* *

data
(data

data
(input
output)

Data
data Instruction

Information

Input device

data
mouse ,key board ,mic scanner

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 Input device

(data)
data
cpu) data)

C, P, U
Central processing unit) C, P, U

Processor /micro processor)

C, P, U,

Arithmetic and logical unit

Arithmetic unit

Logical unit

C, U (control unit)
C,P,U

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 Input, processing, output

Memory unit
(data)
Ram, Rom, Cash memory
data) Memory unit)

Auxiliary storage
(data)
floppy disk ,cd rom ,USB, hard disk

Output device
device)
printer , speaker ,monitor

(Output)

(data) Memory

(Primary memory / Secondary memory )

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 *Primary memory*
(data) (Memory )
(data) (Memory)
(Main/Internal memory) (Primary memory )

(Primary memory)
Memory)
( Ram / Rom /Cash memory )

*RAM*
(Random Access Memory) (Ram)
(Ram)
(Volatile memory) (Ram) (data)
(data)
(data)
(Data (Temporary memory ) (Ram)
(Read/write (Ram) )
memory)

(Ram)

*ROM*
(Read only memory) (Rom)

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 (Date) (unvolatile Memory)

(Bios)
(Bios) (Data) (Rom)

Data) (Rom)

(Bios) (Bios)
(Cmoss chip)
(Cmoss cell) (Cmoss chip)

(Basic Input Output System) (Bios)

(ROM)
PROM, EPROM, EPROM

*PROM*
Programmable read only memory
(Programmable Read Only memory)
(Data ) (Chip)

(Data) (Prom)

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 (Bios programming machine/programming
device)

*EPROM*
Erasable Programmable read only memory
(Erasable Programmable ROM)
(Chip) (PROM)
(Programming device )
(Data)

(Prom)
(EPROM)
(Data) (Ultraviolet)

*EEPROM*
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
(Electrically Erasable programmable ROM)
(Chip) ( EPROM)
(Data)
(data)

*Cash Memory*

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 (Memory)
(Ram) (Speed) (Processor)
(Processor)
(Cash memory)
Level one, Level two, Level three
(Processor) (Level two) (Level one)
(Main processing area) (Level one)
(Board) (Level three)
(Cash
memory)

*Secondary storage*
Data) (Memory)

(Backing storage /Auxiliary storage /Mass storage)

(External memory)
Floppy disk/Hard disk/Flash memory/CD ROM

(Secondary memory)
1, Magnetic disk /2, Optical disk /3, Solid state storage

*Magnetic Disk*
(Storage device)

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 (Magnetic disk)
(Disk)

(Data read )
(Data write)
(Format) (Magnetic disk)

Disk ) (Format)
(Tracks /Sector)
(Format) (Magnetic disk)

(Format)
(Data) (Magnetic disk)
(Read/write head) (Data)
Hard disk /Floppy disk
(Floppy disk) Hard disk)

* Floppy Disk *
(Disk)

(Data)
(IBM) (Floppy disk)

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 Size (Floppy disk)
1= 5, 25 Inch 2= 3, 5 Inch

* 5, 25 Inch *
(Data) 5, 25 Inch
2 = 360 KB double den ) 1 = 1, 2 MB(high density)

* 3, 5 Inch *
(Data)
2,88MB (2HD) 1, 44 MB (HD) 720 KB (DD)

* Hard disk *

(Floppy disk) (Secondary Storage Device )

(Floppy disk ) (Data)
(Data) Hard disk)

(Data)
(Fixed disk) (Hard disk)
(Disks) (Hard disk)
(Platter) (Disk)

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 (Platters) (Data) (Platters)
(Read/ write head) (Data)
(Read/write head) Platter)

*Optical Disk*
(Data)
(Laser) (Laser technology)
(Data) (Optical disk)

(Optical disk) (Data) (Optical drive)

(Optical disk)
(Land)
(Land)
(Optical disk)
(Pit) (Pit)
CD -ROM,CD-R ,CD-RW,DVD-ROM ,DVD-R,DVD-RW

(Optical disk) (Optical drive)

