Short Notes Capsule by Shubham Sir

SSC J CE - Irrigation
Conceptual (C)
Topic
Numerical (N)
▪ Yellow Means High Priority
Iriigation & Methods C+N
▪ White Means Medium Priority
Water Requirement of Crops C+N ▪ Green Means Average Priority
Soil Moisture C+N
Water Logging & Reclamation C+N
Canal Design C +N
Seepage Theory C +N
Cross Drainage Works C
Reservoirs C
Spillways C
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Notes
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Irrigation & Hydrology Engineering

Every Crop requires a certain quantity of water after a
certain fixed interval, throughout its period of growth.
If Natural rain is sufficient & timely so as to satisfy both of

these requirement, then no irrigation water is required for
growing that crop.
In Country Like INDIA, the natural rainfall is either

insufficient or the water does not fall regularly as required
by the Crop
Irrigation & Hydrology Engineering

Irrigation is the science of Artificial application of water to
the Agriculture field in accordance with the crop
requirements throughout the crop period for full growth of
the crop.
OBJECTIVE OF IRRIGATION : At the End of Crop (Harvest)

growth is “FULL MATURITY”
Advantages of Irrigation
1. Increase in Food Production
2. Elimination of Mixed Cropping
3. Generation of Hydro-Electric Power
4. Improving Domestic Water Supply
5. Inland Navigation
Dis-Advantages of Irrigation
1. Over Irrigation leads to Water Logging
2. Over Irrigation may lead to Creation of Climatic
Conditions which are favourable to Public Health Issues
Like: Malaria, Dengue, etc.
3. Seepage of Nitrates into Ground Water.
Types of Irrigation
Surface Irrigation
• Flow Irrigation
• Lift Irrigation
Sub-Surface Irrigation
• Natural
• Artificial
Types of Irrigation
Surface Irrigation
Flow Irrigation Irrigation in Which constant & Continuous
(PERENIAL) water supply is maintained
(Controlled Irrigation )
Flow Irrigation In this Soil is kept submerged & flooded with
(FLOOD) water so as to cause through saturation
(Un-Controlled Irrigation )
Techniques of Water Distribution

Technique Suitable
Ordinary / Free Water Application Efficiency is Low
Flooding / Wild / Suitable for Closed Growing Crops
Uncontrolled
Suitable in Irregular Topography
Areas

Technique Suitable
Basin Flooding Specially Adopted for Orchid Tress
Check Areas are circular in Shape
called RING BASINS

Technique Suitable
Furrow Irrigation Have Narrow ditches
Only (20 -50)% area is wetted due to
which evaporation losses are reduced

Technique Suitable
Sprinkler Irrigation 1. Applied through Pipes & Pumps in form of Spray

2. Used for Irregular Topography
3. Steep Gradient
4. Easily Erodible Soil
5. Water Table is High
6. Seepage Losses are High
7. Fertilizers are to be mixed with water
Technique Suitable
Water is Directly Applied into root zone of plants
Evaporation & Percolation losses are considerably
Drip / Trickle reduced
Irrigation It is used where heavy demand of irrigated water is
present.
Q1. The most suitable method of irrigation for areas

having low rainfall and strong winds is-
A. Furrow irrigation
Irrigation Use
B. Drip irrigation
Furrow Clay , Silty, Loam Soil
C. Contour farming Drip High Efficiency , Low Rainfall ,
D. Sprinkler irrigation Strong Wind Areas
Contour Crops are grown perpendicular
Answer. B to the slopes
Sprinkler Low Water Avaliability, Easily
erodible soil with steep slopes
Answer. D
Sarkari Answer
Quality of Irrigation Water

• When fine sediments from water is deposited on the sandy
soils, then the fertility of the land is improved.
• If Sediments are obtained from Eroded Area, then fertility

of land is reduced
Salt Description
Concentration
> 700 ppm Harmful for some crops
> 2000 ppm Harmful for all crops

