THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION (ppt)

- the anchor of the Filipino life.

- one of the areas of the contemporary social life that globalization refers to
for worldwide interconnectedness.
RELIGION
- has affected their attitudes, characters and perspectives.
- This is not only true to Filipinos but also true to most of the former “Third
World,” developing countries, and even the west.

- gave rise to religious nationalism

GLOBALIZATION - led to the turn of religion into public life
IN RELIGION - affected the proliferation of international terrorism
- Prompted the increase of individual religiosity

- also influences religion.

- Because of migration, globalization has forced the appearance of
GLOBAL “religious traditions in places where traditions of these kind had
MIGRATION been unknown of or considered a minority.”
- This is called deterritorialization of religion.
- Also resulted in the “easternization of the west”

*Although the west is the starting point for the spread of world religions, the west is
now the recipient of new system of beliefs from the east. Thus, there is a rise in the
number of believers of Asian religions like Zoroastrianism, Confucianism ,Buddhism, and
Taoism.
At one end, religion is influenced by global trends and is forced to respond to such
situations. (e.g. use of social media for evangelization)

GLOBAL – LOCAL - Is the result of the interaction of religion and culture.

RELIGION - It is a global religion with a local mix.

FOUR (4) DISTINCT RELIGION BY Roudometof (2014)

- blending of universal religions with local languages.
 e.g. Arabic is used as Islam’s sacred language even outside
the Arab world, while Greek and Latin remains to be the
1. Vernacularization
primary languages of Christianity.
- resulted to the creation of new branches of religion such
as Orthodox Christianity which stems from Christianity.

- transforms a universal religion to suit the specifics of a

particular ethnic group.
2. Indigenization  Ex.-Practice of Islam by various ethnic groups in the
Zamboanga peninsula;blending of African traditional Forms
of religiosity in Brazil and the Carribean.
 - constructs a link between the nation and the church
- Religious institutions relate to national identities and the
3. Nationalization
realities of that nation.

- complemented religious nationalization by focusing groups on

identifying specific religious traditions of real or imagined
4. Transnationalization national homeland.
 (ex. Iglesia ni Cristo-national in scope but has an
international reach that is easily identified as Filipino)

**The globalization of religion brought two opposing results. Religion has been
a source of global conflict and peace (starting from the late 20th century).

- Linking the Muslims to the Jihadist attack in Britain in the London Bridge
attack (2017)
- Jewish extremist in Israel were accused of targeting and beating
EVENTS
Palestinians (2017)
- The American-based organization New Christian Right questioned the
teaching of evolution in schools (2017)

With all these events, religion should not be the only one to be blamed as the
cause of conflicts. There are other global factors.
The point is not the global conflicts, but the role of religion in these conflicts.
Contrarywise, religion is also a source of peace. It plays a vital role in man’s search
for peace.

RELIGION AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

- defined as a specific or fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally

agreed upon by a number of persons or sects.
- influence practices, and rules to be followed in the Global Economy
- flattens cultural differences
- Due Religion, many individuals, or groups, act as one no matter where
RELIGION they are due to the common beliefs they have within their religion.
- affects Globalization in two ways. It could either promote it considering the
common beliefs of individuals from different places, or do the opposite due
to the differences of several religions that coexist with one another.
- influences politics, the people involved, the globe, or the
- society as a whole.
 THE SPREAD OF RELIGIONS AROUND THE WORLD

Religions adapt and spread globally through various means, such as missionary efforts,
pilgrimages, and diasporas. Historical figures like Charlemagne used force to enforce
Christianity in Europe, while the dispersion of Jews led to the global spread of Judaism.
African religions fused with others during the slave trade. In the modern era, globalization
and premodernization play a crucial role in the revival of religions.

Contemporary examples include Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons actively spreading

their faith worldwide through door-to-door visits and global missions. The association
between religion and fertility is noted, with some religious groups encouraging large families
to ensure the continuity of their faith through generations.

The strategic aspect of higher birth rates in certain religious groups is acknowledged,
emphasizing the long-term goal of passing down beliefs to future generations. The question is
raised about whether having more children to propagate one's religion is a commendable
approach. Additionally, the influence of relocation on religious affiliation is considered,
pondering whether people move to be near those of the same faith or simply adopt the
religion of their upbringing. The role of Puritans in shaping America's Christian identity is also
briefly questioned.

THE INFLUENCE OF GLOBALIZATION TO RELIGION

- Evolving trade routes

WHEN DID - E.g. (Silk road from Asia to European countries) led to
GLOBALIZATION colonization of the Asia, Africa, Central and South America
START TO - Religion became an integral part of colonization and later on
INFLUENCE globalization.
RELIGION? - Religion has been a major feature in some historical conflicts and
the most recent wave of modern terrorism.

