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SSC JE Civil
Environmental Engineering
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Environmental Engineering
1. Raw Water Engineering

Raw
2. Waste Water Engineering Water
Raw Water Engineering Source Comunity
Waste
Water
Annual Avg. Per Capita Daily Draft
= V/365×P
The Total Demand of water in any community

consist of the following:
Domestic Water Demand

The Amount of Water Requied to satisfy the
domestic Needs like Drinking , Cooking, Wasing,
etc.
It is About (50 - 60)% of total water demand.
Foe a city having full flushing system, it ranges between (135 - 225)
litres/day.
Industrial Water Demand

It is the water to satisfy Industrial Needs.
Range: (50 - 450) l/c/day.
Institutional Water Demand

Amount of Water Required to Satisfy the needs of different
Institutes. like : Railway Stations, Schools, etc.
Range: (20 - 50) l/c/day

Water For Public Use

Amount of Water required for Public Purposes like :
Washing of Roads, Gardening, etc.
Range: (10 - 40) l/c/day
About 5% of Total Water Demand.

Fire Demand
It is the amount of water required incase of fire breaks out.
Range: 1 l /c/day.
Govt. of India Method

F.D. = 100√P (Kilolitres)
National Board of Fire

F.D. = 4637√P(1 - 0.01√P)
Losses In Theft
Due to Leakes and Theft in raw water it accounts about (15-
20)% of Total Water Demand.
Total Water Demand
Range: (250 - 350) l/c/day

Fluctuations In Demand of WATER:
• Max. DAILY Demand = 1.8 Annual Avg. daily Demand
• Max. Hourly Demand = 2.7 Annual Avg. Hourly

Demand
• Max Hourly Demand of Max. Day = 1.5 Avg. Hourly

Demand of Max. Day.
• Max. Weekly Demand = 1.48 Avg. Weekly Demand
• Max. Monthly Demand = 1.28 Annual Avg. Monthly

Demand
Raw Water is Designed for Max.

Hourly Demand
• Coincident Draft
It is the aggregate of Max daily Demand and Fire
Demand.
C.D. = F.D. + Max. Daily Demand

POPULATION FORECASTING
1. Arthematic Increase Method
Rate of Growth of population is assumed to be

constant and avg. increase is considered over
the current Population.
Suitable: Very old City.
Pn = Po + nX
2. Geometric Increase Method
% Rate of Growth of population is assumed to

be constant and being compound over the
current Population.
Suitable: Young City.
Pn = Po + (1 + r)n
3. Incremental Increase Method
Rate of Growth of population is not assumed to

be constant
It may either increase or decrease as per the

given information.
More Suitable than Arthematic and Geometric

Mean method
Pn = Po + nX + [n(n + 1)Y]/2
4. Decreasing Rate of Growth Moethod
Suitable When Rate of Growth of Population

Decreases With time. and Approaches
Saturation Population.
P1 = Po + [(ro - r')/100]Po
WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS:
As over 97% of total water supply is contained

in oceans and other saline badies of water
which is not usable for most of the puposes.
only 3% is tied up in form of ice caps and

glaciers along with atmosphere and soil
moisture.
Some impuriies are accumulated by water

throughtout the hydrological cycle and as a
result of human activities.
These impurities can be in the form of :

• Suspended form
• Dissolved Form
WATER IMPURITIES
They are classified as follows:
a) Physical Parameter
b) Chemical Parameter
c) Biological Parameter
Physical Parameters:
The parameters which can be felt or sensed by any of
our senses are reffered as physical parameters:
1) Suspended Soilds
2) Turbidity
3) Colour
4) Taste And Odour
5) Tempurature
1. Suspended Soilds:
They can be in the form of organic or inorganic
soilds.
Inorganic Soilds Like: Silt, clay , Immiscible
liquids, etc.
Organic Solid like: Plant Fibres, Algae, Plankton.
etc.
Measurement:
Measurent is done by Gravimetric Technique
Permissible Limit:
Acc. to EPA : 30mg/l for treated waste water.
TURBIDITY:
• Turbidity is the measure of extent to which light
iss either absorbed or scattered by suspended
material in water .
• It is not a direct measure to compute S.S.
Limit:
Acceptable Limit for T.S. : 500mg/l
Cause of Rejection Limit: 2000mg/l
Measurement:
It is done by:
• Turbidity Road
• Jackson's Turbidity Meter
• Baylis Turbidimeter
• Nephlometer
Baylis Turbidimeter / Nephlometer:
• Widely used for Domestic Water Supply.
Jackon's Turbidimeter:
• Used when turbidity is > 25ppm.

