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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Thermal Engineering. Subject Code: 22337

Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the
same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.
Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. Scheme
N.
1. Attempt any Five of the following : (5x2=10) 10 Marks
2 Marks
a) Define and Give one example of each i) Energy ii) Work
Ans i) Energy : Energy is capacity to do the work and it is stored in the substance by means of
mechanical, electrical, chemical or internal energy.
½ Marks
e.g. Dry Battery stores energy by means of chemical energy flywheel stores mechanical for Each
Defination
energy.
&½
ii) Work : Work is said to be done when a force moves through a distance. OR Work done Marks for
each
is the product of the force and the distance it moves in the direction of force.
Exapmple
Work done = Force × Distance
e.g. piston moves under the action of force in the cylinder.
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SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Subject Name: Thermal Engineering Subject Code: 22337

Q. Sub Answer XXXXX
Marking
No. Q. N. Scheme
1. b) Represent Isentropic process on P-V and T-S Diagram 2 Marks
Ans
1 Marks for
P-V
Diagram
and 1
Marks for
T-S Diagram
c) A Sample of 10 kg of wet steam contains 0.5 kg of water , which is in suspension . Find its
Dryness fraction
Ans
1 Marks for
formula
1 Mark for
Answer
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1. d) What is the compounding of steam turbine ?.
Ans Compounding of steam turbines is the method in which energy from the steam is
extracted in a number of stages rather than a single stage in a turbine. 2 Marks
A compounded steam turbine has multiple stages i.e. it has more than one set of nozzles
and rotors, in series, keyed to the shaft or fixed to the casing, so that either the steam
pressure or the jet velocity is absorbed by the turbine in number of stages.
e) Write continuity equation of nozzle.
Ans Continuity Equation For Nozzle
1 mark
Continuity equation for nozzle when fluid is compressible,
ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ2 A2 V2 = Constant 1 mark
Continuity equation for nozzle when fluid is incompressible,

A1 V1 = A2 V2 = Constant
Draw neat sketch of induced draught cooling tower

f)
Ans
1 Mark for
drawing
and 1 Mark
for
Labelling
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1. g) Define and write unit of following i) Absolute Temperature ii) Heat
Ans i) Absolute Temperature : Absolute temperature, also called thermodynamic

temperature, is the temperature of an object on a scale where 0 is taken as absolute zero.
Units are Kelvin and Rankine.
1 Mark for
ii) Heat : Heat is the form of energy that changes the temperature of any substance. Heat definition
involves the transfer of energy from an object or an energy source to another medium or and 1 Mark
an object. Unit is Joules for Unit
Attempt any THREE of the following : (3X4=12) 12 Marks

2.
a) Explain the first law of thermodynamic with an example

Definition : When a system undergoes a thermodynamic cycle, then the net heat supplied
Ans to the system from the surroundings, is equal to net work done by the system on its
surroundings.
∮ dW = ∮ dQ
where, ∮ represents the sum for a complete cycle. 2 Marks for

Explanation
• Heat and work are mutually convertible but the total energy remains constant as
per law of conservation of energy.
• No machine can produce energy without corresponding expenditure of energy.
• It is impossible to construct a perpetual motion machine of first kind. 2 Marks for

Example
e.g. Heat Engine. In a heat engine, the thermal energy is converted into mechanical
energy, and the process also is vice versa. Heat engines are mostly categorized as open
systems. The basic working principle of a heat engine is that it makes use of the different
relationships between heat, pressure and volume of a working fluid which is usually a gas.
Sometimes phase changes might also occur involving a gas to liquid and back to gas.
Write statement of following laws and write equation of it. i) Ideal Gas law ii) Boyle’s
b) 4 Marks
law iii) Charle’s Law
Ans i) Ideal Gas Law
An ideal gas is defined as a gas having no forces of intermolecular attraction. The gases
which follow the gas laws at all ranges of pressures and temperatures are considered as
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‘ideal gases’.
PV = RT
where, P → Pressure of gas, V → Volume of gas, R → Constant ,T → Temperature of gas
ii) Boyle’s law
It states that volume of a given mass of a perfect gas varies inversely as the absolute
pressure when temperature is constant. 1 Marks for
each
Mathematically, If P is the absolute pressure of the gas and V is the volume occupied by
definition
the gas
and 1 Mark
for
equation
∴ PV = constant
If a gas changes its volume from V1 to V2 and pressure changes from P1 to P2 at constant
temperature P1V1 = P2 V2 = constant
iii) Charle’s law
Statement: If the pressure of the gas is maintained constant, during a process, the volume
of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature.
i. Mathematically
Pressure (P) = constant
V ∝ T (Volume ∝ Temperature)
∴ V/T = constant
If a gas changes its volume from V1 to V2 and absolute temperature from T1 to T2