Quality of Irrigation Water 𝐂.𝐐

• Salt Concentration is Measured in terms of Electrical Cs =
Conductivity(ⴎmho/cm) of Water. −𝐂𝐮+𝐐+𝐏𝐞𝐟𝐟
Electrical Conductivity Classification of Irrigation Water
(ⴎmho/cm)
100 – 250 Class 1 (Only can be used by
Scientist for Agriculture )
250 – 750 Class 2 (Only can be used if
Leaching is Applied in Soil )
750 – 2250 Class 3
> 2250 Class 4

Quality of Irrigation Water 𝑵𝒂+

• Due to High Percentage of Na+ Ions Soil Becomes SAR = 𝟐 𝟐
+
𝑪𝒂 +𝑴𝒈
1. Sticky When Wet
2. Crust When Dry 𝟐
Which Results in Poor Aeration & Less Permeability.
SAR Type of Water NOTE:
SAR Value can be Reduced by
0 – 10 Low Sodium
Adding CaSO4 to soil or Water
10 – 18 Medium Sodium
18 – 26 High Sodium
> 26 Very High Sodium

ESE 2011
Q2. An identified source of irrigation water has ion
concentrations of Na+, Ca+2 and Mg+2 as 20,10
and 8 mili equivalents per litre, respectively. The
SAR of this water is approximately
A. 2.06
𝑵𝒂+
B. 6.67 SAR = 𝟐 𝟐
+
𝑪𝒂 +𝑴𝒈
C. 2.67
𝟐
D. Zero
Answer: B
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Quality of Irrigation Water

BORON Concentration
They good for growth of crops upto a concentration
of 0.3 ppm.
SODIC Soils
If SAR is greater than 15% , then it will be sodic soil
and wont be good for irrigation.
Q4. A soil sample has an exchangeable sodium

percentage of 16 %, its electrical conductivity is
3.2 milli - Mhos/cm and pH of 9.5. How is the soil
classified?
A. Saline soil
B. Saline-alkaline soil
C. Alkaline soil
D. None of the above
Answer: C
Water Requirements of Crops

The term Water requirement of crops means “the total quantity of
water and the way in which a crop requires water from the time it is
sown to the time it is harvested.”
Different Crops have different water Requirements
Type Month Season Example

Kharif June –Sep Summer Crops Rice, Maize, Cotton, Jowar, Bajra
RABI Nov – March Winter Crops Wheat, Pulses, Potatoes
ZAID April – June Vegetables, Fruits, Fodder, Water melon
Perennial > 300days Sugar Cane,
Cash Crop Cotton, Coffee, Tea, Sugarcane, Spices
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Leaching
It is the process of removal of alkali salts dissolved in irrigation water by
flooding the land with an adequate amount of water.
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Important Terms:
Term
Crop Period (Days) Time period from Sowing to Harvest of Crop
Base Period (Days) Time Period Between 1st watering of crop to last watering of Crop
Delta (cm) Total Depth of water supplied during the base period of the crop for it’s
full Growth
Duty (hac/cumec) The No. of hectares of land irrigated for full growth of a crop by a supply
of 1m3/sec of water continuously supplied during thr base period of
that crop.
Delta for Crops

Crop Delta (cm) 𝟖. 𝟔𝟒𝐁
Sugar Cane 120 𝚫= 𝐦
𝐃
Rice 120
Cotton 50 𝟖𝟔𝟒𝐁
Wheat 40 𝚫= 𝐜𝐦
𝐃
Maize 25
Fodder 22.5
Duty for Crops

Factors on Which Duty Depends :
1. Type of Crops Location Duty
2. Climate & Season Head of Canal Minimum
3. Useful Rainfall At Field Maximum
4. Type of Soil
5. Efficiency of Cultivation Method
Note:
• If Useful Rainfall is more, Duty of same amount of
Irrigation water will be more
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Answer: C


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Water Requirement of Crops

During Passage of water in irrigation channels, Water is lost
due to :
1. Evaporation
2. Seepage
These Loses are TRANIST / TRANSMISSION / CONVEYAQNCE
Losses.