RELIGION: FOR or AGAINST GLOBALIZATION

Globalization refers to the historical process by which all the world's people increasingly come
to live in a single social unit.

Religion, generally, is a system of beliefs and practices.

- the word comes from the Latin "religare" which means "to bind together again that which
was once bound but has since been torn apart or broken."
 - Globalization has facilitated easier communication and
transportation, thereby simplifying the dissemination of religious
information.
- Globalized technology, particularly websites, facilitates universal
access to information on various religions and promotes global
RELIGION TAKES discussions. Additionally, television, through dedicated channels,
ADVANTAGE OF visually disseminates religious teachings to a broad audience.
GLOBALIZATION - Religions have converged in the global space of the information
superhighway, where teachings reach every home and monitor
worldwide.
- Globalization fosters regular and inevitable contact among
previously isolated religions. This exposure reveals the shared
values among religions, challenging the notion of a single "correct"
belief system and promoting the potential for change.

Globalization, while fostering connectivity, can strain relationships, widen gaps between
differing beliefs, fuel anti-globalism movements, and contribute to the rise of religious
terrorism. Additionally, it may erode traditional values, weaken religious beliefs, reinforce
specific identities, and intensify conflicts and competition among various religions.

Globalization's consumer culture influences women's dress, with the veil becoming a
sought-after commodity, even among highly educated and affluent individuals. In places like
Indonesia, designer veils influenced by global fashion hubs signify high social status,
resembling branded items. This transformation of religious attire into consumer goods reflects
the impact of consumerism on traditional values, blurring the lines between spiritual beliefs
and materialistic trends.

In conclusion, the relationship between globalization and religion is intricate, presenting

both opportunities and challenges. Despite potential negatives, it is crucial for students to act
with respect towards others, even those with differing beliefs.

 Abigail - a lady's maid
 Ablution - ritual washing
 Janiform - having two
faces
 Jeepable - able to be
traversed by jeep
 Kainotophobia - fear of
change
15 UNUSUAL TERMS
 Macropicide - killer of
kangaroos
 Paean - song of
thanksgiving
 Ranivorous - eating frogs
 Ultimo - of last month
 Wasserman - man-
shaped sea monster
 Xenagogue - guide;
someone who conducts
strangers
 Xenium - gift made to a
guest or ambassador; any
compulsory gift
 Xenobiotic - indicating a
substance or item foreign
to the body
 Xenocracy - government
by a body of foreigners
 Xenodocheionology -
love of hotels
 THE GLOBAL CITY (ppt)

Why Study Global City?

Globalization is spatial
✓Globalization is spatial because it occurs in physical spaces
✓Globalization is spatial because what makes it move is the fact that is based in places

DEFINING GLOBAL CITY - Saskia Sassen

o Define global city were it is primary economic
o Identified three global cities; New York, Tokyo and London
Top 10 Billionaire City (New York, Hong Kong, San Francisco, Moscow, London, Beijing,
Singapore, Dubai, Mumbai, Shenzhen)

The Global City identified in four ways

1. key locations for finance and specialized service firms, which have
DEFINITIONS replaced manufacturing as the leading economic services;
2. sites of production, including the production of innovations, in leading
Saskia Sassen industries;
(1991)'s 3. highly concentrated command points in the organization of the world
economy;
4. markets for the products and innovations. produced.

**Other commentators expanded the criteria that Sassen used to determined what
constitutes global city

San Francisco as Global City since it is the home or the hub of world internet and services
provider that connect people.

CHINESE ECONOMY
Although Chinese economy down but later on cope up and bring industry goes up
because of their production and services.
Almost of our products here in our country (not only in Philippines are made in china.
Thus, the impact of their economy alive since they create profit from us by buying their
products.

SYDNEY ; MELBOURNE
Commentators expanded the criteria of it should be a GREAT PLACE TO LIVE IN
Sydney is the Australia center of globalization because of big investment poted in the
city, but in the other hand Melbourne has the attribute of great place to live since it has good
security, good education and its has excellent services and education which one of reasons
why foreign lived and migrated.

GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY: GLOBAL CITY (ppt)

THE GLOBAL CITY:
  Also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, is a city which is a
primary node in the global economic network.
 Cities in the globalizing world although globalization certainly affects rural and urban
areas, global forces are centered in cities.

GLOBALIZATION is in the cities that global operations are centralized and where we can
see most clearly that phenomena associated with their activities, whether it be changes in the
structure of employment, the formation of powerful partnerships, the development of
monumental real estate, the emergence of new forms of local governance, the effects of
organized crime, the expansion of corruption, the fragmentation of informal networks or the
spatial isolation and social exclusion of certain population groups.

