FMM2312

Limnology &
Oceanography
Origin of Lakes, River and Ocean

SEM 1- 2023/2024

8 AUG 2023
 WHAT YOU WILL LEARN IN THIS COURSE?

1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

2. ORIGIN AND MORPHOLOGY OF LAKE AND RIVER
3. ORIGIN OF THE OCEAN
4. PHYSICAL FACTOR- OCEAN CIRCULATION, LIGHT, HEAT and MOVEMENT
5. CHEMICAL FACTOR- WATER DYNAMIC
6. MARINE PROVINCE AND SEDIMENT
7. TIDE AND WAVES
8. AIR SEA INTERACTION
9. PLANKTON
10. MACROPHYTE (ALGAE + AQUATIC PLANTS) AND BENTHOS
11. PRODUCTIVITY, EUTROPHICATION AND POLLUTION
 Marking Scheme
● Test 1 (PO1)- 15 %
● Test 2 (PO1)- 15 %
● Practical report (PO2)- 20%
● Assignment (PO3)- 15%
● Peer evaluation (PO5)- 5%
● Final Exam (PO1)- 30%

PO1 (60%)/ PO2 (20%)/ PO3 (15%)/ PO5 (5%)

Schedule
 Assignments PO3 (15%)
2 series of Assignment

Malacca straits
1. Group work Kenyir lakes 5 Sept 2023
2. 12 mins presentation Bakun dam
South China Sea
3. 3 mins Q&A
4. Submit PowerPoint slide at
Putrablast (not PDF) Tsunami
Eutrophication
24 Oct 2023
Search the information and share with others. Oil spill
*PO3- Critical thinking and problem solving Marine debris
ASSIGNMENT

South China Sea

Eutrophication Bakun Dam
Oil Spill

Malacca straits
Tsunami Kenyir lake
Marine Debris
-01-
LAKES
WATER DISTRIBUTION
 Lake Ecosystems
What makes a lake

1.Tectonic activity (inland seas; saltwater)

2. Volcanic eruptions
3. Landslides
4. Glaciation
5. Fluvial processes (flowing water; oxbow lake)
6. Meteorites
7. Human activity
 Origin of Natural lakes
Tectonic activity
- Tectonic activity (earthquakes,
volcanoes, and mountain building
in general) is common at plate
boundaries
- the edges of two (or more) plates
are in contact along huge linear
zones of faulting.
- Plate tectonics is the study of
these crustal slabs, and how they
interact at their edges.
 Origin of Natural lakes

Volcanic Eruption-> Crater lakes

- A lake in a volcanic crater created by

explosive activity or collapse during a
volcanic eruption
- Crater lakes arise as water fills the
formed depression within the crater
rim

Maly Semyachik, Russia

 Origin of Natural lakes
Landslide
- A landslide is defined as the movement of
a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a
slope.
- Landslides are a type of "mass wasting,"
which denotes any down-slope
movement of soil and rock under the
direct influence of gravity.
- The term "landslide" encompasses five
modes of slope movement: falls, topples,
slides, spreads, and flows.
 Origin of Natural lakes
Glaciation
- The formation of glaciers and the process
by which they shape the landscape
around them is called glaciation
- A glacier is a large, perennial
accumulation of crystalline ice, snow,
rock, sediment, and often liquid water
that originates on land and moves down
slope under the influence of its own
weight and gravity. Changing positions of the glacier front
and consequent formation of the
Sulzsee, Obersulzbachtal, Austria
 Origin of Natural lakes
Fluvial processes
● Fluvial systems are dominated
by rivers and streams.
● Stream erosion may be the
most important geomporphic
agent.
● Fluvial processes sculpt the
landscape, eroding landforms,
transporting sediment, and
depositing it to create new
landforms- Oxbow lake
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGJXxAZPm8M
 Origin of Natural lakes
Meteorites
- A meteorite is a fragment of
spatial matter that falls to the
surface of a planet.
- Most meteorites that fall to
Earth come from the Asteroid
Belt.
- Watch as a meteorite travels to
Earth, causes an explosion, and
creates an impact crater.
 Origin of lakes
Human Activity
-Dam for power supply
-Abandoned mine lands
-Recreational area
 Types of lake

● 1. Periglacial: Part of the lake's

margin is formed by an ice sheet,
ice cap or glacier, the ice having
obstructed the natural drainage of
the land. Literally mean edge of
glacial. Environment are those in a
cold climate, typically near
glacierised regions
Types of lake

2. Subglacial: A lake which

is permanently covered by
ice. They can occur under
glaciers and ice caps or ice
sheets.
Types of lake
3. Endorheic, also called terminal
or closed: A lake which has no
significant outflow, either through
rivers, or underground diffusion.
Any water within an endorheic
basin leaves the system only
through evaporation. These lakes
are most common in desert
locations, such as Lake Eyre in
central Australia or the Aral Sea in
central Asia.
Types of lake