• Not used for Drinking Water.
STU is based on ABSORPTION Principle.

NTU is based on SCATTERING principle.
Limit:
Acceptable Limit : 1 NTU
Cause of Rejection Limit: 10 NTU
Colour:
• Colour is caused by suspended and dissolved
matter in water reffered as Apperent Colour.
• Some Colour causing compounds with chlorine

becomes Carcinogenic Compounds which Cause
Cancer.
Measurement:
• It is done by colour matching technique using
Tintometer.
Limit:
• Acceptable Limit : 5 TCU
• Cause of Rejection Limit: 25 TCU
TASTE AND ODOUR:

It is caused by dissolved gases like Hydrogen Sulphide,
Methane, organic matter or from Inorganic Matter.
Sulphur Imparts Rotten Egg Like Taste and Odour.
Algae secretes oily substances that may result in bad

taste and odour.
IMPACT:
Taste and Odour Causing Compounds may be
Carcinogenic.
Measurement
It is done by OSMOSCOPE.
Taste and Odour is Expressed by Threshold Odour

Number.
Limit:
Acceptable Limit : 1 TON
Cause of Rejection Limit: 10 TON
TEMPURATURE
• It affects the chemical and biological reactions.
• For water supply, the temperature should be

between (10-25)ᵒC
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
They can be classified as:

1. TDS
2. ALKALINITY
3. PH
4. Hardness
5. Chloride Content
6. Nitrogen Content
7. Fluorides
8. Metals
9. Gases
1. Total Dissolved Soilds

Approximate analysis of TDS is made by determining
the electrical conductivity or Specific Conductance of
water.
Limits:
Acceptable Limit: 500mg/l
2. ALKALINITY
Alkalinity is thus a measure of the ability of water to

neutralize acids.
• Most Common constituents are:

CO32-, HCO3-, OH-
Sources of Alkalinity:
• Salts
• Gases
Ammonia Gas, Hydrogen Sulphide, Phosphorous is

Prime factors for presence of Algae
Algae is prime pollutant of water.

Impacts
• it imparts Bitter Taste to water.
• If Algae is present , water becomes Alkaline.

• pH = (9 t0 10).
• expressed in terms of mg/L as CaCO3
• Hence Total Alkalinity (CO32- + HCO3- + OH-) is

neutralized at pH= 4.5
Limits:
Acceptable Limit: 200mg/L
Cause of Rejection Limit: 600mg/L
pH Value:
It is a scale which is used to indicate the acidity
or basicity of water in the range of 0 - 14
pH = Log[H+]
pH = Log[OH-]
pH + pOH = 14
pH is a indicator of quality of water.
Measurement:
• it is measured by POTENTIOMETER
Limits:
• Acceptable Limit: pH= 7 - 8.5
• Cause of Rejection Limit: <6.5 & >9.2
4. HARDENESS:
• It is defined as the ability of the water to destroy the
surfactant property of the soap.
• Ex: Ca2+, Mg2+
It can be divided into two parts:

• Carbonate Hardness (temporary hardness)
• Non-Carbonate Hardness (Permanent Hardness)
Measurement:
Hardness is determined by titration with Versanate Solution
(0.01M EDTA Solution) using Erichrome Black-T as an indicator.
Limits:
Acceptable Limit: 200mg/L
Cause of Rejection Limit: 600mg/L
Limit (mg/l) Degree of Hardness
0 - 55 Soft
56 - 100 Slightly Hard
101 - 200 Hard
201 - 500 Very Hard

CHLORIDE CONTENT
• Chlorides are Estimated by Mohr's Method in

which water is titrated with Standard AgNO3
Solution using Pottasium Chromate as Indicator.
• Another Method- Argenometric Method.
• Most River and Lakes have less than 50mg/L

chloride Concentration.
• Dangereous for Kidney and heart patients.
• Acceptable Limit: 250mg/L

