seen as a vital component of cultural identity,
and linguistic states were believed to promote better governance and
administration by enabling people to communicate in their native
languages. This movement led to the reorganization of states in India
along linguistic lines, contributing to a more culturally and linguistically
diverse nation.
[O] With reference to the image given below, examine the events and
impact of the election of 1952

Source:https://thewire.in/history/independent-indias-great-democratic-
experiment-70-years-ago

Answer: First Post-Independence Election: The 1952 election was the

first general election held in independent India after gaining freedom
from British rule.

Universal Adult Suffrage: One of the most remarkable features was the
introduction of universal adult suffrage, granting voting rights to all
adults, irrespective of gender, caste, or religion.

Jawaharlal Nehru's Leadership: The election was held under the

leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who advocated for
democratic principles and equal participation.

Massive Voter Turnout: Despite the challenges of illiteracy and diverse

languages, the election witnessed a significant voter turnout, reflecting
the commitment of the Indian populace to democracy.
Congress Dominance: The Indian National Congress, led by Nehru,
emerged as the dominant party, winning 75% of Lok Sabha seats and
forming governments in most states.

Opposition Influence: Opposition parties like the Communist Party of

India also secured a considerable number of seats, ensuring a healthy
democratic balance in parliament.

Democratic Norms: The election reinforced democratic norms, as

opposition leaders actively participated in debates and criticism of
government policies, while the press enjoyed freedom.

Influence of Regional Leaders: Regional leaders like Dr. Shyama Prosad

Mukerjee, Rammanohar Lohia, and others exercised influence,
contributing to the development of democratic ideas.

Impact on Governance: The election laid the foundation for democratic

governance in India, emphasizing the importance of regular, free, and
fair elections as a hallmark of Indian democracy.

Republic Day: The election was instrumental in shaping India's future as

a sovereign democratic republic, and Republic Day is celebrated every
year on January 26th to commemorate the adoption of the Indian
Constitution.

In conclusion, the 1952 General Election in India was a significant event

that showcased the commitment of the Indian people to democratic
principles and laid the groundwork for the nation's democratic
governance.

[P] In the context of Integration of Princely states discuss any four

contribution of the person shown in the image given below.
Source (edited) : Indian Post Office

Answer: Diplomatic Negotiations: Patel, as the head of the States

Department, initiated diplomatic negotiations with the rulers of princely
states. His persuasive skills and ability to build trust played a crucial role
in convincing most of them to accede to India rather than choosing
independence or joining Pakistan.

Instrument of Accession: Patel facilitated the signing of the "Instrument

of Accession" agreements with princely states. These agreements
allowed these states to join India while maintaining some autonomy in
local matters. This approach ensured a smooth transition and preserved
the diversity of India.

Use of Force When Necessary: In cases like Junagarh and Hyderabad,

where the rulers expressed desires to join Pakistan or remain
independent, Patel and the Indian government used force when
diplomatic efforts failed. This demonstrated India's commitment to
national integration.
Preservation of Unity: Patel's vision and efforts in integrating princely
states were instrumental in preventing the Balkanization of India. His
dedication to maintaining national unity laid the foundation for a strong
and united India.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's leadership in the integration of princely states

is celebrated as a remarkable achievement in the nation's history,
earning him the title of the "Iron Man of India.

[Q] In the context of River water dispute discuss any four

contribution of the person shown in the image given below.

Source (edited): Wikipedia

Answer: Eugene Black made significant contributions to resolving the

river water dispute between India and Pakistan. Here are four key
contributions:

World Bank Mediation: Eugene Black, as the President of the World

Bank, played a pivotal role in mediating the Indus Water Treaty
negotiations between India and Pakistan. His involvement brought an
impartial and respected international organization into the dispute,
helping build trust between the two countries.
Financial Assistance: Under Eugene Black's leadership, the World Bank
committed to providing financial assistance for the construction of dams
and infrastructure projects outlined in the Indus Water Treaty. This
financial support helped both countries address their water management
needs.

Technical Expertise: The World Bank, under Black's guidance, offered

technical expertise in hydroelectric projects and irrigation systems. This
assistance ensured that the projects were executed efficiently and
equitably, benefiting both India and Pakistan.

Conflict Resolution: By facilitating negotiations and brokering the Indus

Water Treaty in 1960, Eugene Black contributed significantly to resolving
one of the most contentious issues between India and Pakistan. The
treaty allocated the use of the Indus River system's waters between the
two countries, providing a framework for peaceful coexistence and
cooperation on water resources.

Eugene Black's leadership and the World Bank's involvement were

instrumental in finding a mutually acceptable solution to the river water
dispute, reducing tensions between India and Pakistan and promoting
regional stability.

[R] In the context of Refugee Problem discuss any four

major problems caused by the refugees from North-West Frontier
Province and Sind referring the image given below.
Source:https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/
clQnX60MIR2LhCitpMmMWO/Indias-refugee-saga-from-1947-to-
2017.html

Answer: The refugee problem in India after the partition in 1947 was a
significant humanitarian crisis, and refugees from various regions,
including the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Sind, faced
several major challenges. Here are four major problems caused by
refugees from these regions:

Urbanization and Overcrowding: Refugees from NWFP and Sind were

primarily urban dwellers, and their influx into already crowded cities like
Delhi and Bombay led to severe urbanization problems. The sudden
increase in the population of these cities strained existing resources,
including housing, sanitation, and healthcare, resulting in overcrowded
slums and inadequate living conditions.

Economic Displacement: Many refugees from NWFP and Sind were

skilled workers and professionals in their home regions. However, the
communal violence and migration disrupted their livelihoods, leaving
them unemployed and economically displaced. Finding suitable
employment in their new locations became a major challenge, leading to
economic hardships.
Communal Tensions: The migration of refugees from NWFP and Sind
sometimes fueled communal tensions in their host regions. As
communal violence had played a significant role in their displacement,
the presence of refugees with differing religious backgrounds sometimes
led to social and religious conflicts in their new communities.

Cultural Adjustment: The refugees from NWFP and Sind had to adapt to
new cultural norms and languages in their host regions. This cultural
adjustment was often challenging, as they had to integrate into
communities with different customs and traditions.

Overall, the influx of refugees from NWFP and Sind posed significant
challenges to the regions they migrated to, including issues related to
overcrowding, economic displacement, communal tensions, and cultural
adjustment. The Indian government had to address these problems as
part of its efforts to rehabilitate and provide relief to the displaced
persons.