Questions Answers Related to Codes & standard: –

1. Q:-What is the ASME code followed for design of piping systems in Process piping
(Refineries
& Chemical Industries)?

(i) B 31.1
(ii) B 31.3
(iii) B 31.5
(iv) B 31.9

Answer (II)

2. Q:-Which American institute standard does piping engineer refer?

Answer: –

A. The American Petroleum institute (API).

B. The American Iron & Steel institute (AISI).
C. The American Society for Testing and materials (ASTM).
D. The American National standard institute (ANSI).
E. The American welding society (AWS).
F. The American Water Works Association (AWWA).
G. The American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

3. Q:-What is the different ASME 31 code for pressure piping?

Answer: –

A. ASME B31.1 – Power piping.

B. ASME B31.2 – Fuel Gas Piping.
C. ASME B31.3 – Process piping.
D. ASME B31.4 – Pipeline Transportation system for liquid hydrocarbon & other liquid.
E. ASME B31.5 – Refrigeration Piping.
F. ASME B31.8 – Gas transmission & distribution piping system.
G. ASME B31.9 – Building services piping.
H. ASME B31.11 – Slurry transportation piping system.

4. Q:-What are the different sections of ASME code? Where these sections are referred?
Answer: –

A. ASME section I : – Rules for construction of power boiler.

B. ASME Section II : – Materials.
Part A – Ferrous materials.
Part B – Non-Ferrous materials.
Part C – Specification for electrodes & filler wire.
Part D – Properties.

C. ASME Section IV : – Rules for construction of Heating Boiler.

D. ASME Section V : – Non- destructive Examination.
E. ASME Section VI : – Recommended rules for care & operation of heating boiler.
F. ASME Section VII : – Recommended guidelines for care of power boiler.
H. ASME Section VIII : – Rules for construction of pressure vessels. (Division I & II)
I. ASME Section IX : – Welding & Brazing qualification.

5. Q:-Which American standard is referred for selection of following piping element?

A. Flanges B. Butt Welded fittings C. Gasket D. Socket & Threaded fittings

E. Valves F. Pipes.
Answer: –
A. Flanges :-
I. ASME B16.1 : – Cast iron pipes flanges & flanged fittings.
II. ASME B16.5 : – Carbon steel pipes flanges & flanged fittings. (Up to 24”)
III. ASME B16.47 : – Large Diameter steel flanges. (Above 24”)

B. Butt welded fittings :-

I. ASME B16.9 : – Steel butt welding fittings.
II. ASME B16.28 : – Butt-welded short radius elbows & returns bends.
C. Gasket :-
I. ASME B16.20 / API -601: – Metallic gaskets for pipe flanges- Spiral wound,
Octagonal ring Joint & Jacketed flanges.
II. ASME B16.21 : – Non metallic gasket.
D. Socket & Threaded fittings :
I. ASME B16.11 : – Forged steel socket welding & threaded fittings.
E. Valves :-
I. ASME B16.10 : – Face to face & end to end dimension of valves.
II. ASME B16.34 : – Flanged & butt-welded ends steel valves (Pressure &Temperature ratings)
except Ball, Plug & Butter fly Valves.
F. Pipes :-
I. ASME B36.10 : – Welded & Seamless wrought iron pipes.
II. ASME B36.19 : – Stainless steel pipes.

1. How can flanges be classified based on Pipe Attachment?

Answer: –
Flanges can be classified based on pipe attachment as: –

Slip – on. : – The Slip-on type flanges are attached by welding inside as well as outside.
These flanges are of forged construction.

Socket Weld. : – The Socket Weld flanges are welded on one side only. These are used
for small bore lines only.

Screwed. : – The Screwed-on flanges are used on pipelines where welding cannot be carried
out.

Lap Joint. : – The Lap Joint flanges are used with stub ends. The stub ends are welded with
pipes & flanges are kept loose over the same.

Welding Neck. : – The Welding neck flanges are attached by butt welding to the pipe.
These are used mainly for critical services where the weld joints need radiographic
inspection.

Blind. : – The Blind flanges are used to close the ends which need to be reopened.

Reducing. : – The reducing flanges are used to connect between larger and smaller sizes
without using a reducer. In case of reducing flanges, the thickness of flange should be that of
the higher diameter.

Integral. : – Integral flanges are those, which are cast along with the piping

component or equipment.
2. How can flanges be classified based on Pressure- temperature

ratings?
Answer: –

Flanges are classified based on pressure temperature ratings as: –

#A. 150

#B. 300

#C. 400

#D. 600

#E. 900

#F. 1500

#G. 2500

Pressure temperature rating carts in the standard ASME16.5 specify the non-shock working

gauge pressure to which the flange can be subjected to at a particular temperature.

3. How can flanges be classified based on facing?

Answer: –

Flanges are classified based on facing as: –

1. Flat face. (FF)

2. Raised face. (R/F)
3. Tongue and groove. (T/G)
4. Male and female. (M/F)
5. Ring type joint. (RTJ)

4. How can flanges be classified based on face finish?

Answer: –

Flanges are classified based on face finish as: –

1. Smooth finish.
2. Serrated finish.

5. Where the smooth finish flange & serrated finish flange finds its use?
Answer: –

The smooth finish flange is provided when metallic gasket is provided and serrated finish
flange is provided when non-metallic gasket is provided.

6. What are the types of serrated finish provided on flange face?

Answer: –
1. Concentric or
2. Spiral (Phonographic)

7. How the serration on flanges is specified?

Answer:

The serration on flanges is specified by the number, which is the Arithmetic Average Rough

Height (AARH).

8. Where is the concentric serration insisted for face finish?

Answer: –

Concentric serration are insisted for face finish where the fluid being carried has very low

density and can find leakage path through cavity.

9. How the Gaskets are classified based on the type of construction?

Answer: –

Based on the type of construction, gaskets are classified as: –

1. Full face.
2. Spiral wound metallic.
3. Ring type.
4. Metal jacketed.
5. Inside bolt circle.

10. What is the most commonly used material for Gasket?

Answer: –

Compressed Asbestos Fiber.

11. Which type of gasket is recommended for high temperature &

high-pressure application?
Answer: –

Spiral Wound Metallic Gasket.

12. What are the criteria for selection of MOC of Spiral Wound

metallic Gasket winding material?

Answer: –

The selection of material of construction for Gasket winding depends upon: –

1. The corrosive nature and concentration of fluid being carried.

2. The operating temperature of the fluid.
3. The relative cost of alternate winding material.

13. What are the most common materials used for spiral wound

metallic gasket winding?

Answer: –

The most commonly used material for spiral wound metallic gasket winding is: –

1. Austenitic stainless steel 304 with asbestos filler.

2. Austenitic stainless steel 316 with asbestos filler.
3. Austenitic stainless steel 321 with asbestos filler.

14. Which material is used as filler material for spiral wound gasket in

case of high temperature services?

Answer: –

For very high temperature services, graphite filler is used.

15. What is the centering ring in connection to spiral wound gasket?

Answer: –

Spiral wound gaskets are provided with carbon steel external ring called centering ring.

16. What will be the AARH finish on flange face for using spiral wound
gasket?
Answer: –

125-250 RH finish.

17. On which type of flanges, the use of spiral wound gasket are

restricted?
Answer: –

ASME B16.5 does not recommend the use of 150# Rating spiral wound gasket on flanges
other than welding neck and lapped joint type.

18. Up to what temperature limits the low strength carbon steel bolts

should not be used for flanged joints?

Answer: –

Flanged joints using low strength carbon steel bolts should not be use above 200°C ( 400°F) or
below −29°C (− 20°F).

19. How are the pipe fittings classified based on end connections?
Answer: –

Pipe fittings are classified based on end connection as: –

1. Socket weld fittings.

2. Screwed end fittings.
3. Beveled end or Butt weld fittings.
4. Spigot socket fittings.
5. Buttress end fittings.

20. Up to what temperature the carbon steel materials shall be used?

Answer: –

Carbon steel materials shall be used for temperature up to 425C°

21. Which material is used for temperature above 426C°?

Answer: –

Alloy steel materials shall be used for temperature above 426 C°

22. Which type of material is used for corrosive fluid?

Answer: –

Stainless steel materials shall be used for corrosive fluid.