• Cause of Rejection Limit: 1000mg/L
NITROGEN CONTENT
Presence of nitrogen in water indicates presence of
Organic Matter.
It occurs in the form of:

1. Free Amonia - Indicates Recent Pollutiion
2. Organic Ammonia - Indicates Quantity of
Nitrogen before decompostion has Started.
3. Nitrite - Indicate Partly Decomposed Condition.
4. Nitrate - Indicates Old Pollution.
• Among All Nitrite Is Highly Dangereous, so limit is Zero.
• Free Ammonia + Organic Ammonia = Kjeldahl Ammonia.
Type Permissible Limit

(not more than)
Free Ammonia 0.15mg/l
Organic Ammonia 0.3mg/l
Nitrite 0
Nitrate 45mg/l
• Too Much Nitrate Affects Infants because it causes

Blue Baby Disease or Mathemoglobenemia.
Flourides:
Excess value results in Discolouration of Teeth called
Mottling Of Teeth.
Also Known as FLOUROSIS.
• Acceptable Limit: 1mg/l

• Cause of Rejection Limit: 1.5mg/l
Fe Limit:
Acceptable Limit: 0.1mg/l
Mn Limit:
Acceptable Limit: 0.05mg/l
Cause of Rejection Limit: 0.5mg/l
DISSOLVED GASES
Methane: it is explosive in nature and causes

green house effect.
Hydrogen Sulphide: it produces bad taste and

odour to the water.
Carbon Dioxide: it makes water more corrosive

and provides bad taste.
Oxygen: requied for respiration of water

species and should not be less than 4mg/l.
BIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETER
ORGANICS
• These are classified as
• Bio-Degradable Organics
• Non Bio-Degradable Organics
• Reaction in the presence of oxygen is called

Aerobic Reaction.
• Reaction in the absence if oxygen is called

Anaerobic Reaction.
• The most important organism are called

Pathogens.
• These are capable of transmitting Diseases.
• Example: Bacteria, Virus, Protozoa.
Coliforms presence or absence indicates the

presence or absence of Pathogenic Bacteria.
TESTING OF COLIFORMS
1. MEMBRANCE FILTER TECHIQUE

2. MOST PROBABLE NUMBER TEST
3. COLIFORM INDEX TEST
WATER BORN DISEASES
BACTERIA TYPHOID FEVER

CHOLERA
DYSENTERY
VIRUS JAUNDICE
POLIO
PROTOZOA AMOEBIC DYSENETRY

TREATMENT OF WATER
The impurities may be classified as:
1. Floating small and large suspended soilds. ex:
leaves, twings, etc.
2. Colloidal solids: Clay, silt, micro-organisms, etc.

3. Dissolved Solids: Salt, Hardness,etc.
4. Dissolved Gases: Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen

Sulphide, etc.
Types of Treatment
Treatment Process are mainly classified as:

1. Physical Treatment
2. Chemical Treatment
3. Biological Treatment
Treatment which are physical in nature include:

1. Screening
2. Sedimentation
3. Flocculation
4. Filteration
5. Gas transfer.
UNIT OPERATION OF WATER TREATMENT

a) Screening
b) Aeration
c) Flocculation
d) Filtration
e) Disinfection
f) Softening
In Case of Ground Water and Surface water with storage

having
Turbidity < 10NTU
Free from colour, odour
PLAIN DISINFECTION is sufficient for drinking purposes.

For Ground water containing Excessive Iron, Dissolved

Carbon dioxide and odourous gases the treatment process
will be
Aeration→Flocculation→Sedimentation→Rapid Sand
Gravity Filter→Disinfection→Supply.
If ground water having only CO2 and odourous gases,

Aeration and Disinfection is sufficient.
Surface water with turbidity < 50NTU and where

sufficient land is avialable, the treatment will be
Sedimentation→Slow Sand Filter→ Disinfection.
Highly Poluted Water loaded with Algae and other

Micro organisms, the sequence of treatment will be
Pre-Chlorination → Aeration → Flocculation →

Sedimentation→Rapid Sand Filter→Disinfection(Post
Chlorination) + Supply
Treatment Functions (Removal of)

Units
Aeration Colour, odour, metals,
Disinfection Pathogenic Bacteria, Organic Matter
Filtration Finer and Colloidal Dissolved Matter
Screening Floating Matter
Sedimentation Suspended Matter
Softening Hardness
• PRE-CHLORINATION:
• It refers to the practice of injecting chlorine into
water the raw water when it is not so turbid but has
a high bacteria count.
• Fairly high dose of (2-5)mg/l
• It also Kills Algae and bacteria, reduces colour.

