B1 : THE LEGACY OF COLONIALISM .

I The .

legacy of colonialism :

-
Results
of colonisation
through imposition of English :

the endangeri
denigrating g
nof mane
indigenous languagesis of identity. [close links
+ the
+ he
with

language loss)
.The
I devaluing of local language a culture :

One
major legacy of of of inferiority
the two diasporas English is the assumption the
of the indigenous language , culture & even character of the colonised
,

=> the assumption

of the superiority of the colonisers o their language.
* The of colonial historical documentation
discourse :

References to the native populations of colonised lands "savages" to their as

,
their
language "primitive, a to cultures as "barbaric"
"
as .

* Read examples
of page 58 , 59 Maybe asked on the midterm exam
the .
.
-
"momentous nature" "forlorn position" , "weary travellers" ,
,

communicate" , "adapted" > seeking

"confronted by the need
to -

empathy
-

"strange landscape" , "all language were foreign", "Communications difficult,a even

hazardons" > strange & dangerous place
-

* Attitude towards the

English of the colonised people broken English :

H
-
.

of other varieties of Englishes

Recent document :

Only recently have Le varieties begun to be recognised , a standardisation of

(so-called) New Englishes has just begun .
-

Describing , standardising codifying the varieties.

,
a
-

Likely to meet resistance when former colonies try to promote their Englishes as
"legitimate" standard varieties
"Good Englishes" is
.
associated with "English of educated native
-

often
born bred the United North America"
speakers & in
Kingdom or

& cultures & local L2 varieties

-

Non-Anglophone languages
undermined
of English have been
-

L2 speakers' attitudes towards their use

of English is characterised by a lack of confidence
=> language insecurity.
. The
I loss
of ethnic dentity :

:
Linguistic constructions of the group you belong to
* 5 quick facts about languages :

Over 7000
languages are spoken today, but scholars have counted just 23
-

languages in use among more than half of the globe's population of 7 billion
.
-
The world's 370
indigenous peoples are estimated to speak more than 4 000 ,

different languages.600
Approximately languages have disappeared in the last centurya they
-

continue to disappear at a rate of

language every two weeks.
one

UNESCO predicts that between 50-90%

of indigenous languages (app 3000 .

languages) will disappear by the end of this century

, being replaced
with English,
Mandarin , or Spanish .

Language is crucial to the definition of indigenous identity, their dignity as

-

distinct peoples a the security their traditional knowledge a practices

of .

* Restoration efforts :
keep the language & cultural practices alive.
Exi

Californice Master-Apprentice learningProgram:Nativespeakera

g language sguage
+

younger apprentices
live work to a

+
Language immersion
programs (c g . Harvarian homes, Najavo
.
Nation)
+ Development of a practical writing system , literature, grammar , dictionary , poetry,
anthologies ,
etc.
-However
,
the fact remains that there is an
ever-decreasing pool of Native language
speakers.
History of colonialism
-
&
Language repression
Without tribal languages ,
indigenous communities will "cease to be "
-

The consequence
of the loss of indigenous languages, since identity a language are

often closely irrelated.

-

strong links with the undermining of the language a culture of colonised peoples that
was discussed in the previous section
- .
-
to
It is possible revive indigenous languages , or heritage languages as they are more
commonly called today
,