23. Which type of piping materials are used for drinking water,

instrument air etc.?

Answer: –

Galvanized steel materials shall be used for drinking water, instrument air and NI lines (LP).

24. What is the difference between Pipe and Tube?

Answer: –

Pipe is identified by NB and thickness is defined by Schedule whereas Tube is identified by

OD & its thickness as BWG (Brimingham wire gauge or 1/100 inch).

25. From which size onwards NB of pipe is equal to OD of Pipe?

Answer: –

From the size 14” and onwards NB = OD of pipe.

26. What should be the radius of long radius elbow?

Answer:

1.5D (Where “D” is the diameter of the pipe.)

 27. What should be the radius of short radius elbow?
Answer:-

1D(Where “D” is the diameter of the pipe.)

28. What is the basis of using short radius & long radius elbow?
Answer:-

Long radius elbow are used for small pressure drop whereas short radius elbow are used for
high pressure drops. For catalyst flows vary long radius elbows are used.

29. Normally where do we use the following?

(1) Eccentric reducers. (2) Concentric reducers.

Answer:

1. Eccentric reducers = Pump suction to avoid Cavitation, To maintain elevation (BOP) in

rack.
2. Concentric reducers = Pump discharge, vertical pipeline etc.

30. Concentric reducer is used in pump suction. (Yes / No). Explain.

Answer:

No. Air pockets may form if concentric reducer is used at pump suction, which results in
cavitation

and cause damage to Pump. To avoid this problem, Eccentric Reducer with flat side up (FSU)
is

used in Pump Suction.

31. Where the ERW spiral & longitudinal pipes are used?
Answer: –

Use depends upon the availability of pipes. Nothing functional difference.

32. Where the ERW & Seamless pipes are used?

Answer: –

Above 18” ERW pipes are used. Below 18” seamless pipes are used. Seamless pipes can
sustain

higher temperature & pressure.

33. What is the main use of ASTM A53 & A106 Gr. B pipes?
Answer: –
ASTM A53 pipes are mainly used for utility services whereas A106 Gr. B pipes are used for
high

Pressure & high temperature services.

34. From which side of pipe will you take a branch connection?
Answer:-

When fluid is Gas, Air or Steam and Cryogenic Service – Topside.

When Fluid is Liquid – Bottom Side.

35. Why don’t we take a branch for Cryogenic Service from bottom

side though the fluid is in liquid state?

Answer: –

There is the chance of ice formation during normal operation and since ice flows from the
bottom of the pipe it will block the branch pipe connection.

36. Why do we provide High Point Vent (HPV) and Low Point Drain

(LPD) in piping?
Answer:

HPV – For removing Air during Hydro-test.

LPD – For draining water after conducting Hydro-test.

37. What do you mean by Jacketed Piping?

Answer: –

Piping which is recognized as providing the most uniform application of heat to the process,
as well

as maintaining the most uniform processing temperatures where steam tracing is not capable
of

maintaining the temperature of fluid constant. Usually used for molten Sulphur, Polymers
service.

38. What is the minimum distance to be maintained between two

welds in a pipe?
Answer: –

The thumb rule is that the minimum distance between adjacent butt welds is 1D. If not, it is
never

closer than 1-1/2″. This is supposedly to prevent the overlap of HAZs. Minimum spacing of

circumferential welds between centerlines shall not be less than 4 times the pipe wall
thickness or
 25 m whichever is greater.

39. What do you mean by IBR and which lines comes under IBR

purview?
Answer: –

IBR: Indian Boiler Regulation Act.

Steam lines with conditions listed bellow comes under IBR purview : –

 Lines for which design pressure is 3.5 kg/sq. cm and above.

 Line size above 10” having design pressure 1.0 kg/sq. cm and above.
 Boiler feed water lines to steam generator, condensate lines to steam generator and
flash drum.

40. What are Weldolet and Sockolet? And where they are used?
Answer:-

Weldolet and Sockolet are basically self-reinforced fittings.

Weldolet is used for Butt weld branch connection where standard tee is not available due to
size

restrictions and the piping are of critical / high-pressure service. Sockolet is used for socket
welding

branch connection, which requires reinforcing pad.

41. What is the MOC for Superheated high pressure Steam Lines?
Answer:-

A 335 Gr. P I / P 11, Composition: Cr. – ½ Mo (P1) / 1¼ Cr. – ½ Mo (P11)

42. What is the normal upstream and downstream straight length of

orifice flow meter?

Answer: –

Upstream – 15D Downstream – 5D

Interview Questions Answers Related to Codes & standard

PIPING INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What factors to consider for site selection?

Ans : District classification, Transportation facilities, Manpower
availability, industrial infrastructure, community infrastructure, availability
of raw water, effluent disposal, availability of power, availability of
industrial gas, site size and nature, ecology and pollution.

2. What are the different standards?

Ans : Most commonly use standards are as follows:
Sr. Standard Description
1. ANSI B18.2 Square and hexagonal head bolts and nuts
2. ANSI B16.3 Malleable iron threaded fittings
3. ANSI B16.4 Cast iron threaded fittings.
4. ANSI B16.9 Steel buttwelding fittings
5. ANSI B16.11 Forged steel socket welding and threaded fittings
6. ANSI B16.25 Buttwelding ends
7. ANSI B16.28 Short elbow radius and returns
8. MSS-SP-43 Stainless steel buttweld fittings
9. MSS-SP-83 Pipe Unions
10. API 605 Large diameter carbon steel flanges
11. ANSI B16.1 Cast iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings
12. ANSI B16.5 Steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings
13. ANSI B16.47 Large diameter steel pipe flanges and flanged fitts.
14. ANSI B16.20 Ring joint gaskets and grooves for pipe flanges
15. ANSI B16.21 Nonmetallic gaskets for pipe flanges
16. API 601 Metallic gasket for refinery piping.
17. API 5L Specification for line pipe.
18. ANSI B16.10 Welded and seamless wrought steel pipes
19. ANSI B36.19 Welded and seamless austenitic stainless steel pipe
20. ANSI B16.10 Face to face and end to end dimensions of valves
21. ANSI B16.34 Steel valves, flanged and buttwelding ends.

3. What are the various temporary closures for lines?

Ans : Line blind valve, line blind, spectacle plate, double block and bleed,
blind flanges replacing a removable spool.

4. Where jacked screwed flange is used?

Ans : For spectacle discs, one flange is jacked screw flange. This flange
has two jacked screws 180 degree apart which are used to create
sufficient space between flange for easy removal and placement of line
blind or spectacle blind.

5. What is double block and bleed?

Ans : Two valves with bleed ring in between with a bleed valve connected
to the hole of bleed ring.

6. Where blind flange is used?

Ans : It is used with view to future expansion of the piping system, or for
cleaning, inspection etc.

TOWERS

7. What are crude oil ranges?

Ans : Crude oil BP Range: 100F-1400F, lightest material: Butene below
100F, Heavier materials- up to 800F, Residue above 800F.
8. What is batch shell process?
Ans : feed, heat, condense, heat more, condense, low quality.

9. What are types of towers?

Ans : Stripper, Vacuum tower, trayed, packed towers.

10. What is a chimney tray?

Ans : It’s a solid plate with central chimney section, used at draw off
sections of the tower.

11. What factors to consider while setting tower elevation?

Ans : NPSH, Operator access, Maintenance access, Minimum clearance,
reboiler type , common area, type of support, Tower dimensions, type of
head, bottom outlet size, foundation details, minimum clearances.

12. How to locate tower maintenance access nozzles?

Ans : At bottom, top and intermediate sections of tower, must not be at
the downcomer section of tower and in front of internal piping.

13. How to locate feed nozzle?

Ans : Must be oriented in specific area of tray by means of internal
piping.

14. How to locate temperature and pressure instruments?

Ans : Temperature in liquid space, at downcomer side and pressure in
vapor space, in area except downcomer sector.

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Questions Answers Related to Codes & standard: –
1. Q:-What is the ASME code followed for design of piping systems in Process piping
(Refineries
& Chemical Industries)?