(Optical (Lanes)
(Land) (Pit) (Data) disk)
CD-ROM drive, CD-R drive,CD-RW drive (Optical drive)
DVD-ROM drive, DVD-R drive, DVD-RW drive

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 * CD-ROM *
(Compact Disk Read Only Memory) (CD-ROM)
Data) (700 MB) (CD-ROM)
CD-Drive) (Data)
Data) CD-ROM)

(Data) (X) (CD-ROM)

(Speed)
(7800 KB) (X=52) (CD-ROM)
(7,8 MB)
X= 150
2x= 300
52x=7800 KB/7, 8 MB
*CD-R *
(Compact Disk Recordable) (CD-R)

(Data)
(CDR)
(worm) (WORM)
(Disk) (write once read More)

* CD-RW *

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 (Compact disk Re Writable)
( Erasable Disk ) (Disk)
(Data)
(Data)
(Data)
(CD writer) (Data) (CD-RW) (CD-R)

* DVD ROM *
(Digital Video Drive Read Only Memory)
(Digital Versatile Disk Read Only Memory)
(CD ROM) (CD ROM)
(Data) (DVD ROM)
(DVD Drive) (Data)
(X) (DVD ROM)
(Speed) (Data)
(16X) (DVD ROM)
DVDROM (X) = CD ROM (9X)
CD ROM X= 150 KB
DVD ROM X = 150 (9) = 1350 KB /1,350 MB
DVD ROM 16X = 21600 KB /216 MB
* DVD-R *

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 (CD-R) (Digital Video Disk Recordable)
(Data)

(Data)
(DVD Writer) (Data)
(Disk)
(Data)

* DVD RW *
(Digital Video Disk Re Writable)
(Data)
(DVD (Data) (Data)
Writer)

* Solid State Storage *

(Data) (Devices)
(Disk)

(Data) (Optical) (Devices)

(I,C =Integrated circuit )
(Pen Drive/Keychain drive) (USB Flash drive)

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(Floppy Disk) (Data) (USB)

(Data) (8, GB) (8, GB) (USB)

(USB Pot) (USB Flash Drive)
(daisy chain ) (USB Flash Drive )
(Devices ) ( USB Pot)
( 127, Devices ) (Pot)

Basic units of data storage

bit
binary/digit
1/0 binary memory
digit=bit b bit
8,binary 8,bit

Byte
(B ( Byte ) ( 8,bit )
)
( bit) ( Byte ) ( 8, bit)
(Byte)
Other units
1024 Bytes = 1 KB , Kilo bytes
1024 KB = 1 MB , Mega bytes
1024 MB = 1 GB , Gega bytes
1024 GB = 1 TB , Tetra bytes

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1024 TB = 1PB , Pita bytes

1024 PB = 1 EB, Exa Bytes

1024 EB = 1 ZB, Zeta Bytes
1024 ZB = 1 YB, Yotta Bytes

Hard ware

(Hard ware )
Hard disk, Floppy disk,Printer,USB,Mic

Soft ware

(Soft ware )
Microsoft office, Microsoft windows xp,
(Software)
what to do , how to do , when to do
(Hardware) (software)
(Software) (Hardware)

(Soft ware)
1, System soft ware 2, Application soft ware

1, System soft ware

(Soft ware)
(System soft ware )
Windows Xp , VGA/sw ,

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 ( Hard ware)

(System Soft ware)

1, language 2, Operating system

Operating system
(Soft ware )
(Soft ware) (Hard ware )
(Operating system)
(Hard (Application)
ware)
Microsoft windows, Unix, Linux ,

Language
(Software)
(Language) Software)
C/ C++ , VB , Java etc

Application Soft ware

(Soft ware)
(Application s/w)

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 (Soft ware)
(Application s/w)
(Application s/w)
1, Package 2, Customized

Package

Microsoft office, Window media player,

etc

Customized
(Soft ware)

(Customized )
Data base , etc

Word processor
(Text document)
(Word processor)
(Document)
(Format)
(Document) (Word processor)

