Calumpit National High School

Calumpang, Calumpit, Bulacan

The Repercussions of Sleep Deprivation on The Academic Performance of

Grade 9 Students.

A Research Proposal in Partial fulfillment of Requirements in Research 1

Submitted to:

Ms. Emily DC. De Jesus

Researchers:

Bulanadi, Prince Jomer A.

Samson, John Andrei DG.

Caparas, Jochelle A.

De Vera, Erica G.

Salvador, Heart Hernalize M.

Maniacop, Muriah Joy B.

Table Of Contents

Title Page

Definition of Terms

Chapter 1: Introduction

Background of study

Statement of the problem

Objective of the study

Research Question/Hypothesis

Limitation and Scope of the Study

Significance of the study

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

Related Theories

Related Studies

The Conceptual Framework

Chapter 3: Methodology

Research Design

Sample Design

Data Collection Methods

Data Analysis Method

References
Definition Of Terms

Sleep Deprivation - a state caused by inadequate quantity or quality of sleep, including voluntary

or involuntary sleeplessness and circadian rhythm sleep disorders.

Repercussion - an unintended consequence occurring sometime after an event or action,

especially an unwelcome one.

Ethnic- relating to large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal,

religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background ethnic minorities ethnic enclaves.

Concrete Data- type is a data type whose representation is known and relied upon by the

programmers who use the data type.

Cut corners - undertake something in what appears to be the easiest, quickest, or cheapest way,

especially by omitting to do something important or ignoring rules

Ramification - a consequence of an action or event, especially when complex or unwelcome

Sleep Debt - the difference between the amount of sleep someone needs and the amount they

actually get.

Neurocognitive Domains - the purpose of classifying neurocognitive disorders.

Overarching - to indicate that you are talking about something that includes or affects everything

or everyone.

Upper Pons - part of the brainstem that in humans and other bipeds lies inferior to the midbrain,

superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum.

Pedunculopontine - The pedunculopontine nucleus or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus is a

collection of neurons located in the upper pons in the brainstem.

Lateral Dorsal Tegmental Nuclei - a nucleus situated in the brainstem, spanning the midbrain

tegmentum and the pontine tegmentum.

Thalamus - your thalamus is an egg-shaped structure in the middle of your brain.

Cerebral Cortex - a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian

brain.

Orexin-hypocretins - a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite.

Vigor - active bodily or mental strength or force.

Circadian Oscillator - networks of biochemical feedback loops that generate 24-hour rhythms in

organisms from bacteria to animals.

Diminish - emphasizes a perceptible loss and implies its subtraction from a total.

Hemostatic Mechanism - Hemostasis is the mechanism that leads to cessation of bleeding from a

blood vessel.

Neurogenesis - Neurogenesis is the formation of neurons de novo—the hallmark of a developing

brain.

Systematic Sampling - a probability sampling method where researchers select members of the

population at a regular interval.

Quantitative Analysis - a technique that uses mathematical and statistical modeling,

measurement, and research to understand behavior.

Central Tendency - a central or typical value for a probability distribution.

\
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The time you spend as a high school student can be both fun and rewarding. At the same

time, these are likely to be some of your life's busiest years. Balancing all the demands on your

time—a full course load, extracurricular activities, socializing with friends, plus the COVID-19

pandemic that has taken the world along with our lives by storm—surely can be quite

challenging. And if you also work or have family commitments, it can feel like there just aren’t

enough hours in the day to accomplish all that needs to be done.

We sleep for nearly a third of our lives. Sleep is crucial for our bodies, just like eating,

drinking, and breathing. However, daily tasks and obligations can consume a significant amount

of time, and with so many competing priorities, sacrificing sleep may feel like the only way to

get everything done. But the question that a lot of students may not know the answer to still

remains. What significant effects does sleep deprivation bring to our academic performance and

how is it detrimental to our future and health?

Despite the sleepiness you might feel the next day, one late night probably won’t have a

major impact on your health. One might rationalize that a few hours here and there won't make

any difference, but regularly short-changing yourself on quality sleep can have serious

implications on your academic performance as well as your physical and mental well-being.