GLOBALISATION is the reason for the increase in the number of people living in urban areas

DEFINING THE GLOBAL CITY

A Global City is a city generally considered to be a important node in the global

economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rest that
globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated, and enacted in strategic
geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global
system of finance and trade. The most complex of these entities is the "global city", whereby
the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through socio-
economic means.

The use of "global city", as opposed to "megacity", was popularized by sociologist

Saskia Sassan in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo though the term
"world city" to describe cities that control a disproportionate amount of global business dates
to at least the May 1886 description of Liverpool by The Illustrated London News. Patrick
Geddes also used the term "world city" later in 1915. Cities can also fall from such
categorization, as in the case of cities that have become less cosmopolitan and less
internationally renowned in the current era.

Limiting the discussion of global cities to these three metropolises, however, is proving
more and more restrictive. The global economy has changed significantly since Sassan wrote
her book and any account of the economic power of the cities today must take note of the
latest development.

 Attributes of global cities.

 Economic power.
 Economic opportunities: Make it attractive to talents across the world.
 Economic competitiveness. Criteria in market size, purchasing power of
INDICATORS
citizens, size of the middle class and potential growth.
FOR
 Center of authority.
GLOBILITY.
 Political influence: Powerful political hubs exert influence on their own
countries as well on international affairs
 Center of higher learning and culture.
 Economic power: Determines which cities are global

 The foremost characteristic is economic power. Sassen remains correct in saying that
economic power largely determines which cities are global.
 Economic opportunities in a global city make it attractive to talents from across the world.
 Since the 1970s, many of the top IT programmers and engineers from Asia have moved to
the San Francisco Bay area to become some of the key figures in silicon valley's
technology.
 London remains a preferred destination for many Filipinos with nursing degrees.
 To measure the economic competitiveness of a city, the economist intelligence unit has
added other criteria like market size, purchasing power of citizens, and potential for
growth.
 Global cities are also centers of authority.
 Global cities are centers of higher learning and culture.

Today, Global cities become culturally diverse. In a global city, one can try cuisines from
different parts of the world. Because of their large Turkish populations, for example, berlin
and Tokyo offer some of the best Turkish food one can find outside of turkey

Manila is not very global because of the dearth of foreign residents, but Singapore is

THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES

 Global cities conjure up images of fast placed, exciting, cosmopolitan lifestyles.

 They can be sites of great inequality and poverty as well as tremendous violence.
 Global cities create winners and losers.
 As Richard Florida notes:
"Ecologists have found that by concentrating their populations in smaller areas, cities
and metros decrease human encroachment on natural habitats. Denser settlement
patterns yield energy savings, apartment buildings, for example, are more efficient to
heat and cool than detached suburban houses."
 Moreover, in cities with extensive public transportation systems, people tend to drive
less and thereby cut carbon emissions.

˃ More importantly, because of the massiveness of city populations across the world, it is
not surprising that urban areas consume most of the world's energy.
˃ Cities only cover 2% of the world's landmass, but they consume 78% of global energy.
˃ Therefore, if carbon emissions must be cut to prevent global warming, this massive energy
consumption in cities must be curbed.
˃ This action will require a lot of creativity.
˃ The major terror attacks of recent years have also targeted cities. ➤Cities, especially
those with global influence, are obvious targets for terrorists due to their high populations
and their role as symbols of globalization that many terrorists despise.
˃ The same attributes that make them attractive to workers and migrants make them sites
of potential terrorist violence

THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR

 We have consistently noted that economic globalization has paved the way for massive
inequality. This phenomenon is thus very pronounced in cities.
 As the city attracts more capital and richer residents are forced to relocate to far away
but cheaper areas. This phenomenon of driving out the poor in favor of newer,
wealthier residents is called GENTRIFICATION.
 Once living in the public urban housing, they were forced to move farther away from
city centers that offer more jobs, more government services, and better transportation
due to gentrification. In France, poor Muslim migrants are forced out of Paris and have
clustered around ethnic enclaves known as banlieue.
 In most of the world's global cities, the middle class is also thinning out.
 Globalization creates high income jobs that are concentrated in global cities. These high
earners, in turn, generate demand for an unskilled labor force that will attend to their
increasing needs.
 Meanwhile, many middle-income jobs in manufacturing and business process outsourcing
are moving to other countries.
 This hallowing out of the middle class in global cities has heightened the inequality within
them.
 A large global city may thus be a paradise for some, but a suffering for others.

CONCLUSION
Global cities, as noted in this lesson, are sites and mediums of globalization. They are,
therefore, material representations of the phenomenon. Through them, we see the best of
globalization; they are places that create exciting fusions of culture and ideas. They are also
places that generate tremendous wealth. However, they remain sites of great inequality,
where global servants serve global entrepreneurs. The question of how globalization can be
made more just is partly a question of how people make their cities more just.