Term Description Crop Kor Depth
• It is the watering done prior to the sowing of a crop. Rice 19 cm
Wheat 13.5 cm
Paleo • It is done to prepare the land for sowing and to add Sugarcane 16 cm
enough moisture to the soil.
Irrigation
• It is the first watering given to the field.
• It is the first watering after the plants have grown a few
centimetre high.
Kore
• It is the first watering after sowing the crops.
watering
• Kore watering required max. discharge in limited time.
Kore depth Depth of water applied during kore watering.
Outlet factor It is the duty of canal water at the outlet.

Irrigation Efficiencies :
Water is Lost in irrigation during various process and different types of Irrigation Efficiencies
are obtained :
Efficiencies Formula Losses Ratio
Conveyance Water delivered in field
𝐕𝐟 Loss to water entering the
Water Conveyance 𝛈𝐜 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐕𝐈 channel
Surface Water stored into root

𝐕𝐑𝐙 Runoff on zone of crops to water
𝛈𝐚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Water Application 𝐕𝐟 the field delivered on the field

Efficiencies Formula Ratio
Water stored in root zone
𝐕𝐫𝐳 to water needed in the
Water Storage 𝛈𝐬 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐕𝐑𝐑𝐙 root zone
Water beneficially used

𝐕𝐔 by the crop to the water
𝛈𝐚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Water Use 𝐕𝐟 delivered onto the field.

Efficiencies Formula Ratio
Represents up-to which
𝐝 water has penetrated to a
Water Distribution 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃 uniform depth
𝐕𝐔
𝛈𝐚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐕𝐟
Q7.In an irrigated field, the net irrigation requirement

is 15 cm, the application efficiency is 80 % and
water conveyance efficiency is 60 %. What is the
gross irrigation requirement (in cm)?
A. 31.25
B. 11.25
C. 18.75
D. 25.00 (SSC JE 2018)
Answer. A
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G.C.A = Gross Commanded Area
G.C.A = Culturable Area + Unculturable area

C.C.A = G.C.A. - Unculturable Area
Irrigated Area = C.C. A × Irrigation Intensity
𝐕𝐔
𝛈𝐚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐕𝐟

Important Terms:
Term
Time factor It is the ratio of number of days the canal has actually run to
irrigation period.
Capacity factor It is the ratio of mean supply discharge to the full supply
discharge.
𝐈𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐚𝐛𝐢 𝐒𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐨𝐧
Crop Ratio =
𝐈𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐊𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐟 𝐒𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬
Consumptive Use of Water

(Evapo-Transpiration)
Consumptive Use of water for a particular crop can be defined as the total amount of
water used by the plants in transpiration and evaporation from adjacent soil in
any specified time. 𝐝
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐝 𝐦𝐦 𝐃
𝐂𝐮 = 𝐦𝐦/𝐃𝐚𝐲
𝐁 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬
𝐕𝐔
𝛈𝐚 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐕𝐟
Methods to Determine Cu :
Direct Method Indirect Method
Tank Lysimeter Method Blaney Criddle Method
Filed Experimental Method Hargreaves Class A PAN Method
𝐝
Inflow Outflow Method𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − 𝐃 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Penman’s Equation
Soil Moisture Method
Methods to Determine Cu :
Indirect Method
Blaney Criddle Method
𝐤. 𝐩
𝐂𝐮 = [𝟏. 𝟖𝐭 + 𝟑𝟐]
𝐝
𝟒𝟎
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
Hargreaves Class A PAN
𝐂𝐮
Method K=
𝐄𝐩
(Preffered)
Penman’s Equation
Based on Energy & Mass
Transfer Approach
Evapotranspiration Measurement Method

A. Penman's Equation
Based upon Energy Balance and Mass Transfer
B. Blaney Criddle Method

Mayar's equation measure Evaporation Infiltration index- Average
infiltration rate is called infiltration index. It is two types
(i) ϕ – Index
(ii) W-Index
1. 𝝋-Index
It is the average rainfall above which rainfall volume = Run off
volume
P−Q P − Q − IL
 − Index = cm / hr w − Index = cm / hr
tw
t
2. W-Index
This is average infiltration rate during the entire period of rainfall
If Rainfall Intensity > Infiltration Rate
w - Index is more accurate than ϕ-Index
Irrigation Requirements of Crop

1. Consumptive Irrigation Requirement
CIR = Cu – Re 𝐤. 𝐩
𝐂𝐮 =
Cu = Total Consumptive Use [𝟏. 𝟖𝐭 + 𝟑𝟐]
𝐝
𝟒𝟎
Re = Effective Rainfall
𝛈 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐝
𝐃
2. Net Irrigation Requirement 𝐂𝐮
K=
N.I.R. = C.I.R. + Le 𝐄𝐩
= Cu – Re + Le
Le = Leaching requirement

3. Field Irrigation Requirement
NOTE:
N.I.R 𝐤. 𝐩
F.I.R. = 𝐂𝐮 =FIR takes
𝟒𝟎
[𝟏. 𝟖𝐭 + of
care 𝟑𝟐]losses occurring over
a 𝐝 the field.
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
4. Gross Irrigation Requirement 𝐂𝐮
K=
𝐄𝐩
F.I.R. N.I.R. NOTE:
G.I.R. = = GIR takes care of losses occurring in a
c a .c CHANNEL
Q9. Consumptive Irrigation Requirement is calculated

using the following-
A. Consumptive use
B. Effective rainfall
C. Water lost as percolation
D. Both (A) and (B)
Answer. D
ESE 2006
10. Consider the following terms relating to irrigation requirements :
1. Consumptive irrigation requirement
2. Net irrigation requirement
3. Field irrigation requirement
4. Gross irrigation requirement
For a given set up, which one of the following is. the correct
relation?
A. 1>2>3>4
B. 1<2<3<4
C. (1=2)<3<4
D. 1<(2=3)<4
Answer: B
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Factors Affecting Consumptive Use
Factor (Increases) 𝐤.Cu
𝐩
𝐂𝐮 = [𝟏. 𝟖𝐭 + 𝟑𝟐]
Humidity & Climate
𝐝
𝟒𝟎
Decreases
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 −
Mean Monthly Temperature ×Increases
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
Crop Period Increases
𝐂𝐮
Rainfall during the crop period K=
Decreases
𝐄𝐩
Wind Velocity Increases
Soil Water
Term description
Permanent It is the state of soil when
𝐤. 𝐩 plants fail to extract
Wilting Point 𝐂𝐮 =for their
sufficient water [𝟏.requirements.
𝟖𝐭 + 𝟑𝟐]
𝐝
𝟒𝟎
(PWP) 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Temporary It is the phenomena𝐃that the soil water content at
Wilting Point which the plant wilts at K 𝐂𝐮 but recovers during
daytime
=
night or when water is 𝐄𝐩added to soil.
Soil Water
Term description
Available
𝛄𝐝 . 𝐝
Moisture 𝐝𝐰 = [𝐅. 𝐂. −𝐏. 𝐖. 𝐏. ]
𝛄 𝐝
(dw) 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
RAM 𝐃
Part of Available Moisture which is easily extracted by
plants which is APPROX 75𝐂𝐮– 80% of available
Readily K=
𝐄𝐩
Available Moisture.
Moisture RAM = Permissible Depletion×Available Moisture
12. For an irrigated field having field capacity = 30 %,

permanent wilting point = 10 %, permissible
depletion of available moisture = 40 %, dry weight
of soil = 14.70 kN/m3, unit weight of water = 9.8
kN/m3 and effective rainfall = 30 mm, what is the
net irrigation requirement per meter depth of soil?
A. 300 mm
B. 150 mm
C. 120 mm
D. 90 mm (ESE)
Answer: D
13. What is the moisture depth available for ESE 2004

evapotranspiration in root zone of 1 m depth soil,
if dry weight of soil is 1.5 gm/cc, field capacity is
30 % and permanent wilting point is 10 % ?
A. 450 mm
B. 200 mm
C. 300 mm
D. 150 mm (JKSSB JE)
Answer: B
14. The following data were noted from an irrigation field :