Studying is a preparation in order to achieve the bright futures that we’ve been dreaming

of and the reason to all of our hard-work. That’s why through this research, we want to spread

awareness on how much sleep deprivation is detrimental to our health and performance at

school, trace down rationale’s that forces us to cut corners on sleep, and find solutions on how

we can prioritize a regular sleep schedule to make studying healthier, less stressful, and more

successful long-term.
Background Of the Study

According to legend, Ernest Hemingway once said "I love sleep. My life has a

tendency to fall apart when I'm awake. We all benefit from appropriate sleeping habits, whether

we have it all together throughout the day or feel more like Hemingway. Whether you have it all

together during the day or feel more like Hemingway, we all benefit from healthy sleep habits.

The optimal amount of sleep for each person may vary, but generally research suggests 8-9 hours

per night for high school-aged populations. However, according to a 2018 study, 73% of high

school students do not fulfill the sleep benchmark. And the consequences for not getting enough

sleep can be huge. Healthy sleep also helps in the body's wellness and illness prevention. The

brain cannot function effectively without enough sleep. This can make it difficult to concentrate,

think clearly, or remember things. These impacts can have a significant effect on students' test

scores and grades on class assignments and papers. As a result, students who do not receive the

recommended 8-9 hours of sleep lose their capacity to achieve academic success.

A teenager’s life mostly focuses on academics, health, and safety. All of these key

components are at risk in schools. Also, many adolescents nowadays often say that most of their

struggles revolve around school. And when we are trying to squeeze in all of our academic,

social, and extracurricular activities in a day, sleep is frequently the one that we choose to let go.

Because sleep plays such a crucial role in human functioning, lack of sleep can lead to a number

of consequences affecting behavior, memory, emotions, and learning when we are awake. Mood

swings and hallucinations can occur as a result of severe sleep loss. When we don't get enough

sleep, our bodies remember; we get into sleep debt. Our bodies strive to repay this debt by

sleeping as much as possible, which might result in microsleeps. To stay awake, people

frequently consume caffeine or other stimulants. This puts individuals at risk for not only the

repercussions of poor sleep, but also the bad health ramifications of increased stimulant use.
Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on the academic performance of

high school students. To obtain all the essential knowledge and information, the research sought

to answer the crucial question as follows:

1. How does sleep deprivation affect a student's academic performance?

2. What are the factors that force students to sacrifice their sleep?

Objective of the study

This study is a statement of research objectives that can serve to guide the activities of research.

Consider the following:

• To identify the effect of sleep deprivation on the academic performance of high school

students.

• To find out the reason for having sleep deprivation.

Research Question

Sleep deprivation has an immediate impact on our thoughts and feelings. Moreover, it is

something that needs immediate attention as it can affect even more significant parts of our life

like studying. To identify and obtain all the essential knowledge and information to better

understand sleep deprivation, the research is sought to answer these crucial questions as follows:
 • What forces Grade 9 students to sacrifice their sleep?

• What are the repercussions of sleep deprivation on the academic performance of Grade 9

students?

Hypothesis

If Grade 9 students experience sleep deprivation, then it will have a significant effect on

their academic performance.

Sleep is an essential component of human health and life, as it aids learning, practice, and

cognitive and emotional well-being. As a result, sleep contributes in learning and increases

regulatory processes such as emotional and behavioral regulation, which are critical for daily

functioning. Some examples of physiological and behavioral benefits of sleep include: improving

our ability to learn new information and form memories, restoring neural connection, and

assisting in optimal emotional control, decision making, and social interaction. Majority of

articles says that sleep deprivation has a negative effect on the cognitive, behavioral,

physiological, and emotional measures of a student and later on will lead to a poor academic

performance. Therefore, it is hypothesized that sleep deprivation and academic performance

have a negative correlation.

Scope and Limitations

This research focuses on finding out the repercussions of sleep deprivation on a student’s

academic performance as well as the factors that may be the reason as to why they sleep a lot

lesser than the recommended hours of sleep that the human body requires. Recent studies and

researches will be used as a reference in discovering the significant impacts of lack of sleep on

the academic performance of students. Tools in gathering data will also be used to trace down

the rationales of sleep deprivation.

 This research is limited only to Grade 9 students and will not extend to other lower or

higher grade levels. The researcher’s target respondents will only be Grade 9 students

specifically. This research will be conducted halfway through the month of May up until June

2022 at Calumpit National High School.

Significance of the study

This study is significant for sleep deprivation affects all walks of life. Sleep loss knows

no boundaries. It is inclusive of all cultural, social, economic, religious, educational, ethnic,

racial, gender, and age groups. Moreover, the researcher believes that this study will be

beneficial to our target students:

High School students. In particular, the Grade 9 students in CNHS will be equipped with

knowledge on why we need to prevent sleep deprivation. As a result, students can take steps to

avoid sleep deprivation and improve their academic performance. Not just for their grades, but

also to understand the importance of sleep in human life.

The teachers. The findings of this study will provide teachers with concrete data on the

impact of sleep deprivation on high school students' academic performance. As a result, they will

gain a better understanding of students as well as efficient strategies for guiding them. The

parents. They may include a positive parenting impact to their child component of being a parent

since it plays an important role in improving children’s behavior.

Future researchers. The findings of this study will guide them on the concerns of the

effect of sleep deprivation and it will pave the way for more expanded studies in similar fields.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter involves the process of citing, identifying, and analyzing the information

about the given topic. It also contains our current knowledge on the topic.

Local Literature

According to a Philips survey (2021), Filipinos have one of the highest rates of sleep

deprivation in Asia; 46% of Filipinos do not get enough sleep. And because of this, a lot of us

may experience some serious health problems such as, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart

attack, heart failure and many more. Mostly, sleep deprivation occurs on students especially if

they have unfinished school works. They tend to stay up late to finish it all, which has a bad side

effect if they do it more often. Students must focus more on their health status and at the same

time not neglect their study, which brings us to discuss the role of time management and why it

is very important especially for those people who are still studying. Time management will help

us to increase our focus and productivity to prioritize our certain goals, tasks, and projects and

having enough time to finish it all. And also, the quality of work will increase whenever we do

not rush working on it.

The pandemic can be considerable as one of the causes of sleep deprivation in students.

As the pandemic spreads rapidly, the concerns of the students about health increases, some of

them can have mental illnesses such as, depression, anxiety disorders, being stressed etc. The

risk of having these illnesses can increase the lack of sleep.

According to Phil star global (2021), The study also found that 34.5% within the age

group sleep at 3 a.m. or past since the COVID-19 broke out in March last year. Meanwhile,

32.7% sleep at 1 a.m. to 2 a.m. while the rest turn in from 9 p.m. to 12 a.m. Fifty-five

respondents took part in the online survey. The survey was conducted from February 17 to 25

this year.
Foreign Literature

According to health line (2019), Research has found that 73 percent of high school

students regularly do not get a healthy amount of sleep. This means that having a lack of sleep is

very common to high school students. We should educate them that having enough sleep has a

big impact on both physical and mental health. If we tolerate sleep deprivation, bad

consequences are ahead of us.

According to Sleep review (2016). Some children and youth with high video game

addiction tendencies may be at risk of sleep deprivation and disorders associated with obesity

and poor cardio-metabolic health, researchers have found. We should always keep in mind the

word time management. Playing video games sometimes is not bad, but playing it more often

can affect our performance in school and may cause sleep deprivation. As we all know, video

games are one of the main reasons for having sleep deprivation. A lot of students spend their

time playing online games, some of them will stay up late just to play it. We should always

prioritize our studies above everything else because knowledge gives us the way to success.

Related Studies

Local Study

In these modern times, a huge number of people experienced sleep deprivation, especially

students. According to UCLA Center for Mental Health in School, some reasons why students

experience sleep deprivation are technology/social media, academic demands, health conditions

that interfere with sleep, personal interest and problems, etc.

Based on the article entitled " Filipinos have worst health habits in Asia, says study "

(2014) by Tina Arceo-Dumlao from Inquirer net, a study conducted by Sun Life Financial Asia
showed that half of the population of the Filipino people sleep less than six hours a day. This

unhealthy act could cause more serious complications like sleepiness during daytime, loss of

concentration, and low academic performance.

Days and hours of studying will go to waste if we experience a mental block during

examinations because of lack of sleep. Our brains would not function properly if we encounter

sleep deprivation. An inadequate amount of sleep could lead to serious repercussions such as

high blood pressure, diabetes, heart attack, heart failure or stroke.

Sleep has a vital role in our life. It's the one that helps us function. Based on an article,

the study of electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns during sleep led to the classification of sleep

stages, which laid the groundwork for investigating human sleep, detecting disorders, and

uncovering major links between sleep and health.

The quality of sleep has a significant effect on the quality of our lifestyle. It controls our

capability over some things because we can't function well if we don't get enough sleep. It affects

all aspects of our life including social, emotional health, physical vitality and many more. Sleep

is indeed essential to human life.