(i) B 31.1
(ii) B 31.3
(iii) B 31.5
(iv) B 31.9

Answer (II)

2. Q:-Which American institute standard does piping engineer refer?

Answer: –

A. The American Petroleum institute (API).

B. The American Iron & Steel institute (AISI).
C. The American Society for Testing and materials (ASTM).
D. The American National standard institute (AISI).
E. The American welding society (AWS).
F. The American Water Works Association (AWWA).
G. The American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

3. Q:-What is the different ASME 31 code for pressure piping?

Answer: –
A. ASME B31.1 – Power piping.
B. ASME B31.2 – Fuel Gas Piping.
C. ASME B31.3 – Process piping.
D. ASME B31.4 – Pipeline Transportation system for liquid hydrocarbon & other liquid.
E. ASME B31.5 – Refrigeration Piping.
F. ASME B31.8 – Gas transmission & distribution piping system.
G. ASME B31.9 – Building services piping.
H. ASME B31.11 – Slurry transportation piping system.

4. Q:-What are the different sections of ASME code? Where these sections are referred?
Answer: –

A. ASME section I : – Rules for construction of power boiler.

B. ASME Section II : – Materials.
Part A – Ferrous materials.
Part B – Non-Ferrous materials.
Part C – Specification for electrodes & filler wire.
Part D – Properties.

C. ASME Section IV : – Rules for construction of Heating Boiler.

D. ASME Section V : – Non- destructive Examination.
E. ASME Section VI : – Recommended rules for care & operation of heating boiler.
F. ASME Section VII : – Recommended guidelines for care of power boiler.
H. ASME Section VIII : – Rules for construction of pressure vessels. (Division I & II)
I. ASME Section IX : – Welding & Brazing qualification.

5. Q:-Which American standard is reffered for selection of following piping element?

A. Flanges B. Butt Welded fittings C. Gasket D. Socket & Threaded fittings

E. Valves F. Pipes.

Answer: –
A. Flanges :-
I. ASME B16.1 : – Cast iron pipes flanges & flanged fittings.
II. ASME B16.5 : – Carbon steel pipes flanges & flanged fittings. (Up to 24”)
III. ASME B16.47 : – Large Diameter steel flanges. (Above 24”)
B. Butt welded fittings :-
I. ASME B16.9 : – Steel butt welding fittings.
II. ASME B16.28 : – Butt-welded short radius elbows & returns bends.
C. Gasket :-
I. ASME B16.20 / API -601: – Metallic gaskets for pipe flanges- Spiral wound,
Octagonal ring Joint & Jacketed flanges.
II. ASME B16.21 : – Non metallic gasket.
D. Socket & Threaded fittings :
I. ASME B16.11 : – Forged steel socket welding & threaded fittings.
E. Valves :-
I. ASME B16.10 : – Face to face & end to end dimension of valves.
II. ASME B16.34 : – Flanged & butt-welded ends steel valves (Pressure &Temperature ratings)
except Ball, Plug & Butter fly Valves.
F. Pipes :-
I. ASME B36.10 : – Welded & Seamless wrought iron pipes.
II. ASME B36.19 : – Stainless steel pipes.
PIPING INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

COMPRESSORS
1. What are the types of compressors?
Ans: Positive Displacement, Centrifugal and Axial, rotary screw, rotary vane, rotary
lobe, dynamic, liquid ring compressors.

2. What are types of compressor drives?

Ans: Electric motor, gas turbine, steam turbine and gas engine.

3.How Centrifugal compressors work ?

Ans: High speed impellers increase the kinetic energy of the gas, converting this
energy into higher pressures in a divergent outlet passage called a diffuser. Large
volume of gas at moderate pressure.

4.What are types of steam turbine and why are they popular?

Ans: Condensing and non-condensing, Popular because can convertlarge amounts of

heat energy into mechanical work very efficiently.

5. Where gas turbine drive is used ?

Ans: Desserts and offshore platforms where gas is available, for gas transmission,
gas lift, liquid pumping, gas re-injection and process compressors.

6.What are the auxiliary equipment’s of compressor?

Ans: Lube oil consoles, Seal oil consoles, Surface condensers, Condensate pump, Air
blowers, Inlet air filters, Wast heat system, compressor suction drum, knock out
pot, Pulsation dampener, volume bottles, Inter and after coolers.

7.What are the types of seal oil system?

Ans: Gravity and pressurized.

8.What factors to be considered while designing compressor housing?

Ans: Operation, Maintenance, Climate conditions, Safety, Economics.

9.What are the compressor housing design points?

Ans: Floor elevation, building width, building elevation, hook centerline elevation.

10.What are the types of compressor cases?

Ans: Horizontal split case, Vertical split case.

11.What are compressor suction line requirements ?

Ans: Minimum 3D straight pipe between elbow and inlet nozzle,increases based on
inlet piping layout. 4D

12. What are necessary parts of inlet line of compressor?

Ans: Block Valve, Strainer, Break out flanges in both inlet and outlet to remove
casing covers, Straightening vane in inlet line if not enough straight piece in inlet line
available, PSV in inter stage line and in discharge line before block valve.

13.What points to be considered for reciprocating compressor piping layout?

Ans: High pulsation, simple line as low to grade as possible for supporting, analog
study, all branches close to line support and on top, Isolate line support
from adjacent compressor or building foundations

14. What are the types of compressor shelters?

Ans: On ground with no shelter, Open sided structure with a roof, Curtain wall
structure (Temperate climates), Open elevated installation, Elevated multi
compressor structure.

DRUMS
15.What are drum internals?

Ans: Demister pads, Baffles, Vortex breakers, Distribution piping.

16.What are drum elevation requirements?

Ans: NPSH, minimum clearance, common plat forming, maintenance, operator

access.

17. What are drum supports?

Ans: Skirt for large drums, legs, lugs, saddles for horizontal drums.

18. What are necessary nozzles for non-pressure vessel?

Ans: Inlet, outlet, vent, manhole, drain, overflow, agitator, temperature element,
level instrument, and steam out connection.

19. What are necessary nozzles for pressure vessel?

Ans: Inlet, outlet, manhole, drain, pressure relief, agitator, level gauge, pressure
gauge, temperature element, vent and for steam out.

20.What is preferred location for level instrument nozzles?

Ans: Away from the turbulence at the liquid outlet nozzle, although the vessel is
provided with a vortex breaker, instrument should be set in the quiet zone of the
vessel for example on the opposite side of the weir or baffle or near the vapor outlet
end.

21.What is preferred location for process nozzles on drum?

Ans: Minimum from the tangent line.

22.What is preferred location for steam out nozzle on drum?

 Ans: At the end opposite to the maintenance access.

23.What is preferred location for vent ?

Ans: AT the top section of drum at the end opposite the steam out connection.

24.What is preferred location for pressure instrument nozzle on drum?

Ans: Must be anywhere in the vapor space, preferable at the top section of drum

25.What is preferred location for temperature instrument?

Ans: Must be in liquid space, preferably on the bottom section of drum.

26.What is preferred location for drain?

Ans: Must be located at the bottom section of drum.

PIPING INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

PUMPS
1. What is NPSH ?
Ans: It is measure of the pressure drop of the liquid as it moves form the inlet of the
pump to the eye of the impeller, determined by testing and expressed in feet
of water by pump manufacturer.
2. What is cavitation ?
Ans: Cavitation is a rapid collapse of vapor pressure that can produce noise, result in
loss of head and capacity and create a severe erosion of the impeller and casing
surface in the adjacent inlet areas.
3. What is velocity head?
Ans: The head loss caused by the consumed power to accelerate stationary fluid to
suction line velocity during pump startup. It’s about 1 ft.

4. What is standard for petroleum pumps?

Ans: API 610 is the standard for centrifugal pumps in petroleum industry.

5. Where positive displacement pumps are used ?

Ans: Used to move viscous liquids, injects chemicals or additives into a system, or
pump quantities too small for centrifugal pumps.

6. What are types of rotary pumps ?

Ans: External Gear, Cam and piston, two lobe, three lobe, single screw, Two screw.

7. Where rotary pumps are used ?

Ans: For viscous liquids that are free of hard and abrasive fluids.8

8. Where should boiler feed water pumps be located ?

 Ans: They take water from a deaerator and generally operate close to the vapor
pressure of the liquid, hence they must be located as close to the deaerator as
possible.