Aeration:
It is the process of providing oxygen from the atmosphere
to have beneficial changes in the raw water.
Aeration helps in removal of:

• Bad Taste
• Odour
• Gases like H2S
• Increases D.O. in water
• Reduces Corrosive Property of water by
removal of Co2.
• Removal of Volatile Liquids such as Phenols,
humic Acids.
• It removes Fe and Mn.
Algae Control
• Copper Sulphate(2mg/l)
• Chlorine(3 -5mg/l)
to remove algae from water.
Sedimentation:
Plain Sedimentation
Sedimentation with Coagulation
Plain Sedimentation
Impurities are seperated from the suspended fluid by
gravitational force and natural aggregation.
Commonly Used Coagulants:

a) Alum
b) Copperas
c) Chlorinated Copperas
d) Sodium Aluminate
e) Lime
1. Alum (Hydrated Aluminium Sulphate)
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O
• Alum when added in reacts with alkalinity

present in it and leads to the formation of sticky
gelitious precipitate of Al(OH)2 .
• This process tends to Increase the Permanent

Hardness(CaSO4) and Acidity (CO2)
If the alkalinity is not present in water naturally than

it is induced artificially either by the addition of lime
or Soda-Ash.]
• Alum Works in the pH Range of: (6.5 - 8.5)

• It removes taste, colour, odour and micro-
organisms from the water.
• Dose of Alum depends on turbudity and Colour

of the water and is being determined by
performing JAR TEST.
• Normal Dose: (10 - 30)mg/l

• Large quantity of sludge is formed by the use of
Alum.
2. Copperas (FeSO4.7H2O)
Normal Dose- (10 - 30)mg/l.
It is comparitvley cheaper than Alum.
pH Range: (8.5 and Above)

3. Chlorinated Copperas
[Ferric Sulphate + Ferric Chloride]

Fe2(SO4)3 (FeCl3)
Chlorinated Copperas is formed by adding

chlorine in copperas
Chlorinated Copperas works in a wide of pH

(3.5 - 7) and above 8.5
4. Sodium Aluminate (Na2Al2)

pH Range: (6 - 8.5)
• Mechanical Mixer
Mechanical mixing is induced by vigrous action of
coagulants in raw water .
Intensity of which depends upon the parameters

reffered as Temporal Mean Velocity Gradient
G= P
YV
Intensity of Mixing
• G = (10 - 75)/Sec
FILTERATION
It is a modern technique to remove flocs or
precipitant particles not removed in the settling of
coagulanted or softened water.
Filteration removes:
• Colour
• Dissolved Solids
• Micro-Organisms.
• Suspended Soilds
Filters are Classified as:

• Slow Sand Filter
• Rapid Sand Filter
Theory of Filtration:
These are four type of filtration theory:

1) Mechanical Straining
2) Sedimentation & Flocculation
3) Biological Action
4) Electrolytic Charges
Filler Material in Filter

• Natural Silica Sand
• Crushed Anthracite
• Coal
• Earth
SLOW SAND FILTER

SLOW SAND FILTER

It utilises the effluent from plain sedimentation tank only which are relatively
clearer.
Gravel layer is provided only to support the sand layer.
Depth of tank: (2.5 to 3.5)m

Plan Area: 100 to 2000m2.
Depth of Tank: (90 to 110 )cm

Depth of water = Depth of Sand
Top (15 - 30)cm of the sand layer is of finer variety and remaining of Uniform Size.
• When head loss becomes 0.7 to 0.8 times the depth of

sand cleaning is done.
• For cleaning the top 1.5 to 3cm of sand layer is scrapped.
• Filter is washed with clean water and loaded raw water.
• Rate of Filteration = 2400 to 4800 l/m2-day.