Answer: D
1. Field capacity = 20 %
2. Permanent wilting point = 10 %
3. Permissible depletion of available soil moisture = 50 %
4. Dry unit weight of soil =15 kN/m3
5. Effective rainfall = 50 mm
The net irrigation requirement per metre depth of soil will
be
A. 75 mm
B. 125 mm
C. 50 mm
D. 25 mm (ESE)


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15. A rice crop is to be irrigated in a field covering an

area of 2400 ha, the duty and base period of rice are
given as 860 ha/cumec and 120 days respectively.
The volume of water required in the field is nearly :
A. 500 ha-m
B. 1400 ha-m
C. 2000 ha-m
D. 2880 ha-m
Answer: D
16. A field measures 40 hectares. When 8 cumecs of

water was supplied for 6 hours, 30 cm of water
was stored in the root zone. The field application
efficiency is nearly
A. 70 %
B. 80 %
C. 85 %
D. 90 %
Answer: A
17. The discharge capacity required at the outlet to

irrigate 3000 ha of sugarcane having a kor depth
of 173 mm and a kor period of 30 days is
A. 2.0 m3/s
B. 1.0 m3/s
C. 20 m3/s
D. 0.20 m3/s
Answer: A
Type of Canal
Canal Type Based on Alignment
Watershed / Aligned along any Natural Shed
Ridge Canal 𝛄𝐝 . 𝐝
𝐝𝐰 = [𝐅.Saves
𝐂. −𝐏. 𝐖.of
cost 𝐏.Construction
]
𝛄 𝐝
Contour Canal 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − ×Aligned
𝟏𝟎𝟎 Along Contour
𝐃
Natural Drainage always flow
𝐂𝐮 at right angles to the contour lines
K=
𝐄𝐩 Only One side
Irrigates
Side Slope Canal Aligned at Right Angles to Contour
Such Canal Run parallel to Natural Shed
Avoid the construction of Cross Drainage Structures.
Design Of Canal
CANAL
UNLINED LINED CANAL
𝛄𝐝 . 𝐝
Alluvial Non-Alluvial𝐝𝐰 = 𝛄 [𝐅. 𝐝
𝐂. −𝐏. 𝐖. 𝐏. ]
Canal Canal 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
𝐂𝐮
They designed on the basis of K=
𝐄𝐩
1. Kennedy’s Theory
2. Lacey’s Theory
Design Of Canal – KNEDDY’S THEORY

Kendy's Theory Lacey’s Theory
He neglected the eddies developed from sides He accounted eddies from both – Bottom
𝛄𝐝 . 𝐝
of the canal
𝐝𝐰 = [𝐅. 𝐂. −𝐏. 𝐖. 𝐏. ] and sides of canal
𝛄 𝐝
(Only Considered Eddies𝛈from𝐝 = 𝟏Bottom
− × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃 )
He stated all the canal in Regime condition if𝐂𝐮 Lacey differentiated – Initial , True, Final
they do not silt or scour K= Regime Condition
𝐄𝐩
Did not provide any relation between silt grade Expression for Silt Factor
& critical velocity ratio f = 1.76 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚

Kendy's Theory Lacey’s Theory
Did not provide any relation between silt grade Expression for Silt Factor
& 𝐝 = 𝛄𝐝 . 𝐝 [𝐅. 𝐂. −𝐏. 𝐖. 𝐏. ] f = 1.76 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚
𝐰
𝛄 𝐝
𝛈𝐝 =slope
No expression for bed 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟓
𝐃 𝒇𝟑
Bottom Slope S = 𝟏
𝐂𝐮
K= 𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟎𝑸𝟔
He used either chezy’s or Mannings for 𝐄𝐩 Velocity Expression
calculation of velocity 𝟏
𝑸𝒇𝟐
V= ( )𝟔
𝟏𝟒𝟎
Manning’s Constant
If Manning's Constant is not given :
Manning's Constant Material
𝛄𝐝 . 𝐝
0.022 – 0.025 𝐝𝐰 = Good
[𝐅. Earthen
𝐂. −𝐏. 𝐖. 𝐏. Channel
]
𝛄 𝐝
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
0.025 – 0.030 𝐃Poor Earthen Channel
𝐂𝐮
0.015 – 0.018 Concrete
K= Earthen Channel
𝐄𝐩