9. Tell something about vertical pumps ?

Ans: Used where low available NPSH is not sufficient, for surface condenser, for
waste material in concrete pit, screen at the bottom.

10. Where centrifugal pumps in vacuum service be located ?

Ans: directly below tower, may be on spring supports.11

11. How to support discharge line of centrifugal pump ?

Ans: Discharge line should be supported as close to the top elbow as possible and
should be within five diameters of that elbow, using spring support.

12. How suction line is supported?

Ans: Commonly supported under the elbow adjacent to the pump nozzle.2

13. How the suction line reducer should be placed ?

Ans: It should be placed topside flat.

14. What are suction line requirements?

Ans: To flat reducer, strainer, block valve, no pockets, as short aspossible with
consideration to stress, min straight length of 3D.4

15. What are the requirements of discharge piping?

Ans: Reducer, Pressure indicator, check valve, block valve, min. stress,support at top
elbow.5

16. What is accepted distance between pumps?

Ans: 1200 MM / 4 feet.6

17. What is special requirement for discharge line of positive displacement

pump?
Ans: Relief valve whose discharge is connected in suction line between the isolating
valve and the pump.

REACTOR
1. Tell about reactor?
Ans: Heart, mixing, chemical reaction, heat generated-absorbed, agitation, jacket,
heating coils, cooling.

FURNACES
2. Where furnaces shall be located?
Ans: Furnaces shall be located upwind or side wind of process units to blow any
combustible leaks away from the open flame, Min 90M away from tanks and 30M
away from control room.2
 3. What should be stack height?
Ans: Stack height shall be minimum 6M above working platform in the vicinity of
25m radius.

SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGERS

1.Where spiral heat exchangers are used?

Ans: Generally in chemical plants

2.How piping is positioned for spiral heat exchangers?

Ans : Piping positioned to allow opening of covers and the removal plates.

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS

1. What are the types of tube arrangements?

Ans: U-tube, Fixed tube, kettle arrangement.

2. What is full form of TEMA?

Ans: Tubular exchangers manufacturers Association.

3. Which fluids to be sent through tubes?

Ans: Fouling and/or corrosive fluids (Easy cleaning and cheaper to replace tubes than
shell), hotter fluid : To reduce heat loss to the surroundings except steam,
refrigerant, cooling fluid.

4.What should be clearance between flanges of exchangers?

Ans: 1000 MM.

PLATE EXCHANGERS
5.Where plate exchangers are used ?
Ans : Low pressure, low temperature applications.

DOUBLE PIPE OR FIN TUBE EXCHANGERS

6. Where used ?
Ans: Used when liquid has a greater resistance to heat flow than another or when
the surface area is small.

AIR COOLER EXCHANGERS

7.Where used ?
Ans: To cool tower overhead vapors
 LPG STORAGE
1. How to group LPG Vessels ?
Ans: Max 6 Vessels, total capacity 15,000 cum, curb wall, distance between vessels
of different groups 30M, separate dedicated manifold for each group.

2. Where to located LPG Storage ?

Ans: Downwind of process units, important buildings and facilities, not in same dyke
where other flammable liquid HC’s stored, single row in case of spheres and bullets,
not one above the other, bullet head not toward other vessel, no dip ditch to avoid
LPG Settling.

3. How to operate LPG Cylinders ?

Ans: Separate area for empty and filled cylinders, Cylinders vertical, not near other
gas cylinders, never below grade, smooth trucking traffic

Piping supervisor interview questions and answers

Top 10 Interview Questions Related To Pipes Supports
Interview Questions Related To pipes Supports:-

1. What are the Criteria for Pipe Supporting?

Answer: –
Following are the points, which should be taken into account for proper supporting: –
A. Load of bare pipe + fluid + insulation (if any).
B. Load of bare pipe + water fill.
C. Load of valves and online equipment and instrument.
D. Thermal loads during operation.
E. Steam out condition, if applicable.
F. Wind loads for piping at higher elevation, if required.
G. Forced vibration due to pulsating flow.
H. Bare pipe with size above 12” shall be supported with Pad or Shoe.

2. What is the basic span of supports for 2”/6”/10”/24” pipe?

Answer: –
Basic Span is 5.5m / 9m / 11.5m / 15m respectively.

3. What is the function of providing the anchor, cross guide and guide for piping?
Answer: –
Anchor is provided to restrict all the axial and rotational movements of pipe, whereas cross
guide is
provided to restrict displacements of pipe along with the axis perpendicular to its centerline
and Guide is provided to restrict the longitudinal movements of pipes along with its axis.

4. How is piping to Tank inlet nozzle is supported and why?

Answer: –
Piping to Tank Nozzle is supported with spring type support (first support from Nozzle) in
order to
make the nozzle safe from the loads which occurs due to the displacement of pipe
( Displacement
may be due to thermal expansion of pipe, tank material, tank settlement etc).

5. What are the types of flexible spring hangers?

Answer: –
1. Constant Spring Hanger 2. Variable Spring Hanger.

6. What is the purpose of providing Graphite Pads in supports below shoes?

Answer: –
To reduce the friction factor. The coefficient of friction for Graphite Pads is 0.1

7. Where do you provide Anchor and Slotted Support of Heat Exchanger?

Answer: –
Anchor support of Heat exchanger is provided on the side from which Tube bundle will be
pulled out for the purpose of maintenance work also it is based on the growth of the
connecting piping as
exchanger should grow with the piping.

8. What should be the material of shoes for supporting AS pipes & why?
Answer: –
If CS shoes are used then pad in contact with the pipe shall be of Alloy steel to avoid
dissimilar
welding at pipe. To avoid alloy steel welding and dissimilar welding, fabricated clamps either
of CS or SS can be used.

9. What are sway braces?

Answer: –
Sway braces are essentially a double acting spring housed in a canister. Their purpose is to
limit the
undesirable movement. Undesirable movement means movement caused by wind loading,
rapid
valve closure, relief valve opening, two phase flow or earthquake.

10. What is the difference between variable spring hanger and constant spring hanger?
Answer: –
Variable spring Hanger: –
As the name itself indicates the resistance of the coil to a load changes during compression.
Constant spring Hanger: –
Constant spring hanger provides constant support force for pipes and equipment subjected to
vertical movement due to thermal expansion.

Questions related to Pipe Fittings: –

1. How can flanges be classified based on Pipe Attachment?

Answer: –
Flanges can be classified based on pipe attachment as: –

Slip – on. : – The Slip-on type flanges are attached by welding inside as well as outside.
These flanges are of forged construction.

Socket Weld. : – The Socket Weld flanges are welded on one side only. These are used
for small bore lines only.

Screwed. : – The Screwed-on flanges are used on pipelines where welding cannot be carried
out.

Lap Joint. : – The Lap Joint flanges are used with stub ends. The stub ends are welded with
pipes & flanges are kept loose over the same.

Welding Neck. : – The Welding neck flanges are attached by butt welding to the pipe.
These are used mainly for critical services where the weld joints need radiographic
inspection.

Blind. : – The Blind flanges are used to close the ends which need to be reopened.

Reducing. : – The reducing flanges are used to connect between larger and smaller sizes
without using a reducer. In case of reducing flanges, the thickness of flange should be that of
the higher diameter.

Integral. : – Integral flanges are those, which are cast along with the piping

component or equipment.

2. How can flanges be classified based on Pressure- temperature ratings?

Answer: –

Flanges are classified based on pressure temperature ratings as: –

#A. 150

#B. 300

#C. 400

#D. 600

#E. 900

#F. 1500

#G. 2500

Pressure temperature rating carts in the standard ASME16.5 specify the non-shock working

gauge pressure to which the flange can be subjected to at a particular temperature.

3. How can flanges be classified based on facing?

Answer: –

Flanges are classified based on facing as: –

1. Flat face. (FF)
2. Raised face. (R/F)
3. Tongue and groove. (T/G)
4. Male and female. (M/F)
5. Ring type joint. (RTJ)

4. How can flanges be classified based on face finish?

Answer: –

Flanges are classified based on face finish as: –

1. Smooth finish.
2. Serrated finish.

5. Where the smooth finish flange & serrated finish flange finds its use?
Answer: –

The smooth finish flange is provided when metallic gasket is provided and serrated finish
flange is provided when non-metallic gasket is provided.