• THIS FILTER IS USED IN VILLAGES.
• Efficiency of Slow Sand Filter in bacteria removal is 98

to 99%
RAPID SAND FILTER

• The entire water of back washing takes 15 to 30 min.
• Washing period: (24 to 48)Hours.
• Rate of Filteration(R.O.F.) : 3000 to 6000L/m2-hr
• Flow During Filteration: Laminar

• Flow During Back Wash: Transition.
• Minimum no. of units: 2

• No. of Units is given by: 1.22Q1/2
• Sand Layer Depth: 60 to 90cm.
• Bacteria Removal Efficiency: (80-90)%
• Two types of lateral Drains are used

• Perforated Pipe Type
• Strainer Type
In Perforated Pipe
• Dia of pipe: 6mm
• Spacing = 7.5cm
• Total C/S Area of Perforation = 0.2% of filter Area.

OPERATIONAL TROUBLES IN RSF
• AIR BINDING
• MUD BALL FORMATION
• CRACKING OF FILTER
DOUBLE FILTERATION AND ROUGHENING FILTER
To increase the discharge through a slow sand filter without

comprising on Quality, we can use rapid sand filter in front slow
sand filter.
Thus Rapid Sand Filter is called Roughening Filter.

DISINFECTION
It may be defined as the process of destruction of
Harmful Micro-Organism in water.
Whereas STERILIZATION is a process of removal of

all types of micro-organism from the water.
METHODS OF DISINFECTION
Their are basicly of Two types:
1. Minor Methods
2. Major Methods
Minor Methods
Treatement with Ozone

Nascent Oxygen is a powerful oxidising agent which
removes both organic matter and Micro-organism from
water.
• It removes taste, colour, odour.
• it gives pleasent taste to water.
• it is less efficient than chlorine in killing bacteria.
• Dose: (2 - 3)ppm.
Treatment with KMnO4

• It is a popular disinfectant for well water supplies in villages
which are contaminated with lessser amount of bacteria.
• It removes 98% of bacteria in general but 100% bacteria

causing Cholera.
• Dose: (1-2)mg/L
• Contact Period: (4 - 6)hours.
• This Generally used in Rural Areas.

Treatment with Excess Lime:

• Excess Lime makes water highly Alkaline and Kills
Bacteria.
• Dose: 10-20ppm
• The excess lime can be removed by the process of re-

carbonation
Major Method
1. Chlorine
Chlorine when added in water reacts with it at pH >5, results in the
formation of highly unstable Hypochlorous Acid(HOCL) which further
dissociates into Hypochlorite Ions(OCL-) at pH>8
(HOCL + OCL- + Cl2) are called Freely Available Chlorine.
Out of these forms of freely available chlorine HOCL is the most

destructive.
It is about 80% more effective than OCL-. Hence pH water is

maintained slightly below 7.
FORMS IN WHICH CHLORINE IS ADDED
FREE CHLORINE
• Liquid form is mostly ussed.
• No Sludge is formed in its application.
HYPOCHLORITES AND BLEACHING POWDER
• In this case HOCL & OCL- is Disinfectant.

• it is used in swimming Pool only.
CHLORAMINE
• They are weaker as compared to free chlorine but do not cause
bad taste when left in water.
• When Phenol is present in water, chloramines are mostly used
• For Producing Chloramines ammonia is added with filtered water

before adding chlorine.
CHLORINE DIOXIDE (ClO2)
• It is highly effective (2.5 times more effective than

free chlorine)
• pH: 8 - 10
• Dose: (0.5 - 1.5)mg/L
TYPES OF CHLORINATION
1. Plain Chlorination
• Only chlorination and no other treatment is given
to water.
• It removes:
• Bacteria
• Organic Matter
• colour
• It is used for water having turbidity: 20 - 30mg/l