Foreign Study

Sleep deprivation is one of the biggest factors why a lot of students experience poor

academic performance. Sleep deprivation can result in hyperactivity, lower IQ scores, and

hormonal changes linked to an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Chronic

sleep loss is also connected to greater rates of depression and suicide ideation, according to the

report card.

Research done in Canada (2016) shows that the average Canadian kid is not meeting the

guidelines on what a healthy 24-hour day looks like. The guidelines consist: moderate to

vigorous physical activity where you spend at least 60 minutes per day, recreational screen time

that doesn't exceed above 2 hours per day, and 9-11 hours of sleep for children whose age range
is 5-13 years old. And lastly, at least 8-10 hours of sleep for those whose age is between 14-17

years old.

Sleep deprivation has been spreading fast like a wildfire which means numerous people

experienced it. According to what the report card has found, in Canada there are 31% of school-

aged kids and 26% of teens that are sleep deprived. At least some of the time, 33% of Canadian

children aged 5 to 13 and 45% of teens aged 14 to 17 have difficulty falling or staying asleep.

Meanwhile 36% of 14 to 17 year old have trouble staying awake during the day.

Children slip into a "vicious cycle" of inactivity, according to Dr. Mark Tremblay, the

chief scientific officer for the ParticipACTION report card and director of the Children's

Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute's Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research

Group. He also said as a prospect conclusion “We’re trying to turn that vicious cycle into a

virtuous one, so we get kids moving during the day, they’re tired, they sleep well, they wake up

refreshed and that negative cycle is reversed”.

This study shows the huge population of children in the country of Canada who

experience sleep deprivation. It stated the negative effects of sleep deprivation on the

performance of the children. Sleeping is what allows our mind and body to recharge. Knowing

that a large number of children and teenagers experience means it's a very concerning issue that

has to be tackled.

Related Theory

The theory about sleep deprivation by Julian Lim and David F. Dinges from scholarpedia

2007), address the definition of sleep deprivation, the objective effects such as Physiological:

sleep propensity, endocrine changes, immune system/inflammatory response, neurogenesis,

electrophysiological markers, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) markers,

 Cognitive: fundamental processes, higher cognitive functions and then the Subjective

effects: emotion and mood. They also added a mathematical modeling showing circadian

oscillator. It also discusses the lapse and wake-state instability hypotheses. And lastly the study

about biological basis concerning sleep deprivation. The restriction of sleep below the level of

baseline sleep demand is known as sleep deprivation, and it can be acute (a single episode of

extended wakefulness) or chronic (getting small amount of sleep over a long period of time). In

the absence of pre-existing sleep debt, an organism's basal sleep demand is its regular sleep

duration, with sleep debt defined as the duration of sleep below which waking deficits can be

observed. These abnormalities can be detected in humans across a range of neurocognitive

domains, from basic attention to high-level executive function.

Figure 1: The two process model of Borbely et al (1982).

This theory states that the stability of wakefulness and sleep is in control of set of complex

neurochemical pathways, and there is currently no single overarching hypothesis that describes

their interactions. According to the study, arousal and wakefulness are principally maintained by

the ascending cholinergic reticulothalamocortical which originates in the upper pons,

pedunculopontine, and lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei also the thalamus and cerebral cortex are

activated by this signal. It is believed that the orexin-hypocretins are the ones responsible for

both stabilizing the sleep switch and also the altering of its equilibrium point. In this study, it

shows that emotion and mood is also affected by sleep deprivation. Based on the study the

experimental data have shown that sleep deprivation lead to an increased negative mood state

most especially feelings of fatigue, loss of vigor, sleepiness and confusion. Sleep deprivation is

also believed to be linked with impaired emotional functioning. Reduced sleep or sleep

deprivation is associated with increased negative and decreased positive emotional responses to

specific events in field studies of medical personnel (Asken and Raham, 1983; Orton and
Gruzeller, 1989), but the uncontrolled nature of these studies allows for alternative

interpretations of these results. There are few laboratory-based investigations on affective

reactions in sleep-deprived humans, aside from simple subjective self-report measures of affect.

Sleep intrusions and other negative impacts of sleep deprivation have been highlighted by

mathematical modeling, which has led to the use and modification of existing biomathematical

models of sleep-wake regulation. Alexander Borbély first proposed the two-process model of

sleep regulation (1982). It's utilized to anticipate how sleep and lack of sleep affect human

cognition and performance. It consists of a circadian oscillator with a period of slightly more

than 24 hours, as well as a homeostatic mechanism (reflecting sleep pressure) that accumulates

exponentially during waking and diminishes exponentially during sleep. The procedures

demonstrated were utilized to increase alertness throughout the day and sleep at night. (Mallis,

2004). Lastly, in this theory it includes the objective effects such as Physiological: sleep

propensity, endocrine changes, immune system/inflammatory response, neurogenesis,

electrophysiological markers, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) markers

Cognitive: fundamental processes, higher cognitive functions. Summarizing the theory, the

different aspects that has been affected by sleep deprivation is included in the mentioned theory.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 2. Paradigm of the study

 The conceptual of frameworks consist of three parts, input, process and output. Input

contains the respondent’s demographic profile (name and grade level), related literature and

studies from local and international sources. These parts are essential in knowing the profile of

the people who participated in the survey. On the other hand, the process being used is through

survey forms which is distributed to the students in grade 9. The output analyzes the data from

the survey and conclude the effect of sleep deprivation regards to the academic performance of

the students. Researchers want to know the opinions and thoughts of grade 9 students regarding

the effects of lack of sleep in their performance in school.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In this research, we used quantitative design since our study is all about the repercussions

of sleep deprivation in grade 9 students. Using the given information by students, the research

uses a quantitative design whose approach is to discover the opinions, experiences, and

perspectives of grade 9 students in Calumpit National High School about sleep deprivation.

The design used is focused on quantity and numbers so the questions in this quantitative

research are closed-ended questions with choices and scales to let the respondents share their

opinions easily. The students were asked to answer similar questions with similar choices to

produce fair and equal data. By using this research design, the researchers are able to analyze and

observe the effect of sleep deprivation on the academic performance of grade 9 students.

Sample Design

This study is conducted at Calumpit National High School using an online form. The

researchers chose systematic sampling after gathering the target population of fifty (50) grade 9
students who experienced sleep deprivation. This method is repeated until half of the target

population is obtained in order to maintain equality in variable representation.

Figure 2. Systematic Sampling

The selection of representative samples is accomplished using systematic sampling under

probability sampling. The sampling method that is used is very beneficial since it can minimize

the error in selecting the representative sample. The researchers chose this sampling because

every respondent has the chance of being selected even though the percentage of being accurate

is 50% since the number of representatives is half of the population.

Data Collection Method

As mentioned in research design, quantitative research focuses on quantity or numbers so

the method that we used to collect data is surveys since this is the most essential way to gather

information, especially in this type of research. The mode that we used in answering our survey

is online so students can access this form anytime and anywhere.

• Survey is a type of data collection method that aims to gather information or data on a big

population of people. This method can also be accessed by anyone so the survey is bias-

free. We used the online mode survey because we can analyze the results faster than the

traditional survey wherein you need to wait for the respondents to finish before you can
 see the results. We also consider other factors that may affect the information gathering.

For example, this method is much cheaper than the usual survey because we, the

researchers, don't need to print materials since we can gather information in this method

through an online form.

• Survey has many types, one of them is a questionnaire. This type of survey is time

efficient for the researchers and respondents. Using an online form over face to face

survey is more comfortable for the respondents because they have enough time to think

about their answers without time pressure. This type of survey doesn't require any

personal information that may invade the respondent’s privacy. It is also easily

understandable because the survey is already given a set of scales and choices that may

help the respondents express their opinions and experiences.

Data Analysis Method

The quantitative analysis method is extensively used in this study to promptly and

efficiently analyze the data. This method involves statistical modeling, such as a pie chart, to

comprehend the student's behavior, experience, and consequences on sleep deprivation.

Figure 3. Sleep deprivation-related factors aside from school.

 Data organization is greatly aided by the use of computer applications such as Google

Sheets, Excel, and Docs. Similarly, data collected from students is processed and analyzed for

discussion using a table, chart, and measure of central tendency to obtain an appropriately

depicted and arranged dataset.

Each question's mean, mode, and median contributed significantly in showing the effect

of sleep deprivation in a student's academic performance. For example, a question about doing a

performance task when sleep deprived can show a result of sleep deprivation. In that question,

for example, 10 students will answer 7 on a scale of 1-10, indicating that students are having

trouble performing their task.

Figure 4. Difficulty of a task when sleep deprived.

According to spreadsheet software, the mode in this example figure is 7, the median is

also 7, and the mean is 6.84. In this data we can easily conclude that a student's academic

performance is greatly affected by sleep deprivation using the central tendency in the standard of

1-5 (Slightly Affected) and 6-10 (Greatly Affected).

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