6. What are the types of serrated finish provided on flange face?

Answer: –

1. Concentric or
2. Spiral (Phonographic)

7. How the serration on flanges is specified?

Answer:

The serration on flanges is specified by the number, which is the Arithmetic Average Rough

Height (AARH).

8. Where the concentric serration is insisted for face finish?

Answer: –

Concentric serration are insisted for face finish where the fluid being carried has very low

density and can find leakage path through cavity.

9. How the Gaskets are classified based on the type of construction?

Answer: –

Based on the type of construction, gaskets are classified as: –

1. Full face.
2. Spiral wound metallic.
3. Ring type.
4. Metal jacketed.
5. Inside bolt circle.

10.What is the most commonly used material for Gasket?

Answer: –

Compressed Asbestos Fibre.

11. Which type of gasket is recommended for high temperature & high-

pressure application?
Answer: –

Spiral Wound Metallic Gasket.

11. What are the criteria for selection of MOC of Spiral Wound metallic

Gasket winding material?

Answer: –

The selection of material of construction for Gasket winding depends upon: –

1. The corrosive nature and concentration of fluid being carried.

2. The operating temperature of the fluid.
3. The relative cost of alternate winding material.

12.What are the most common materials used for spiral wound metallic

gasket winding?
Answer: –

The most commonly used material for spiral wound metallic gasket winding is: –

1. Austenitic stainless steel 304 with asbestos filler.

2. Austenitic stainless steel 316 with asbestos filler.
3. Austenitic stainless steel 321 with asbestos filler.

13.Which material is used as filler material for spiral wound gasket in case

of high temperature services?

Answer: –

For very high temperature services, graphite filler is used.

14.What is centering ring in connection to spiral wound gasket?

Answer: –
Spiral wound gaskets are provided with carbon steel external ring called centering ring.

15. What will be the AARH finish on flange face for using spiral wound

gasket?
Answer: –

125-250 AARH finish.

16.On which type of flanges the use of spiral wound gasket are restricted?
Answer: –

rating spiral wound gasket on flanges other#ASME B16.5 does not recommend the use of
150 than welding neck and lapped joint type.

17. Up to what temperature limits the low strength carbon steel bolts

should not be used for flanged joints?

Answer: –

C.°C or below – 28°Flanged joints using low strength carbon steel shall not be used above 200

17. How the pipe fittings are classified based on end connections?
Answer: –

Pipe fittings are classified based on end connection as: –

1. Socket weld fittings.

2. Screwed end fittings.
3. Beveled end or Butt weld fittings.
4. Spigot socket fittings.
5. Buttress end fittings.

18.Up to what temperature the carbon steel materials shall be used?

Answer: –

Carbon steel materials shall be used for temperature up to 425C°

19.Which material is used for temperature above 426C°?

Answer: –

Alloy steel materials shall be used for temperature above 426 C°

20. Which type of material is used for corrosive fluid?

Answer: –
Stainless steel materials shall be used for corrosive fluid.

21.Which type of piping materials are used for drinking water, instrument

air etc?
Answer: –

Galvanized steel materials shall be used for drinking water, instrument air and NI lines (LP).

22. What is the difference between Pipe and Tube?

Answer: –

Pipe is identified by NB and thickness is defined by Schedule whereas Tube is identified by

OD & its thickness as BWG (Brimingham wire gauge or 1/100 inch).

23. From which size onwards NB of pipe is equal to OD of Pipe?

Answer: –

From the size 14” and onwards NB = OD of pipe.

24. What should be the radius of long radius elbow?

Answer:

1.5D (Where “D” is the diameter of the pipe.)

25. What should be the radius of short radius elbow?

Answer:-

1D(Where “D” is the diameter of the pipe.)

26. What is the basis of using of short radius & long radius elbow?
Answer:-

Long radius elbow are used for small pressure drop whereas short radius elbow are used for
high pressure drops. For catalyst flows vary long radius elbows are used.

27.Normally where do we use the following?

(1) Eccentric reducers. (2) Concentric reducers.

Answer:

1. Eccentric reducers = Pump suction to avoid Cavitation, To maintain elevation (BOP) in

rack.
2. Concentric reducers = Pump discharge, vertical pipeline etc.

28. Concentric reducer is used in pump suction. (Yes / No). Explain.

Answer:

No. Air pockets may form if concentric reducer is used at pump suction, which results in
cavitation

and cause damage to Pump. To avoid this problem, Eccentric Reducer with flat side up (FSU)
is

used in Pump Suction.

29. Where the ERW spiral & longitudinal pipes are used?
Answer: –

Use depends upon the availability of pipes. Nothing functional difference.

30. Where the ERW & Seamless pipes are used?

Answer: –

Above 18” ERW pipes are used. Below 18” seamless pipes are used. Seamless pipes can
sustain

higher temperature & pressure.

31.What is the main use of ASTM A53 & A106 Gr.B pipes?
Answer: –

ASTM A53 pipes are mainly used for utility services whereas A106 Gr. B pipes are used for
high

Pressure & high temperature services.

32. From which side of pipe will you take a branch connection?
Answer:-

When fluid is Gas, Air or Steam and Cryogenic Service – Topside.

When Fluid is Liquid – Bottom Side.

33. Why don’t we take a branch for Cryogenic Service from bottom side

though the fluid is in liquid state?

Answer: –

There is the chance of ice formation during normal operation and since ice flows from the
bottom of the pipe it will block the branch pipe connection.

33. Why do we provide High Point Vent (HPV) and Low Point Drain

(LPD) in piping?
Answer:
HPV – For removing Air during Hydro-test.

LPD – For draining water after conducting Hydro-test.

34. What do you mean by Jacketed Piping?

Answer: –

Piping which is recognized as providing the most uniform application of heat to the process,
as well

as maintaining the most uniform processing temperatures where steam tracing is not capable
of

maintaining the temperature of fluid constant. Usually used for molten sulphur, Polymers
service.

35. What is the minimum distance to be maintained between two welds

in a pipe?
Answer: –

The thumb rule is that the minimum distance between adjacent butt welds is 1D. If not, it is
never

closer than 1-1/2″. This is supposedly to prevent the overlap of HAZs. Minimum spacing of

circumferential welds between centerlines shall not be less than 4 times the pipe wall
thickness or

25 mm whichever is greater.

36. What do you mean by IBR and which lines comes under IBR

purview?
Answer: –

IBR: Indian Boiler Regulation Act.

Steam lines with conditions listed bellow comes under IBR purview : –

 Lines for which design pressure is 3.5 kg/sq. cm and above.

 Line size above 10” having design pressure 1.0 kg/sq. cm and above.
 Boiler feed water lines to steam generator, condensate lines to steam generator and
flash drum.

37.What are Weldolet and Sockolet? And where they are used?
Answer:-

Weldolet and Sockolet are basically self-reinforced fittings.

Weldolet is used for Butt weld branch connection where standard tee is not available due to
size

restrictions and the piping is of critical / high-pressure service. Sockolet is used for socket
welding
 branch connection, which require reinforcing pad.

38. What is the MOC for Superheated high pressure Steam Lines?
Answer:-

A 335 Gr. P I / P 11, Composition: Cr. – ½ Mo (P1) / 1¼ Cr. – ½ Mo (P11)

39. What is the normal upstream and downstream straight length of

orifice flow meter?

Answer: –

Upstream – 15D Downstream – 5D

Interview Questions Answers Related to Codes & standard

1. Can you explain in detail three or more major differences between code ANSI B31.1
and code ANSIB31.3?
Answer: There is only one major difference between the two, B31.1 is for Power
Piping and B31.3 is for Refinery/Chemical Plant Piping.

2. There is a power plant inside a Process refinery. Where exactly the ANSI B31.1 &
ANSI B31.3 scope break occurs?
Answer: Based on my experience there were two cases. Case #1, B31.1 stopped at
the Power Plant Unit block valves. Thus all piping inside the Power Plant was B31.1.
Case #2, B31.1 stopped at the equipment (Boiler) isolation block valves and then all
other piping was B31.3. This is normally the choice of the owner/operator/client.