without change in pressure, then
V1/T1 = V2/T2
c)
2. Represent the following processes on P-V , T-S , H-S diagram
i) In a constant volume process A-B , Initial condition of steam is superheated and final 4 Marks
condition is wet
ii) In a constant volume process B-C , Initial condition of steam is wet and final condition
is liquid
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Ans i) In a constant volume process A-B , Initial condition of steam is superheated and final
condition is wet
2 Marks
ii) In a constant volume process B-C , Initial condition of steam is wet and final condition
is liquid
2 Marks
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2. d) Explain the working of Babcock and Wilcox Boiler with neat sketch 4 Marks
Ans
2 Marks for
diagram
• Babcock and Wilcox boiler: Babcock and Wilcox is a water-tube boiler is an

example of horizontal inclined tube boiler it also a High Pressure Boiler.
• Working: The fire door the fuel is supplied to grate where it is burnt.
• The hot gases are forced to move upwards between the tubes by baffle plates
provided.
• The water from the drum flows through the inclined tubes via down take header
and goes back into the shell in the form of water and steam via uptake header. 2 marks for
• The steam gets collected in the steam space of the drum. The steam then enters working
through the anti priming pipe and flows in the super heater tubes where it is
further heated and is finally taken out through the main stop valve and supplied to
the Steam turbine or Steam engine when needed.
Attempt Any THREE of the following. (3X4=12) 12 Marks

3.
Define Mach Number. How it affects the performance of steam nozzle.?
a)
• It is the ratio of velocity of fluid to the sonic velocity of compressible fluid
M=V/a
Where, 2 Marks
M= Mach number
V=Velocity of fluid
a=Sonic velocity
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Significance of Mach number in performance of steam nozzle:
Depending on value of Mach number type of flow in nozzle is decided
• M<1 subsonic nozzle, flow is called subsonic 2Marks
• M>1 supersonic nozzle, flow is called supersonic
• M=1 subsonic and supersonic nozzle, flow is called sonic

Explain Construction and working of Steam Turbine
3. b)
2 Marks for
Sketch
Pressure velocity variation in Impulse turbine
Working of Impulse Turbine:
• The impulse turbine consists of one set of Nozzle followed by one set of moving
blades as shown in above figure.
• In Impulse turbine power is developed by impulsive force of high velocity steam jet
on moving blade
• Steam from boiler enters in nozzle ring of impulse turbine where, high velocity jet 2 Marks for
is obtained by expansion of steam in nozzle ring. explanation
High velocity steam jet then passed through moving blade ring with no pressure drop but
gradual reduction in velocity.
• Moving blades changes direction of steam jet thus the momentum of jet which
rotates the shaft.
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3. c)
2 Marks
2 Marks
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3. d)
2 Marks
2 Marks
4. Attempt Any THREE of the following. (3X4=12) 12 Marks
Define Vacuum. How it is necessary to operate condensers?

a)
Vacuum: The term "vacuum" is used to describe the zone of pressure below
atmospheric pressure. Vacuum is a negative gauge pressure, usually referenced to the
existing standard barometric pressure where the equipment will operate. 2 Marks
Necessity of vacuum to operate condensers:
Primary Function Of condenser:
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• The primary function of condenser to increase mechanical work done developed by
turbine in thermal power plant.
2 Marks
• Due to vacuum in condenser, it can maintain low back pressure on exhaust side of
steam turbine, due to which steam is expanded to greater extent, which results in
increase in available energy for converting into mechanical work done.
4.
b)
4 Marks
(Schematic
representation
with details of
heat and work
interaction)
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4. c)
2 Marks
2Marks
4. d) Explain Construction and working of Shell and Tube Type heat exchanger. Write its
different industrial applications.
• Shell and tube heat exchanger is the most widely used heat exchanger and is among
the most effective means of heat exchange.
• Shell and tube heat exchanger is a device where two working fluids exchange heat by
thermal contact using tubes housed within a cylindrical shell.
• The fluid temperature inside the shell and tube are different and this temperature
difference is the driving force for temperature exchange.
• Used for wide temperature and pressure ranges, Shell and tube heat exchangers are 2 Marks
compact in design, easy to construct and maintain and provide excellent heat
exchange.
Main Components of Shell And tube Type Heat Exchanger:

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1. Shell
2. Tube Bundle
3. Front and Rear Headers of Shell
4. Baffles
2 Marks
Industrial Applications of Shell and Tube type Heat Exchanger:
• Power Generation.
• HVAC.
• Marine Applications.
Refrigeration, Pharmaceuticals, Metals and Mining
4. e)
Explain the Throttling Process with neat Sketch.
2 Marks
2 Marks
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5. Attempt any TWO of the followings: (2X6=12) 12 Marks
a) Describe the construction and working of i) Impulse turbine ii) Reaction turbine
Solution: Impulse Turbine: It is commonly used in thermal power plants. In Impulse

turbine Nozzle is used to convert high pressure steam in to high velocity steam.
The construction of an Impulse turbine involve the following components:
1. Nozzle: The nozzle is a convergent-divergent type through which high-pressure steam

flows. It converts the pressure energy of the steam into kinetic energy.
2. Moving Blades: The high-velocity steam from the nozzle impacts the moving blades.
These blades are mounted on a wheel and they are cup shaped. The steam imparts a force
on the blades, causing them to rotate.
3. Stationary Blades: The stationary blades, also known as nozzle guide vanes, are
arranged in a circular casing around the moving blades.
4. Casing: The casing encloses the turbine and provides support to the blades.
3 Marks
Working Principle of Impulse Turbine:
1. High-pressure steam is admitted into the nozzle, where it undergoes a pressure drop
and accelerates to a high velocity.
2. The high-velocity steam jet strikes the moving blades of the turbine, causing them to
rotate.
3. As the steam impinges on the moving blades, its kinetic energy gets converted into
mechanical work. The steam's velocity decreases, and its pressure remains relatively
constant.
4. The rotation of the moving blades drives a shaft connected to a generator, converting
the mechanical work into electrical energy.
Reaction Turbine: The reaction turbine is another type of steam turbine used in thermal
power plants. In this pressure drop of steam takes place in blades.
The construction and working of a reaction turbine involve the following components:
1. Fixed Blades (Guide Vanes): The fixed blades, also known as guide vanes or nozzles, are
fixed in the turbine casing and serve to control the flow of steam. They are designed to
gradually expand the steam and convert its pressure energy into kinetic energy as it passes
through them. 3 Marks
2. Moving Blades (Rotor Blades): The moving blades, also called rotor blades, are attached
to a rotor or wheel. They are designed to extract the kinetic energy of the steam and
convert it into mechanical work.
3. Casing: The casing encloses the turbine and provides support to the blades.
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The working of a reaction turbine involves the following steps:
1. High-pressure steam enters the turbine through fixed blades or guide vanes. These
vanes gradually expand the steam and convert its pressure energy into kinetic energy.
2. The steam then passes through the moving blades or rotor blades, where it imparts a
force on the blades and causes them to rotate.
3. As the steam passes through the moving blades, both its kinetic energy and pressure
energy are converted into mechanical work. The steam's pressure and velocity decrease
gradually.
4. The rotation of the moving blades drives a shaft connected to a generator, converting
the mechanical work into electrical energy.
5. The initial condition of steam is 100% dry at 10 bar pressure. It expands to 1.00 bar by
PV= C. find i) find saturation temperature ii) Quality of steam
b) Solution: Use steam table
Properties of steam at 10 bar pressure using Steam table
Temperature (T1) = 179.9 0C
Specific volume (V1) = 0.3118 m3/kg (superheated steam)
Now use equation P.V = C
Therefore P1V1 = P2V2
10 * 0.3118 = 1 * V2
2 Marks
V2 = 3.118 m3/kg
Using steam table saturation temperature corresponding to 1 bar

2 Marks
Therefore Saturation Temperature T5 = 100 0C
To determine quality of steam at 1 bar
Specific volume of saturated liquid (Vf) = 0.001043 m3/kg
Specific volume of saturated vapour (Vg) = 1.6728 m3/kg
Now to find quality of Steam
X = (V2 – Vf ) / (Vg - Vf)
X = (3.118 – 0.001043) / (1.6728 – 0.001043)