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 Chapters
C,V

Spread sheet s/w

work sheet data

Rows Columns Worksheet
Formulas
Functions
charts data
Ms Excel

Advantages of spread sheet

Chart

Characteristics of Computer

1, Speed

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 Speed Processing speed
GHZ MHZ

2, Storage
Data
Data
Data
(Text , Graphic , Audio , Video etc)Document

3, Processing

4, Accuracy

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 5, Recalling
Data

Data

6, Consistency

7, Communication

Networking
Internet
8, Versatile

9, No feeling

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 Input

10, No Intelligence

11, Cost Reduction

Types of computer
Digital, Analog, Hybrid computer

Classification of Digital computer

* Main Frame Computer*

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 * Mini Computer *

Main frame Main frame

main frame Processors

processors

main frame data

data
main
fram

* Micro Computer *

Desk top Lap top

mini computers main frame

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 data mini computer main frame
PC/ Private Computer
mini computer main frame

* Super Computer *
size

Processors

data

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 * Generation of computer *
First Generation computer

Vaccum tube
ENIAC/UNIVAC
Vaccum tube Processor

Advantages of first generation

vaccum tube
milli second data

Dis advantages of first generation

size

vaccum tube

speed

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 punch card input data

Second generation of computer

transistor vaccum tube

signal Transistor
vaccum tube transistor

Advantages of second generation

speed

Disadvantages of second generation

punch card input Data

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 * 3rd Generation

IC transistor
Integrated circuit IC
IC
Advantages of 3rd generation

speed

mouse keyboard input data

Disadvantages of 3rd generation

* 4th generation computer

micro processor

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 chip micro processor
IC
Advantages of 4th generation

speed

* 5th generation computer *

* Data communication *
data
communication
data
data communication

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 Elements of data communication

1, Sender
message data
2, Receiver
message data
3, Channel
sender data/ message
receiver

Receiver (sender)
channel
Types of data communication

Serial / Parallel communication

Serial communication
data communication
slow method communication line
bit
keyboard, mouse etc

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 Parallel communication
data communication
Byte/word data communication
fast method communication
mobile , printer etc

* Data transmission mode *

data
data transmission mode
data

1, simplex mode- 2,half duplex mode-3,full duplex mode

1, Simplex mode
communication simplex mode
data device mode
data device
radio and radio station/ TV and TV station

2, Half duplex mode

communication half duplex mode
mode communication
half duplex data
data device mode
wireless device

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 3, Full duplex mode
full duplex mode
communication
communication
Fast method

* Network *
data
network

data
networks
Types of networks
1, LAN—2, MAN—3, WAN
1, LAN
network local area network
networks

2, MAN
metropolitan area networks
networks

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 networks

LAN MAN

3, WAN
wide area networks
WAN

Difference between LAN and WAN

LAN WAN

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 speed data
speed data

* Network topology *
topology network
network topology

*Bus topology*
bus topology topology
(Bus topology)
Co axial

Connector use in bus topology

B,N,C

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 British Novell connector
connector

B,N,C,T
connector British Novell connector T

connector

Terminator

data
terminator
Working of bus topology
data network

data
data

data

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 Advantages of bus topology

Disadvantages of bus topology

network
network

* Star topology *
switch/hub star topology
network
data
data switch/hub switch/hub

switch/hub star topology

twisted pair cable star topology
(Rj45 connector)
Advantages of star topology

network
Disadvantages of star topology
network switch/hub

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 bus topology

* Ring topology *
topology

data ring topology

token token ring topology

data data
data
data
message
data
message token
Advantages of ring topology

Disadvantages of ring topology

network

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 * Mesh topology *
network mesh topology
mesh topology
data

* IP address *
network Internet protocol
IP address
IP address

IP address
octet IP address
Binary octet IP address
decimal
binary)
32 bits IP address

* IP address classes*

octet class A IP address

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 network octet class A IP address
host octets
network 126 networks class A IP address

* Class B IP address *
networks IP address

octet class B IP address

network octet class A IP address
host octet
16384 networks class B IP address
65536 networks

* Class C IP address *

octet class C IP address

networks octets class C IP address
host octet
networks class C IP address
256 networks

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 Prepared by: Sharifullah Nikmal

077-964-22-93

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