3. Which of the following piping system is more health hazardous.

A) Fuel oil piping b) Process piping with Caustic c) process piping with HF acid d)
Sulphuric acid piping.
Answer: c) process piping with HF acid.
4. There is a steam piping with low pocket but without steam trap. What will be
worst consequence of this layout?
Answer: There will be a buildup of condensate to the point that a slug will be pushed
by the steam flow. This slug of condensate will cause “water hammer” and could rip the
piping apart
5. In what circumstance, the reducer of a pump suction piping will be in bottom
flat position. Explain why the reducer should be so.
Answer: Still Needs a Proper Explanation for this answer.
6. A P&ID shows a spec break (at Flange) between carbon steel & stainless steel
specification. What additional arrangements you have to make for that dissimilar
material flange joint?
Answer: Use the Gasket and bolts from the SS spec.
7. A stainless steel piping specification mentions Galvanized carbons steel bolts. What
is your first reaction to this and how do you rectify it?
 Answer: If that is what the Spec call for then that is what I am supposed to use.
But, I would ask the Piping Material Engineer (PME) why he/she specified galvanized
bolts.
8. How many types of piping specialty items do you know? Why it is called a piping
special? Why not we include them in standard piping specification.
Answer: I could possibly count 50 or more depending on the PME and how the piping
material specs were developed. They are called them SP items because they are NOT
written into the normal Piping Material (Line Class) Specifications. They are not
included because they are normally of limited use, purchased from a limited product
line vendor and are often after thoughts.
9. Draw a typical steam trap station layout and explain why the existence of a by-
pass line around the trap is not a good idea, when the condensate is returning to a
condensate header?
Answer: (No drawing) It is not advisable to have a bypass around a steam trap
because the block valve could be left open and defeat the purpose of the trap.

10. Explain what is a “Double block & Bleed” valve? Why we need a bleed valve? When
do we use this?
Answer: The primary purpose of a “Double Block & Bleed” is Safety. However it is not
fail safe. The next better “Safety” set -up would be Double Block Valve with a Spec
Blind between the valves. The higher level of safety would be double block valves with
a removable spool for absolute isolation.

43. In a typical tie-in where should the spectacle blind be inserted? a) after block
valve and towards existing plant b) before block valve and towards new plant.
Explain why.
Answer: The Spec Blind shall be placed on the Unit side of the Unit Block valves. This
placement allows for the closing of the Unit isolation block valve, the unit side is
depressured and drained. Then the spec blind can be installed for isolation of the unit.

44. “Stress intensification factor (SIF)” Where do we use this? Explain this term.
How many types of these SIF ’s exist?
Answer: Stress Intensification Factor (SIF) is a multiplier on nominal stress for
typically bend and intersection components so that the effect of geometry and welding
can be considered in a beam analysis. Stress Intensification Factors form the basis of
most stress analysis of piping systems. As for the quantity, ask a Stress Engineer.

45. When all design parameters are same, whose thermal expansion is higher among
the following? A)Carbon steel b) Stainless steel c) Duplex steel d) Cast Iron e)
Galvanized Carbon steel.

Answer: b) Stainless steel

46. In a hose station the hose couplings used for water, air & steam should be
different type. Do you agree? Explain your view.
Answer: I agree. If they are all the same then the hoses can be connected to the
wrong services and could result in the injury of an operator (i.e.: thinking the hose is
connected to water when it is connected to steam).

47. What is your view on the usage of Metallic expansion joints? When they
become necessary and when they could be avoided?

Answer: I do everything I can as a piping designer to avoid the use of all types of
expansion joints. Expansion joints are always the weakest point in any system
where they are used.

48. A water cooler heat exchanger, located on a 20 m high structural

platform. Water header is located u/g. What precaution do you take, in case of
Pressure loss in cooling water header?
Answer: I do not understand this question it does not appear to be a piping issue. I
would assume that the cooling water system has a (loss of) pressure sensor and the
plant shut-down alarms and sequence would be activated.

49. In what order do you arrange the pipes in the Pipe rack and why? How
much % of area should be reserved for Future expansion? Specify a range.
Answer: The largest hottest lines on the outside edge of the pipe rack working in with
cooler lines in towards the middle of the rack. This allows the longer loop legs as you
lay the loops back over the other lines to the other side of the rack and back. The
lower temperature loops would be “nested” inside the larger, hotter loops.
“Future rack space” is normally at the direction of the Client. It may be anything from 0%
to as much as 25%

50. Rack elevation and Piping arrangement over Rack, Distance between two
pipes

Rack elevation and piping arrangement are crucial for efficient piping design. Distance between two pipes
depends on the fluid being transported.
 Rack elevation should be considered while designing piping layout to avoid clashes and ensure
proper support.
 Piping arrangements over rack should be designed to minimize stress on the rack and ensure easy
maintenance.
 Distance between two pipes depends on the fluid being transported, its temperature, pressure, and
flow rate.
 For example, the distance between two pipes carrying hot fluids should be more than those carrying
cold fluids to avoid heat transfer.
 Similarly, the distance between two pipes carrying corrosive fluids should be more to avoid
corrosion due to contact.
 Proper spacing between pipes also ensures easy access for maintenance and inspection.

51. How to place a pump with respect to Rack?

The pump should be placed in a location that allows for easy maintenance and operation, while also
considering the space and weight limitations of the rack.
 Consider the flow direction and orientation of the pump
 Ensure there is enough space for maintenance and repair
 Take into account the weight of the pump and its impact on the rack
 Consider the location of other equipment and piping in the area

52. About vendor drawing,wt are the types of remark up comments by you
Where to use concentric reducer Where to use?
Vendor drawing basically we use for equipment data like nozzle rating eqp thickness nozzle size eqp
size etc..
We use concentric reducer in discharge nozzle of a pump or in vertical lines where we need leminar
flow

53. What is the pipe rack?

A pipe rack is a structure used to support pipes and other equipment in a plant or industrial facility.
 Pipe racks are typically made of steel and are designed to withstand the weight of the pipes and
equipment they support.
 They are used to organize and route pipes throughout a facility, allowing for easy access and
maintenance.
 Pipe racks can be located indoors or outdoors, and can be designed to accommodate a variety of
pipe sizes and configurations.
 They are an essential component of many industrial processes, including oil and gas production,
chemical manufacturing, and power generation.

54. How many types of Piperack?

There are several types of Piperack’s used in piping engineering.
 Piperack’s can be classified based on their design and function.
 Common types include single-tier Piperack’s, multi-tier Piperack’s, and modular Piperack’s.
 Single-tier Piperack’s are used for smaller piping systems, while multi-tier Piperack’s are used for
larger systems.
 Modular Piperack’s are pre-fabricated and can be easily assembled on-site.
 Other types include bridge Piperack’s, cantilever Piperack’s, and trapeze Piperack’s.

55. What precaution should be taken before starting any confined space
work.?

Precautions before starting confined space work

 Identify the confined space and assess the hazards
 Ensure proper ventilation and air quality testing
 Use appropriate personal protective equipment
 Have a rescue plan in place and train all workers involved
 Obtain necessary permits and follow all safety regulations
 Communicate clearly with all workers involved in the job
 56. Pump and exchanger Piping arrangement and

57. Asme standard for flanges

ASME B16.5 is the standard for flanges in piping design.

 ASME B16.5 is the most commonly used standard for flanges in piping systems.
 It provides dimensions, materials, and pressure-temperature ratings for flanges.
 The standard covers flanges from 1/2 inch to 24 inches in size.
 ASME B16.5 also specifies various flange facing types, such as raised face (RF) and ring joint
(RTJ).
 It is important for a piping designer to be familiar with ASME B16.5 to ensure proper flange
selection and compatibility.

58. Where the smooth finish flange & serrated finish flange finds its use?
Smooth finish flanges are used for low pressure applications, while serrated finish flanges are used for high
pressure applications.
 Smooth finish flanges have a flat surface and are typically used in low pressure systems.
 Serrated finish flanges have a grooved surface and are used in high pressure systems to provide
better grip and sealing.
 Smooth finish flanges are commonly used in water supply systems, HVAC systems, and low-
pressure pipelines.
 Serrated finish flanges are often used in oil and gas pipelines, chemical processing plants, and high-
pressure steam systems.
 serrated faces are mainly used for gasket placement and it provides high holding pressure due to its
blade type groove in serration.
 smooth face are normally used for rubber gaskets and low pressure, non toxic lines.
 this is my point of view only. please research prior to implement.