• Dose: 0.5mg/l
2. Pre-Chlorination
• In this case Chlorine is added before filtration or rather
before sedimentation and Coagulation.
• Dose: (0.1 - 0.5)mg/l
• Normal Dose: 5 - 10mg/l
Pre-Chlorination is always followed by Post-Chlorination to

ensure saftey.
3. Post-Chlorination
• Applying chlorination at the end when all treatment is

complete is called Post-Chlorination.
• The dose should be such that 0.1 to 0.2mg/l should be

left after a contact period of 10minutes.
Double Chlorination
• Pre-Chlorination and Post-Chlorination combinedly is
called Double Chlorination.
• BREAK-POINT CHLORINATION
5. Super Chlorination
• When excess chlorine (5 - 10)mg/l is added in
water during epidemic such that it gives a residual
of (1 - 2)mg/l beyond point is called Super
Chlorination.
• When chlorine residue is high, excess chlorine will

be removed by Dechlorinating Agent. Example:
• Sodium Thiosulphate
• Activated Carbon
• Sulphur Dioxide
SOFTENING OF WATER
The process of removal of hardness from the water
which can be carried out by any of the following
methods:
1. Lime - Soda Method

• Lime removes all the carbonate hardness present
in water.
• Lime converts Non-Carbonate hardness of Mg into

the Non-Carbonate Hardness of Calcium
If CO2 is present in water , then availibilty of lime for

the removal of hardnes reduces.
if concentration is above 10ppm, then Aeration is

used before Lime-Soda in water
Aeration→Lime-Soda→Re-Carbonation.
Process does not give Zero Hardness.
Reduces Hardness upto 50mg/l.

Zeolite Method (Cation exchange Method)
• This method gives Zero Hardness.
• The exhausted Zeolite is further Regenrated by passing

Brine Solution(5 - 10)%.
• Costly Process.
• No Sludge Formation
De-Mineralisation Method
• It is process of Removal of minerals from the water

.
• This method also provides Zero Hardness of water.
• No Sludge formation.
TYPES OF VALVES:
1. SLUICE VALVE
• Sluice valve are also known as Gate Valves or Shut-off Valves.
• These valves are provided to regulate the flow of water through the
pipe by dividing the mainline into several sections.
2. AIR VALVES
• The water flowing through the pipe line always carries some air with
it.
CHECK VALVE/ REFLUX/ NON- RETURNING VALVE.
These possess some automatic device which allows the water

to flow in one direction only.
SCOUR VALVE/ BLOW OFF VALVE/ DRAIN VALVE
• Scour valves are also known as Wash-out valves.
• The function of this valve is to remove the sand, silt, etc.

WASTE WATER ENGINEERING
Raw water supplied for Domestic as well as Industrial

purposes is converted into Sewage.
Approximately 80% of Raw water is converted in Sewage

which is very hazardous to dispose if not treated before
Disposal.
Characteristics of Sewage
Physical Characteristic:
1. Turbidity
Sewage is generally turbid.
2. Colour
If colour is Light grey, light brown, yellow than it is a fresh
sewage while if the colour is dark brown or Dark blackish than it
indicates Septic Sewage.
3. Odour
It is due to the gases produced in it.
4. Tempurature
The Avg. temp. : 20ᵒC
Chemical Characteristic:
1. Total Solids, Suspended Soilds, Settleable Solids

• Soilds in sewage are in different forms:
• Suspended Form
• Dissolved Form
• Colloidal Form
• Settleable Form
The Solids in seage comprise of both:

• Organic
• Inorganic Solids
• Inorganic Matter Consist of:

• Sand
• Gravel
• Debris
• Chlorides
• Sulphates
• Organic Matter
• Fats, oils
• fibre, cotton, sugar
• Protiens, urea, etc.
2. pH Value
The pH value of a fresh sewage is more than 7 as
that time it is alkaline in nature.
But with time due to production of acids and gases,

pH of sewage decreases and it becomes Acidic.
3. Chloride Content
Chlorides are present in municipal sewage
The Normal Cl content of domestic sewage is

120mg/l.
4. Nitrogen Content
Presence of nitrogen in water indicates presence of
Organic Matter.
It occurs in the form of:

1. Free Amonia - Indicates Recent Pollutiion
2. Organic Ammonia - Indicates Quantity of
Nitrogen before decompostion has Started.
3. Nitrite - Indicate Partly Decomposed
Condition.
4. Nitrate - Indicates Old Pollution.
5. Dissolved Oxygen
If the tempurature in sewage is more, D.O. will be less.
D.O. is determined by Winkler's Method.