1. Kendy studied Doab Canal System
2. Critical Velocity
V = 0.55 MD 0.64 𝐝
𝛈 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐝
M = Critical velocity ratio 𝐃
D = Trial depth 𝐂𝐮
K=
𝐄𝐩
3. Area Required 𝐐
Area=
𝐕𝐨
Design Of Canal – Lacey’s Theory

NOTE:
1. He observed certain drawbacks Kennedy theory In Reality, Lacey’s Theory are
designed to be in Final Regime
Regime Description Conditions
𝐝
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Initial Bed Slope of channel
𝐃 varies but its
wetted perimeter remains𝐂𝐮 unaffected
Theory is only valid for True
K= and Final Regime Conditions.
True Neither Silting nor Scouring
𝐄𝐩
Final Condition When both Bed slope, depth &

Width of channel can vary

1. He observed certain drawbacks Kennedy theory
Velocity (V) 𝐝
Silt Factor (f) 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
Hydraulic Radius (R) 𝐂𝐮
Area (A) K=
𝐄𝐩 𝐐
Wetted Perimeter (P) Area=
Bed Slope (S) 𝐕

1. He observed certain drawbacks Kennedy theory
𝐝
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
𝐂𝐮
K=
𝐄𝐩
Formula to Find Chezy’s Constant
𝐝
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
𝐂𝐮
K=
𝐄𝐩
ESE 2004
Q18. What is the regime scour depth for a channel in
soil with silt factor unity and carrying 8 m2/s of
discharge intensity in accordance with Lacey's
regime theory?
A. 3.6 m
B. 4 m
C. 5.4 m
D. 25.6 m (RSMSSB JE)
Answer: C
ESE 1997
19. For medium silt whose average grain size is 0.16
mm, Lacey's silt factor is likely to be
A. 0.30
B. 0.45
C. 0.70
D. 1.32 (UPPCL AE)
Answer: C
ESE 2014
20. A channel designed by Lacey's theory has a
velocity of 0.88 m/sec. The silt factor is 1.1. Then
hydraulic mean depth will be
A. 1.95 m
B. 1.76 m
C. 1.63 m
D. 1.50 m
Answer: B
ESE 2002
21. Consider the following: Garret's diagram for the
design of irrigation channel is based on
1. Kennedy's theory
2. Lacey's theory
3. Kutter's formula
4. Manning's formula
Which of these are correct?
A. 1 and 3
B. 1 and 4
C. 2 and 3
D. 2 and 4
Answer: A
Design of Lined Canal

By Lining of Canal , it means the earthen surface of the channel is
lined with stable lining surface of concrete, tiles, stones, etc.
Permissible Velocity of flow depends upon the type of lining surface

𝐝
adopted : 𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 − × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Surface 𝐃 Velocity of Flow
𝐂𝐮
Cement Concrete K(2=– 2.5)m/sec
𝐄𝐩
Burnt Clay 1.8m/sec
Boulder 1.5 m/sec


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Advantages of Lined Canal

1. Seepage Control
2. Prevention of Water Logging
3. Increase in Channel Discharge capacity by permitting greater
velocity.
𝐝
4. Reduction in Maintenance
𝛈𝐝 = 𝟏 −Cost
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃
5. Increase in command Area 𝐂𝐮
6. Elimination of Flood Danger K = 𝐄𝐩
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Cross Drainage Work and its Suitability

Cross Drainage Suitable for Remark
Work
Aqueduct HFL of Drain is sufficiently below the FSL > CBL > HFL
Bottom of the canal FSL – Full supply level
Drainage Water Flows CBL – Canal bed level
HFL – High Flood level
Syphon Aqueduct HFL of drain is higher than canal bed
Water passes through aqueduct FSL > HFL > CBL
barrels under syphonic action
Cross Drainage Work and its Suitability