59. Pump suction components?

Flat Side Up(FSU) Reducer, 5d spool, Y-type(below 10") Strainer or Basket type (above 10"), 1d spool, Gate valve.

Piping components of pump piping include suction and discharge piping, valves, fittings, strainers, and
supports.
 Suction piping: connects the pump to the source of liquid being pumped
 Discharge piping: carries the pumped liquid away from the pump
 Valves: control the flow of liquid through the piping system
 Fittings: connect the piping components together
 Strainers: remove any debris or particles from the liquid before it enters the pump
 Supports: hold the piping system in place and prevent sagging or movement

60. Different types of pump. Which standard is used for line sizing.
API, ISO, and ANSI are the most commonly used standards for line sizing of different types of pumps.
 Different types of pumps include centrifugal, positive displacement, and axial flow pumps.
 API 610 is used for centrifugal pumps, ISO 13709 for heavy-duty centrifugal pumps, and ANSI/HI
9.6.3 for positive displacement pumps.
  Line sizing is important to ensure proper flow rate and pressure drop in the system.
 Factors such as fluid properties, temperature, and viscosity should also be considered in line sizing
calculations.

61. Types of instruments and application

Types of instruments used in piping engineering and their applications
 Pressure gauges - measure pressure in pipes to ensure safe operation
 Flow meters - measure the flow rate of fluids in pipes for monitoring purposes
 Temperature sensors - monitor the temperature of fluids in pipes to prevent overheating
 Level indicators - indicate the level of fluids in tanks connected to pipes for control purposes
 Control valves - regulate the flow of fluids in pipes to maintain desired conditions

62. P&ID and PFD difference and full form

P&ID stands for Piping and Instrumentation Diagram, while PFD stands for Process Flow Diagram. They
are both used in engineering to represent processes and systems.
 P&ID shows the piping of the process flow system, including the equipment and instrumentation
used.
 PFD shows the overall flow of the process, including major equipment and control loops.
 P&ID includes more detailed information like pipe sizes, materials, and instrumentation symbols.
 PFD is more of a high-level overview of the process flow.
 Both diagrams are essential in the design and operation of process plants.

63. Pipe routing with slope of 1:50

Pipe routing with slope of 1:50

 Slope of 1:50 means for every 50 units of horizontal distance, the pipe should rise 1 unit vertically
 Ensure proper drainage by maintaining the slope throughout the piping system
 Use slope indicators and level gauges to ensure accuracy
 Consider the type of fluid being transported and adjust slope accordingly

64. What is the procedure of differentiate between 304 & 316

04 and 316 can be differentiated by their chemical composition and physical properties.
 304 contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel while 316 contains 16% chromium, 10% nickel, and
2% molybdenum.
 316 is more resistant to corrosion and pitting than 304.
 316 is commonly used in marine environments and chemical processing plants while 304 is used in
food processing and brewing industries.
 The magnetic properties of 304 and 316 also differ, with 304 being magnetic and 316 being non-
magnetic.

65. What is flare system.?

A flare system is a safety device used in refineries and chemical plants to burn off excess gases and prevent
explosions.
 Flare systems are used to burn off excess gases that cannot be processed or stored.
 They are designed to prevent explosions by safely disposing of flammable gases.
 Flare systems are typically used in refineries, chemical plants, and oil rigs.
 They consist of a tall stack with a burner at the top, which ignites the gases and burns them off.
 Flare systems are an important safety feature in the oil and gas industry.
 66. Equipment layout considerations

Equipment layout considerations are crucial for efficient and safe plant operation.
 Equipment should be arranged to minimize piping runs and reduce pressure drop.
 Equipment should be located to allow for easy maintenance access.
 Equipment should be placed to minimize potential hazards and allow for safe operation.
 Consideration should be given to future expansion and flexibility in equipment layout.
 Equipment should be arranged to optimize process flow and minimize interference with other
equipment.
 Examples include pumps, compressors, heat exchangers, and vessels.

67. Maintenance perspective required for layout.

Maintenance perspective is essential for layout design to ensure ease of access, efficient inspection, and
cost-effective maintenance.
 Consider accessibility of equipment and components for maintenance activities.
 Ensure sufficient space for maintenance personnel to perform tasks comfortably.
 Design layout to facilitate easy inspection and troubleshooting of piping systems.
 Incorporate maintenance-friendly features like removable sections or access panels.
 Optimize layout to minimize maintenance costs and downtime.
 Consider safety aspects to prevent accidents during maintenance activities.

68. Manpower vs productivity

Manpower vs productivity is a comparison between the number of workers and their efficiency in
achieving desired outcomes.
 Manpower refers to the number of workers available for a task or project.
 Productivity measures the efficiency and effectiveness of those workers in achieving desired
outcomes.
 The relationship between manpower and productivity is important for resource allocation and
project success.
 Increasing manpower without considering productivity can lead to inefficiencies and increased
costs.
 Improving productivity through training, technology, and process optimization can lead to better
outcomes with fewer workers.
 Balancing manpower and productivity require careful planning, monitoring, and continuous
improvement.
 For example, a construction project with a large workforce but low productivity may experience
delays and cost overruns.
 On the other hand, a project with a smaller but highly productive team may achieve better results
within budget and schedule.

Manpower planning which is also called as human resource planning consists of putting right number of
people, right kind of people at the right place, right time, doing the right things for which they are suited
for the achievement of goals of organizations.
1.analysing the current manpower inventory
2.making future manpower forecast
3.developing employment programs

69. What is the headroom clearance?

Headroom clearance is the vertical distance between the highest point of a piping system and the ceiling or
any obstruction above it.
  Headroom clearance is important to ensure safe and efficient installation and maintenance of piping
systems.
 It is typically specified in building codes and industry standards.
 The required headroom clearance may vary depending on the type of piping system and its location.
 For example, a steam piping system may require a larger headroom clearance than a water piping
system.
 Headroom clearance should also take into account any insulation or protective covering on the
piping system.

70. What is head room or Head clearance?

Head room or Head clearance 2.2M to 2.5M

71. What is Operating hight?

Operating height refers to the vertical distance from the base of a piping system to the highest point it
operates at.
 Operating height is an important consideration in piping design as it affects the pressure and flow
characteristics of the system.
 It is typically measured from the reference point or datum of the system.
 Operating height can vary depending on the specific application and requirements.
 For example, in a water distribution system, the operating height would be the distance from the
ground to the highest point of the water tank.
 In an oil refinery, the operating height could refer to the vertical distance from the bottom of a
distillation column to the top of a condenser.

72. What is code in pipe?

Codes in pipe refer to the set of standards and regulations that govern the design, fabrication, installation,
and inspection of piping systems.
 Codes ensure that piping systems are designed and constructed to meet safety, performance, and
reliability requirements.
 Common codes in pipe include ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3, and API 570.
 Codes cover various aspects such as material selection, pipe sizing, pressure ratings, welding
procedures, and testing requirements.
 Adherence to codes is crucial to ensure the integrity and functionality of piping systems.
 Failure to comply with codes can result in safety hazards, legal issues, and project delays.

73. What is To do list in SP3D, Which type of error may be there, how to
encounter them.
Todo list in SP3D is a list of tasks to be completed. Errors may include missing information or incorrect
data.
 Todo list in SP3D is a list of tasks that need to be completed in the software.
 Errors in the to do list may include missing information or incorrect data.
 To encounter these errors, the user should carefully review the todo list and ensure that all
necessary information is provided.
 For example, if a piping designer forgets to include a valve in the todo list, this could result in
errors in the final design.
 Regularly reviewing and updating the todo list can help prevent errors and ensure that all tasks are
completed on time.
 74. Piping code and standards. 2. what to take care while piping routine. 3.
piping support standards

Answering questions related to piping code, standards, routine, and support standards.
 Piping codes and standards ensure safety and compliance with regulations.
 Piping routine should consider factors like pressure, temperature, and fluid properties.
 Piping support standards dictate the design and installation of supports for the piping system.
 Examples of piping codes and standards include ASME B31.1, B31.3, and B31.4.
 Piping routine should also consider factors like corrosion, erosion, and vibration.
 Piping support standards include ASME B31.1, B31.3, and B31.4, as well as MSS SP-58 and SP-
69.