6. Chemical Oxygen Demand
The amount of oxygen required for decomposition of

both Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Oranic
matter present in the system.
It is determined by Adding Potassium Dichromate and

Sulphuric Acid in the Sample
8. Total Organic Carbon
TOC is just another paramter to express the concentration

of O.M. present in the system interms of its carbon
content.
9. Bio-Chemical Demand
The amount of oxygen required for the decomption of

biodegradable O.M. present in the system is reffered as
BOD.
• Rate of decomposition is decreasing with time.

Hence, Organic Matter is decreasing.
Note:
• BOD will increase with time.
• BODremaining will decrease with time.
For Municipal Sewage:

BOD5 at 20ᵒC Vary in the Range :(100 - 500)mg/l
POPULATION EQUIVALENT
Avg. Standard BOD of Domestic Sewage is 80g/c/day.
P.E. represents the strength of Industrial Sewage.
P.E. = Industrial BOD/ BOD5

GRIT CHAMBER (DETRITUS TANKS)
• G.C. are provided for the removal for inorganic

suspended particles like clay, silt, sand , egg shells,
etc. from the waste water
• and pass forward the organic suspended particle in

PST.
• The velocity is calculated on the Basis of TRANSITION

LAW.
• Velocity of flow: 0.15 to 0.3m/sec.

• Detention Time: 40 -60 sec.
• Depth: 1 - 1.8m
• SKIMMING TANK
• These tanks are used for removal of oil, grease

and soap from the waste water.
• These are provided before PST.
• In order to increase efficiency of this process

CHLORINE GAS is also passed with compressed
air that destroys the colloidal affects of the
proteins which holds the oil and grease
particles in the emulsified form.
SEDIMENTATION
On the basis of the tendency of the particle to interact

with each other and their concentration following
four types of settling may take place in sedimentation
tank.
DISCRETE SETTLING(Type-1)
Settling of particles in Plain Sedimentation tank, in grit
chamber (Type-1 settling.)
Flocculent Settling (Type-2)

Settling of Solids in PST and In Clarrifloculator is Type-
2 settling.
Zone of Hindered Settling (Type-3)
• these type settling , shape, size of particle changrs
• Setting of solids in SST and in ASP.
Compression Settling (Type -4)
• This type of settling is observed when concentration

of particle in the tank is very high (>1800mg/l).
• It is observed in SST and in Trickling Filter.

PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK (PST)
• Surfacew Overflow Rate: (25 -30)m3/m2/day
• Surafce Area = Qavg./OFRavg.
• Depth of Tank: (2.5 - 3.5)m
• Detention time: 2 - 2.5 hours.
• Width of tank: 6m.

SLUDGE DIGESTION
It can be carried out either :
Aerobic Digestion
Aerobic Digestion of sludge is carried out by
Primarily for secondary sludge which is free
from high concentration of organic solids.
Due to scarcity of the food in the digestion,

endogenous respiration
Anaerobic Digestion
It is called for Raw Sludge which consist of high
concentration of Organic solids that may induce rapid
growth of the micro-organism is treated aerobically.
The prime function of ANEROBIC DIGESTION is to

convert most of the sludge into liquids (Acids and
Alcohol) & gases.
In Anerobic Digestion decoposition is done by

following type of micro-organism:
a) ACID FORMERS
• These are Facultative or Anerobic micro-
organism which solublises in the organic
matter through hydrolysis which is further
fermented in to Acid & Alcohol.
• they respond very quickly to food given to

them.
b) Methane Formers
• These are strictly anaerobically micro-
organism that converts the acids and alcohol
along with CO2 & H2O into the Methane.
• pH Range: ( 6.5 - 7.5)
• These M.O. are delicate against shock loading

and does not respond so quickly to the food
given to them.
• Remedy is ADD LIME in the digestor.