2 Marks
X = 1.864
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5. An outer wall of office consists of 20 cm layer of brick. It is followed by 4 cm layer of
gypsum plaster and 6 cm of rockwool insulation. Estimate quantity of heat transfer
c) through wall.
Take thermal conductivity of brick = 0.7 W/(m.k.)
thermal conductivity of gypsum plaster = 0.5 W/(m.k.)
thermal conductivity of insulation = 0.065 W/(m.k.)
Solution: To estimate the quantity of heat transfer through the wall, we can use the concept of
thermal resistance.
The formula for thermal resistance is:
R=L/k
Let's calculate the thermal resistance for each layer of the wall:
Brick layer:
L1 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
k1 = 0.7 W/(m·K)
R1 = 0.2 / 0.7 = 0.2857 m²·K/W
2 Marks
Gypsum plaster layer:
L2 = 4 cm = 0.04 m
k2 = 0.5 W/(m·K)
R2 = 0.04 / 0.5 = 0.08 m²·K/W
Rockwool insulation layer:
L3 = 6 cm = 0.06 m
k3 = 0.065 W/(m·K)
R3 = 0.06 / 0.065 = 0.9231 m²·K/W
The total thermal resistance is the sum of the individual thermal resistances:
Total thermal resistance = R1 + R2 + R3 = 0.2857 + 0.08 + 0.9231 = 1.2888 m²·K/W

2 marks
Once we have the thermal resistance of the wall,
we can calculate the heat transfer (Q) through the wall using the formula:
Q = (ΔT) / Total Thermal resistance
Note: Since T1 and T2 temperatures are not given in question , students can assume any value
of T1 and T2. Accordingly marks can be awarded.
Let’s assume outside temperature of office 30 0C and inside Temperature of office 20 0C. (student
can assume suitable inside and outside temperature)
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T1 = 30+273 = 303 K and T2 = 20 + 273 = 293 K
Therefore Q = ( 303 – 293 ) / 1.2888 2 Marks

Q = 10 / 1.2888
Q = 7.76 W
6. Attempt any TWO of the followings: (2X6=12) 12 Marks
Write modes of heat transfer. Explain each with suitable example and neat sketch.
a)
Solution: The three modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction: Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid or between objects in direct
physical contact. In this mode, heat is transferred by the collision of particles within the
material. The particles with higher energy (temperature) transfer their energy to
neighboring particles with lower energy.
2 marks
Example: Consider a metal rod being heated at one end. The heat conducted through the
rod will gradually increase the temperature of the other end. This can be observed when
one end of a metal rod is placed in a flame. The heat conducts through the rod, making the
other end hot as well.
Convection:
Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).
It involves the transfer of heat through the actual movement of the fluid, carrying thermal
energy from one location to another.
2 marks
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Example: A pot of water being heated on a stove demonstrates convection. As the water
at the bottom of the pot absorbs heat, it becomes less dense and rises to the top. This
creates a circular flow called convection current. The heated water near the bottom
transfers heat to the cooler water near the top, leading to the overall heating of the entire
pot.
Radiation: Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. Unlike

conduction and convection, radiation does not require a medium for heat transfer. It can
occur in a vacuum or through transparent media.
2 Marks
Example: The sun heating the Earth through space is an example of radiation.
The sun emits electromagnetic waves, including infrared radiation, which travel through
the vacuum of space and reach the Earth. These waves are absorbed by the Earth's
surface, converting radiation into heat energy..
6. Describe construction and working of forced circulation cooling tower.

b)
Solution: In a thermal power plant, a forced circulation cooling tower is an essential
component for efficient heat dissipation. It helps in cooling the circulating water that
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absorbs heat from the condenser, ensuring the thermal efficiency and proper functioning
of the power plant. The construction and working of a forced circulation cooling tower in a
thermal power plant involve the following components: 2 Marks
A forced circulation cooling tower in a thermal power plant consists of a Tower structure,
Cooling water basin, Cooling water pumps, Spray nozzles or Distribution system, Fill media
and Air circulation system with Fans or Blowers.
2 Marks
Working:
1. Cooling water is extracted from the condenser and circulated by pumps.

2. The water is distributed over the fill media using spray nozzles or a distribution
system.
3. As the water flows over the fill media, it comes into contact with the air drawn in by
fans or blowers.
4. Heat is transferred from the water to the air through evaporation, cooling the water.
5. Warm, moisture-laden air is discharged from the tower by fans or blowers.
6. Cooled water collects in the basin and is recirculated to the condenser or heat 2 Marks
exchangers.
7. Control mechanisms regulate water flow, fan speed, and other parameters for
optimal cooling efficiency and temperature control.
8. The forced circulation cooling tower efficiently cools the circulating water,
maintaining the thermal efficiency and proper functioning of the thermal power
plant.
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6. c) Classify parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers with respect to parameters
i) Definition, ii) Flow of fluids, iii) Capacity, iv) Maintenance, v) Applications, vi) Cost
Solution:
Note: As there is an ambiguity in the question , If the students have attempted the
question considering comparison on given parameters, appropriate marks should be
allotted.
Sr. Parameters Parallel Flow Heat Exchangers Counter Flow Heat
No. Exchangers
1 Definition In a parallel flow heat In a counter flow heat
exchanger, both the hot and exchanger, the hot and cold
cold fluids flow in the same fluids flow in opposite
direction. directions.
2 Flow of Fluids The hot and cold fluids flow in The hot and cold fluids flow 1 Mark for
the same direction, with the in opposite directions, with each point
hot fluid entering at one end the hot fluid entering at one
and the cold fluid entering at end and the cold fluid
the other end. entering at the other end.
3 Capacity Parallel flow heat exchangers Counter flow heat
generally have lower heat exchangers generally offer
transfer efficiency compared higher heat transfer
to counter flow heat efficiency compared to
exchangers. parallel flow heat
exchangers.
4 Maintenance Parallel flow heat exchangers Counter flow heat
are relatively easier to clean exchangers can be more
and maintain compared to challenging to clean and
counter flow heat exchangers. maintain compared to
parallel flow heat
exchangers.
5 Applications They are used in some HVAC They are commonly found in
systems, air conditioning power plants, chemical
units, and low-temperature processes, refrigeration
heat transfer processes. systems, and high-
temperature heat transfer
applications.
6 Cost Parallel flow heat Counter flow heat
exchangers are generally exchangers tend to be more
less expensive to expensive to manufacture
manufacture and install and install compared to
parallel flow heat
compared to counter flow
exchangers. Their design
heat exchangers due to
complexity.
their simpler design.
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Subject Name: Thermal Engineering. Subject Code: 22337

Q. Sub Answer Marking

1. Attempt any Five of the following : (5x2=10) 10 Marks

Page No: ____/ N

Subject Name: Thermal Engineering Subject Code: 22337

1. b) Represent Isentropic process on P-V and T-S Diagram 2 Marks

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Ans Continuity Equation For Nozzle

Continuity equation for nozzle when fluid is compressible,

Continuity equation for nozzle when fluid is incompressible,

Draw neat sketch of induced draught cooling tower

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Ans i) Absolute Temperature : Absolute temperature, also called thermodynamic

Attempt any THREE of the following : (3X4=12) 12 Marks

a) Explain the first law of thermodynamic with an example

where, ∮ represents the sum for a complete cycle. 2 Marks for

• No machine can produce energy without corresponding expenditure of energy.

• It is impossible to construct a perpetual motion machine of first kind. 2 Marks for

Ans i) Ideal Gas Law

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where, P → Pressure of gas, V → Volume of gas, R → Constant ,T → Temperature of gas

ii) Boyle’s law

iii) Charle’s law

Pressure (P) = constant

If a gas changes its volume from V1 to V2 and absolute temperature from T1 to T2

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• Babcock and Wilcox boiler: Babcock and Wilcox is a water-tube boiler is an

Attempt Any THREE of the following. (3X4=12) 12 Marks

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Depending on value of Mach number type of flow in nozzle is decided

• M<1 subsonic nozzle, flow is called subsonic 2Marks

• M>1 supersonic nozzle, flow is called supersonic

• M=1 subsonic and supersonic nozzle, flow is called sonic

Pressure velocity variation in Impulse turbine

Working of Impulse Turbine:

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4. Attempt Any THREE of the following. (3X4=12) 12 Marks

Define Vacuum. How it is necessary to operate condensers?

Necessity of vacuum to operate condensers:

Primary Function Of condenser:

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Main Components of Shell And tube Type Heat Exchanger:

3. Front and Rear Headers of Shell

Industrial Applications of Shell and Tube type Heat Exchanger:

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Solution: Impulse Turbine: It is commonly used in thermal power plants. In Impulse

The construction of an Impulse turbine involve the following components:

1. Nozzle: The nozzle is a convergent-divergent type through which high-pressure steam

Working Principle of Impulse Turbine:

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Properties of steam at 10 bar pressure using Steam table

Temperature (T1) = 179.9 0C

Specific volume (V1) = 0.3118 m3/kg (superheated steam)

Now use equation P.V = C

Therefore P1V1 = P2V2

Using steam table saturation temperature corresponding to 1 bar

To determine quality of steam at 1 bar

Specific volume of saturated liquid (Vf) = 0.001043 m3/kg

Specific volume of saturated vapour (Vg) = 1.6728 m3/kg