Cross Drainage Suitable for Remark
Work
Super Passage FSL of canal is sufficiently below the HFL > DBL > FSL
bottom of the drain trough
Canal water flows freely under gravity DBL-Drainage Bed level
Canal Syphon or FSL of canal is sufficiently above the

Syphon Bed Level of drainage trough HFL > FSL > DBL
Canal flows under symphonic action
under the trough
26. Which type of cross drainage structure is made to

allow the Full Supply Level (FSL) of the canal to
pass under the bed of the drain?
A. Aqueduct
B. Super passage
C. Level crossing
D. Siphon aqueduct
Answer. B
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River Training Works

Aggrading River – This is because of silting
Degrading River – This is because of scouring
Meander belt MB
Meandring Ratio = =
Meander length ML
1.7  C.O.R.  3.0 Curved length of cut off

Cut off Ratio / Tortusity =
Straight length of cut off
Meander Length
ML = 65.8 Q dominat
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𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑀𝐵
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = =
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑀𝐿
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Instruments Used in Measurement

Measurement of Instrument
Relative Humidity Hygrometer
Temp and Humidity Thermo-hydrometer
Intensity of Radiation Pyrheliometer
Wind speed Anemometer
Rainfall depth Ombrometer/Pluviometer
Transpiration Phytometer
Evapo-Transpiration Lysimeter
Rate of Evaporation Atmometer
Hydraulic conductivity Permeameter
Infiltration capacity Rainfall simulator
Term Description
Evaporation A process by which water goes into the

atmosphere from a water body.
Precipitation Water reaches to the earth surface from
the atmosphere.
Transpiration Water goes into atmosphere from the
body of the plant.
Run-off Water flows on earth surface under gravity
action.
Forms of Precipitation
Precipitation Size
Type
Rain Droplet size is 0.5 – 6 mm
Drizzle Droplet size < 0.5 mm
Rainfall intensity < 1 mm/hr
Hail Lumps of ice size > 8 mm
Snow Density = 0.1 gm/cc
Aridity Index Note

PET → Potential Evapotranspiration Annual Average Rainfall in India is 1.20 m
AET → Actual Evapotranspiration
PET − AET
Note – (Used for measure Agricultural drought) AI =  100
% Value Types Arid region
PET
0-25% Mild
25-50% Moderate
> 50% Severe/High
Run off
Run off co-efficient – k =
Rain fall
k = 0.46 in India.
Type Used to Measure

Mass Curve Cumulative Rainfall vs time
Estimate Total Amount of Rainfall
Hydrograph Discharge Vs Time
Estimation of Peak Flood
Unit Hydrograph Estimation of Run off
Double Mass Curve Consistency of Rainfall Data
Hyetograph Rainfall Intensity vs time

Depth Area Duration Curve Types of pan Pan

coefficient
−KAn
P = p0e Class A evaporation 0.70
pan
P = Average depth
po = Highest storm at storm centre ISI pan (modified class 0.80
A)
Colarado sunken pan 0.78
USGS floating pan 0.80
Pan coefficient – Used for calculating lake evaporation
Lake evaporation = Pan coefficient × Pan evaporation.
Calculation of Average Rainfall Depth

Method Description
Arithmetic mean Less accurate but quick method
method
Thiessen polygon More accurate than arithmetic
method mean method
Isohytel method Most accurate
Types of Rain Gauge

1. Non-Recording Rain Gauge
Symon’s Rain Gauge (Extensively used in India)
Inlet diameter of collector - 11.29 or 15.96 cm
Area - 100 cm2 or 200 cm2
Rainfall measurement - Per day 8:30 AM
Types of Rain Gauge

2. Recording Type Rain Gauge
a. Tipping Bucket Type (cylinder dia: 30 cm)
b. Weighing-Bucket Type (It gives a plot of the accumulated
rainfall against the elapsed time as mass curve of rainfall)
c. Float / Natural Syphon Type(Adopted as Standard
Recording Type Rain Gauge)
33. Which of the following is a nonrecording rain

gauge?
A. Simon's rain gauge
B. Weighing type rain gauge
C. Tipping Bucket rain gauge
D. Float type rain gauge
Answer. A
34. Which of the following is true?