FACTORS AFFECTING DIGESTION OF

SLUDGE
• Tempurature
The disgestion period of sludge decreases with
increase in tempurature.
MESOPHILIC RANGE: 20ᵒ - 40ᵒC

THERMOPHILIC RANGE: 40ᵒ - 60ᵒC
• pH Range: 6.5 - 7.5
Optimum temp. in Mesophilic is 29ᵒC

Optimum temp. in Thermophilic is 54ᵒC
• Nuisance Bacteria
N.B. in sludge digestion is sulphate reducing
bacteria which reduces the sulphates into sulphides
present in the system which is disastrous to
methane formers.
Remedy: ADD IRON
UNITS USED TO CARRY OUT DISGESTION
• Standard Rate Sludge Digestor

• High Rste Sludge Digestor
Gas Production:
Production of gases in anerobic digester:
Out of T.S. entering into the digestor from the PST

• 70% are volatile
• 30% are Non-Volaatile
Out of these Total Volatile Solids 65% are reduced to gases.

• Out of these total Gases formed
• 65-70% Methane
• 30% Carbon Dioxide
• some other gases.
CALORIFIC VALUE OF METHANCE IS 8600kCal/m3

STAGES OF SLUDGE DIGESTION:
• Acid Fermentation
• Fresh Sewage begains to act upon aneraboic
bacteria called Acid Formers.
• pH < 6
• Acid Regression
• The Volatile Organic acid are attacked by bacteria
and pH rises to 6.8
• Oil produced rises to the top to form SCUM layer.
SEPTIC TANK
(Anaerobic Suspended Growth System)
• Detention time: 12 - 36 hours.
• Raw sewage is directly Fed.
• Sludge formed is kept for 6 - 12 months for

Anaerobic Digestion.
• Poor Quality Sludge as Sewage is in regular contact

with Sludge.
• Cleaning Period: 6 - 12 Months.

IMHOFF TANK
(ANAEROBIC SUSPENDED GROWTH SYSTEM)

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SSC JE Civil

Email Me for Help: Shubham.aggarwal@byjusexamprep.com

Teaching Experience 6+ Years

Area of Expertise Civil Engineering

1. Raw Water Engineering

Raw Water Engineering Source Comunity

Annual Avg. Per Capita Daily Draft

The Total Demand of water in any community

Domestic Water Demand

It is About (50 - 60)% of total water demand.

Industrial Water Demand

Institutional Water Demand

Range: (20 - 50) l/c/day

Water For Public Use

Range: (10 - 40) l/c/day

About 5% of Total Water Demand.

Govt. of India Method

National Board of Fire

Total Water Demand

Range: (250 - 350) l/c/day

Fluctuations In Demand of WATER:

• Max. DAILY Demand = 1.8 Annual Avg. daily Demand

• Max. Hourly Demand = 2.7 Annual Avg. Hourly

• Max Hourly Demand of Max. Day = 1.5 Avg. Hourly

• Max. Weekly Demand = 1.48 Avg. Weekly Demand

• Max. Monthly Demand = 1.28 Annual Avg. Monthly

Raw Water is Designed for Max.

C.D. = F.D. + Max. Daily Demand

1. Arthematic Increase Method

Rate of Growth of population is assumed to be

Suitable: Very old City.

2. Geometric Increase Method

% Rate of Growth of population is assumed to

Suitable: Young City.

3. Incremental Increase Method

Rate of Growth of population is not assumed to

It may either increase or decrease as per the

More Suitable than Arthematic and Geometric

4. Decreasing Rate of Growth Moethod

Suitable When Rate of Growth of Population

WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS:

As over 97% of total water supply is contained

only 3% is tied up in form of ice caps and

Some impuriies are accumulated by water

These impurities can be in the form of :

Baylis Turbidimeter / Nephlometer:

• Widely used for Domestic Water Supply.

• Used when turbidity is > 25ppm.

STU is based on ABSORPTION Principle.

• Some Colour causing compounds with chlorine

TASTE AND ODOUR:

Sulphur Imparts Rotten Egg Like Taste and Odour.

Algae secretes oily substances that may result in bad

Taste and Odour is Expressed by Threshold Odour

• For water supply, the temperature should be

They can be classified as:

1. Total Dissolved Soilds

Alkalinity is thus a measure of the ability of water to

• Most Common constituents are:

Ammonia Gas, Hydrogen Sulphide, Phosphorous is

Algae is prime pollutant of water.

• If Algae is present , water becomes Alkaline.