75. What's the standard c.s pipe?

The standard CS pipe refers to carbon steel pipe commonly used in piping systems.
 Carbon steel pipe is widely used in various industries for transporting fluids and gases.
 It is known for its strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion.
 Common types of carbon steel pipe include seamless, welded, and galvanized pipes.
 The standard specifications for carbon steel pipe are determined by organizations like ASTM and
ASME.
 Examples of standard carbon steel pipe specifications include ASTM A106, ASTM A53, and API
5L.

76. What is the basic difference between Pipe specification A106 Gr.A /
Gr.B/ Gr.C.?

The basic difference between Pipe specification A106 Gr.A / Gr.B/ Gr.C is the carbon content and
mechanical properties.
 A106 Gr.A has the lowest carbon content and is suitable for low-temperature applications.
 A106 Gr.B has a slightly higher carbon content and is commonly used for high-temperature
applications.
 A106 Gr.C has the highest carbon content and offers better mechanical properties. Tensile strength
also higher in Gr C as compared to Gr A and GrB
 Gr.B and Gr.C are interchangeable in terms of pressure and temperature ratings.
 The choice of grade depends on the specific requirements of the piping system.
 Gr.A CARBON PERCENTAGE 0.25%
 Gr.B CARBON PERCENTAGE 0.30%
 Gr.C CARBON PERCENTAGE 0.35%
In my opinion, A106 is only known for Seamless (Seamless carbon pipe) products available in three steel grades
A,B,C.

77. What is the most commonly used material for Gasket?

Asbestos is commonly used for gasket

78. How can flanges be classified based on face finish?

Flanges can be classified based on face finish into several types.

 Raised face flanges
 Flat face flanges
 Ring type joint flanges
 Tongue and groove flanges
  Male and female flanges

79. Describe about hydro test of piping

Hydro test is a process of testing the strength and integrity of piping by filling it with water and
pressurizing it.
 Hydro test is conducted to ensure that the piping system can withstand the design pressure and is
free from leaks.
 The piping is filled with water and pressurized to a specified pressure for a specified duration.
 During the test, the piping is visually inspected for leaks, bulges, or any other deformities.
 The test pressure is usually 1.5 times the design pressure of the piping system.
 After the test, the water is drained and the piping is dried to prevent corrosion.
 Hydro testing is a critical step in ensuring the safety and reliability of piping systems.

80. What is difference between piping and pipeline?

Piping refers to the system of pipes used to transport fluids within a facility, while a pipeline is a long-
distance transportation system for fluids or gases.
 Piping is typically used within a facility or plant, while pipelines are used for long-distance
transportation.
 Piping systems are usually smaller in diameter and operate at lower pressures compared to
pipelines.
 Piping systems are often designed for specific processes within a facility, while pipelines are
designed for continuous transportation.
 Examples of piping include plumbing systems in buildings, while examples of pipelines include oil
or gas pipelines.
 Piping systems may have multiple branches and connections, while pipelines are usually straight
and have limited connections.

81. How many types of primary support?

There are several types of primary supports in piping engineering.

 Primary supports are used to anchor and support the weight of the piping system.
 Common types of primary supports include pipe shoes, pipe clamps, and hangers.
 Pipe shoes are used to support the weight of the pipe at specific intervals.
 Pipe clamps are used to hold the pipe in place and prevent movement.
 Hangers are used to suspend the pipe from a structure or support beam.
 Other types of primary supports include spring supports, constant supports, and rod hangers.
(1) rest support (2) guide support (3) hold down support (4) line stop support (5) trunnion (6) shoe support

82. What is nozzle orientation height?

Nozzle orientation height refers to the vertical distance between the centerline of a nozzle and a reference
point.
 Nozzle orientation height is an important parameter in piping engineering.
 It is used to determine the elevation of a nozzle in relation to other components in a piping system.
 The height is measured from a reference point, which is typically a horizontal plane or a specific
equipment datum.
 Nozzle orientation height is crucial for proper alignment and installation of piping components.
 It helps ensure that the nozzle connections align correctly with other equipment or piping systems.
 For example, in a pump installation, the nozzle orientation height is used to position the pump inlet
and outlet nozzles at the correct elevation.
 Nozzle orientation height can also affect the flow characteristics and performance of a piping
system.
  Proper calculation and consideration of nozzle orientation height are essential for efficient and safe
operation.
 Software tools and engineering standards provide guidelines for determining the nozzle orientation
height.

83. What is Difference between tank and vessel?

A tank is a container used for storing liquids or gases, while a vessel is a broader term that includes tanks
and other types of containers.
 A tank is typically used for storing large quantities of liquids or gases, such as water tanks or fuel
tanks.
 A vessel can refer to any type of container used for holding substances, including tanks, pressure
vessels, and reactors.
 Tanks are usually designed for storage purposes, while vessels may have additional functions like
mixing, heating, or cooling.
 Tanks are often cylindrical or rectangular in shape, while vessels can have various shapes
depending on their specific purpose.
 Examples of vessels include distillation columns, heat exchangers, and storage tanks for chemicals.

84. How many inlet or outlets in heat exchanger

The number of inlet or outlets in a heat exchanger depends on its design and purpose.
 Heat exchangers can have multiple inlet and outlet connections.
 The number of inlets and outlets can vary based on the type and size of the heat exchanger.
 Some heat exchangers may have separate inlets and outlets for different fluids.
 In a shell and tube heat exchanger, there are typically two inlets and two outlets, one for each fluid.
 Plate heat exchangers can have multiple inlets and outlets depending on the number of plates.

85. What's the rating s.s.?

The rating s.s. refers to the rating of stainless steel used in piping design.
 The rating s.s. is a measure of the pressure and temperature capabilities of the stainless-steel
material.
 It determines the maximum pressure and temperature at which the stainless steel can safely operate.
 Different grades of stainless steel have different ratings based on their composition and properties.
 For example, a common rating for stainless steel used in piping design is ANSI/ASME B16.5 Class
150.
 This rating indicates that the stainless steel can handle a maximum pressure of 150 pounds per
square inch.

86. Min spool between tee and elbow

The minimum spool length between a tee and an elbow is determined by the required clearance for
installation and maintenance purposes.
 The minimum spool length is typically determined by the manufacturer's recommendations or
industry standards.
 Factors such as pipe size, material, and operating conditions can also influence the minimum spool
length.
 For example, a common recommendation is to have a minimum spool length of 2 times the pipe
diameter between a tee and an elbow.
 87. Fpso module experience
Yes, I have experience in designing modules for FPSOs.
 I have designed modules for FPSOs such as process modules, utility modules, and accommodation
modules.
 I am familiar with the requirements and standards for FPSO module design, such as DNVGL-ST-
0358 and ABS Guide for Building and Classing Floating Production Installations.
 I have worked with various software tools for module design, such as PDMS, E3D, and AutoCAD.
 I have collaborated with other disciplines such as structural, electrical, and instrumentation to
ensure the modules are designed to meet project requirements.
 I have also been involved in the fabrication and installation of the modules on site.

88. Slops of FPSO from foreword to AFT and AFT to foreword

The slops of an FPSO from forward to aft and aft to forward.

 Slops refer to the angle of inclination of the ship's deck.
 The slope of an FPSO from forward to aft is usually positive, while the slope from aft to forward is
usually negative.
 The slope is designed to ensure that any liquids on the deck flow towards the drainage points.
 The slope can vary depending on the specific design of the FPSO and the requirements of the
project.

"When doing piping design /detail engineering, I apply both design &
Operational exp. while developing 3D Model design as well applying
strong exp. in the field of plant revamping project activities at site.

I feel myself a strong candidate for the position because I have wide
range of strong EPC piping design /detailing exp. in the Green filed &
majorly in the brown filed Revamp projects detail engineering
including plant modification projects (PMP) at Petrochemical owner
operator company.

emotional aspects in equal proportion. For instance, I'm trained in

SEO and understand how to use analytics to ensure a marketing
campaign is successful, but I also majored in design and know how to
apply creativity to a project as well."