A. Runoff = Evaporation + Precipitation
B. Evaporation = Precipitation + Runoff
C. Infiltration = Precipitation + Evaporation
D. Precipitation = Evaporation + Runoff +
Infiltration
Answer. D
35. Rainfall hyetograph shows the variation of-

A. Cumulative rainfall with time
B. Rainfall intensity with time
C. Rainfall depth over an area
D. Rainfall intensity with the cumulative rainfall
Answer. B
36. The double mass analysis is adopted to-

A. Estimate the missing rainfall data
B. Obtain intensities of rainfall at various durations
C. Check the consistency of data
D. Obtain the amount of storage needed to
maintain a demand pattern
Answer. C
37. Depending upon the source from which the water

is drawn, flow irrigation can be sub-divided into
1. River canal irrigation
2. Reservoir or tank irrigation
3. Combined storage and lift irrigation
4. Combined storage and diversion irrigation
Which of the above designations are relevant?
A. 1, 2 and 3 only
B. 1,2 and 4 only
C. 1,3 and 4 only
D. 2,3 and 4 only
Answer: B
ESE 2007
38. Which one of the following is the purpose of
providing the downstream sheet pile in a
barrage?
A. To control failure due to piping by high value of
exit gradient
B. To control failure due to scour
C. To stop failure due to sliding
D. To stop failure due to uplift pressure
Answer: A
ESE 2005
39. Denehy's groyne is a special type of groyne which
is :
A. Pointing upstream
B. Pointing downstreams
C. Hockey type
D. T-headed
Answer: D
ESE 2005
40. The base width of a soil gravity dam is 25 m. the
material of the dam has a specific gravity of 2.56
and the dam is designed as an elementary profile
ignoring uplift. What is the approximate
allowable height of the dam ?
A. 64 m
B. 40 m
C. 164 m
D. 80 m
Answer: B
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ESE 2002
43. Acidic soils are reclaimed by
A. leaching of the soil
B. using limestone as a soil amendment
C. using gypsum as a soil amendment
D. provision of drainage
Answer: B
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SSC J CE - Irrigation

Teaching Experience 7+ Years

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Irrigation & Hydrology Engineering

If Natural rain is sufficient & timely so as to satisfy both of

In Country Like INDIA, the natural rainfall is either

Irrigation & Hydrology Engineering

OBJECTIVE OF IRRIGATION : At the End of Crop (Harvest)

Techniques of Water Distribution

Techniques of Water Distribution

Techniques of Water Distribution

Techniques of Water Distribution

Sprinkler Irrigation 1. Applied through Pipes & Pumps in form of Spray

Q1. The most suitable method of irrigation for areas

Quality of Irrigation Water

• If Sediments are obtained from Eroded Area, then fertility

> 2000 ppm Harmful for all crops

Quality of Irrigation Water 𝐂.𝐐

> 2250 Class 4

Quality of Irrigation Water 𝑵𝒂+

> 26 Very High Sodium

Quality of Irrigation Water

Q4. A soil sample has an exchangeable sodium

Water Requirements of Crops

Different Crops have different water Requirements

Type Month Season Example

Water Requirements of Crops

Delta for Crops

Duty for Crops

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Water Requirement of Crops

Water Requirement of Crops

Water Requirement of Crops

Surface Water stored into root

Water Requirement of Crops

Water beneficially used

Water Requirement of Crops

Q7.In an irrigated field, the net irrigation requirement

Water Requirement of Crops

G.C.A = Culturable Area + Unculturable area

Water Requirements of Crops

Consumptive Use of Water

Evapotranspiration Measurement Method

B. Blaney Criddle Method

Irrigation Requirements of Crop

Irrigation Requirements of Crop

Q9. Consumptive Irrigation Requirement is calculated

Irrigation Requirements of Crop

12. For an irrigated field having field capacity = 30 %,

13. What is the moisture depth available for ESE 2004

14. The following data were noted from an irrigation field :

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15. A rice crop is to be irrigated in a field covering an

16. A field measures 40 hectares. When 8 cumecs of