Meromictic: A lake which has

layers of water which do not
intermix. The deepest layer of
water in such a lake does not
contain any dissolved oxygen. The
layers of sediment at the bottom of
a meromictic lake remain relatively
undisturbed because there are no
living organisms to stir them up.
Types of lake

5. Oxbow: A lake which is formed when a

wide meander from a stream or a river is
cut off to form a lake. They are called
oxbow lakes due to the distinctive curved
shape that results from this process.
Types of lake

6. Rift lakes: A lake which forms as a

result of subsidence along a geological
fault in the Earth's tectonic plates. Some
examples are the Rift Valley lakes of
eastern Africa.
Types of lake

7. Underground: A lake
which is formed under the
surface of the Earth's
crust. Such a lake may be
associated with caves and
aquifers and springs.
Types of lake

8. Crater: A lake which forms in

volcanic calderas or craters after the
volcano has been inactive for some
time. Water in these types of lakes may
be fresh, or highly acidic, and may
contain various dissolved minerals.
Some also have geothermal activity,
especially if the volcano is merely
dormant rather than extinct.
Types of lake

9. Former: A lake which is no longer in

existence. Such lakes include
prehistoric lakes, and lakes which have
permanently dried up through
evaporation or human intervention.
Owens Lake in California is an example
of a former lake.
Types of lake

10. Shrunken: Closely related to former

lakes, a shrunken lake is one which has
drastically decreased in size over
geological time. Lake Agassiz is a good
example of a shrunken lake, which
covered much of central North America.
Some notable remnants of this lake are
Lake Winnipeg, and Lake Winnipegosis.
Types of lake

11. Reservoir: are impoundments

created largely by humans by the
damming of river valleys. Because
of high rate of sedimentation,
reservoirs, smaller inundation lakes
and farm ponds are very short lived
high advective has decreased water
has characteristics more
water transport and velocities as energy is
similar to natural lakes in
high particulate dispensed over large
relation to stratification and
turbidity. areas. Turbidity
morphological interactions
generally decreases
and sedimentation
increases.
Types of lake

12. Coastal lake: often

form along irregularities
in the shore line of the
sea or large lakes.
Lake Morphology
 The following depth zones are recognized in lakes:
a) littoral zone extends from the shore just above the influence of waves and spray to a depth where light is
barely sufficient for rooted plants to grow.
b) photic (or "euphotic") zone is the lighted and usually well-mixed portion that extends from the lake surface
down to where the light level is 1% of that at the surface.
c) aphotic zone is positioned below the littoral and photic zones to bottom of the lake where light levels are
too low for photosynthesis. Respiration occurs at all depths so the aphotic zone is a region of oxygen
consumption. This deep, unlit region is also known as the profundal zone.
d) compensation depth is the depth at which rates of photosynthesis and respiration are equal.
e) sublittoral zone, which is the deepest area of plant growth, is a transition between the littoral and
profundal zones.
f) pelagic zone (or "limnetic zone") is the surface water layer in offshore areas beyond the influence of the
shoreline.
Boundaries between these zones vary daily and seasonally with changing solar intensity and transparency of
the water. There is a decrease in water transparency with algal blooms, sediment inflows from rivers or
shore erosion, and surface waves.
How Lakes Disappear

● Lake may in filled with

deposited sediment, until it
become wetland, swamp or
marsh.
● Some lakes can also disappear
seasonally; they are called
intermittent lakes. A prime
example of this is Lake Cerknica
in Slovenia.
● Some lakes disappear because
of human development factors.
-02-
Rivers
 River
• River accounts for only small
amount of the water of the Earth
(0.0001%) but are major
transporters of dissolved and
particulate matter from the land to
the sea.
• The source or headwaters is from
where the river forms. This source
may be a melting glacier, can be
even a spring bubbling out of the
ground.
River
Most of the rivers start their life
from source and flows down the
hill as a tiny stream following
cracks and folds of the land. After
that, precipitation such
as rainwater and snow,
and groundwater adds to the flow
of the river. Other streams,
known as tributaries also feed the
river.
River
The Yangtze’s water levels have been falling rapidly
due to a drought and a heatwave in the country’s
southwestern region.
Stream order Top to Bottom

Horton's and
important for the Strahler's methods
systematic mapping of
a river system, enabling Bottom up
the clear labelling and
ordering of streams.

Classic method
Stream order

A drainage
network includes
all the stream
channels that
drain toward a
reference point.
thanks!
Do you have any questions?

zabidii.morni@upm.edu.my
014-9923458
https://btu.upm.edu.my

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including

icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik.